جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رفتار اطلاع یابی » در نشریات گروه « کتابداری و مدیریت اطلاعات »

This study aimed to investigate the level of information literacy in the behavior of information-seeking and republishing information in social networks among graduate students of Razi University, Kermanshah.

 The research method was applied in terms of purpose was a survey one, and the statistical population of the research included all postgraduate students of the fields studying in the affiliated faculties of Razi University, which has a sample size of 217 people and using Sampling Method Stratified randomization was determined. The research tool included a consolidated questionnaire in two parts information literacy and information accuracy in republishing information in the virtual space; Cronbach's alpha was estimated at 0.78. The normality of the research variables was checked by using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to test the research hypotheses, the research hypotheses were analyzed using the necessary tests. SPSS.26 software was used for data analysis.

 The findings of the research show that the average level of information literacy of graduate students of Razi University was at an average level, although the level of education of the respondents was significantly related to this level of information literacy, and the doctoral students all had an average level of literacy. The information was high. However, gender does not have a significant effect on the level of students' information literacy. Also, a significant relationship was observed between the level of information literacy and the components of data documentation and data health in the accuracy of information republished in the virtual space, but there was no significant relationship in the components of examining the expertise of the message narrator.

 In explaining the obtained results and the high level of the information need detection component, it can be claimed that the ability to detect the information needs and determine the extent and location of information plays a key role in strengthening the students' abilities. Regarding the components of critical evaluation of information, which was obtained with a lower average than other components of information literacy, it can be said that by increasing the ability to critically evaluate information, the diagnostic capabilities in republishing information of individuals also increase. The ability to critically evaluate information with skills such as the ability of reviewing and comparing information obtained from different sources, to determine the validity and correctness of the information, to detect the presence of fraud and manipulation in information causes the ability to analyze and review different and contradictory views. The set of these skills leads the students to have possibility to ensure the correctness and ability to use the information correctly. Also, improving the level of information literacy among students can help to increase the accuracy and correctness of the information republished in cyberspace. In general, the current situation of information literacy of graduate students of Razi University of Kermanshah is at a desirable level. However, since a significant relationship between the level of information literacy and the accuracy of information was reported in the republishing of information in cyberspace, it is possible to take necessary measures to increase the level of information literacy in master's degree students or even lower education levels, which will improve the performance of students. To develop knowledge and improve the accuracy of republished messages in cyberspace among students. It is suggested that the necessary decisions should be taken by high policymakers to design, implement, and evaluate information literacy for university professors, so that professors, along with presenting their specialized courses, also transfer the necessary skills related to information literacy to students.

The major objective of current research is "Identifying patterns of Information Seeking and Retrieval Behavior based on Expectancy Beliefs among PhD Candidates of Mohaghegh Ardabili University.

The research has been conducted in synthetic method, both quantitative and qualitative. The research method in quantitative part was quasi-experimental, and in terms of qualitative method, content analysis was used. The data, in the quantitative method, has been collected with questionnaire and by observation and semi-structured interview has been chosen for qualitative method. The research population consisted of 48 PhD Candidates who were selected by purposeful sampling the data was collected in two stages of completing demographic characteristics, searching experience and expectancy questionnaires and observing the behavior of completing search tasks and finally textual analysis of the interviewed content

Ph.D. candidates have positive expectation on information search and Retrieval process, and their subjective belief in their ability and success in information search and retrieval is above the average level (3.00). Ph.D. Candidate who expects more of the process of searching and retrieving information use less but related strategies and tactics while those with low expectation use More Strategies and Techniques but unrelated and repetitive, so it takes more time to review the retrieved results.

High expectation leads to a positive subjective perception and judgment of the person about his ability to perform the search task, and low expectation leads to a negative subjective perception and belief of the student about his ability to complete the search task.

The purpose of this research was to assess the information needs and information seeking behavior of the users of the Regional Science and Technology Information Center (RICEST).

The study applied both qualitative and quantitative methods of data collection as a mixed-method. Two hundred thirty-four users participated in the survey and four librarians were interviewed.

The findings show that the most information needs of the users were related to scientific activities, writing articles and dissertations, and performing job duties, respectively. The full text of the articles in the RICEST database, more up-to-date scientific sources, reliable sources in non-scientific subjects were among the other needs of the users. Despite the access to resources, more than half of the users faced obstacles in meeting their information needs. The lack of required resources and suitable guide in the database of RICEST and the lack of familiarity with the type and coverage of resources were the most important obstacles. From the users' point of view, Persian scientific publications were evaluated at good quality and other information sources were evaluated at the average level. The findings of the qualitative section showed that the users' needs are in two categories of services and information resources. On the one hand, the librarians considered the obstacles facing the users to be related to the lack of sufficient mastery of the English language, the lack of ability to find information and research methods, and on the other hand, they considered the lack of equipment to serve users with physical or movement problems.

This study showed that most information needs of the users of the RICeST are related to their scientific research activities, and their information seeking behaviors are affected by these needs. Despite the range and coverage of the information sources indexed in the RICeST database, most of the users have difficulty in accessing the information. To effectively meet users’ information needs, it is necessary to carry out needs assessment studies periodically in the Regional Information Center for Science and Technology (RICeST).

The purpose of the present study is to investigate the relationship between demographic factors and unplanned behavior of users in the use of academic libraries resources and services.

The present study is an applied research using a survey method. The data gathering tool was a researcher-made questionnaire. The face and content validity were employed to measure the validity of the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha for the variables was calculated and obtained higher than 0.7, so the reliability of the questionnaire was also confirmed. 69351students who were members of the central libraries in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Pardis of Tehran University, Tabriz, and Shiraz Universities composed the research population. The sample size was estimated 382 people according to Krejcie and Morgan tables. A stratified sampling with randomized strata proportional to the population was used to collect data. The data were analyzed implementing SPSS software.

According to research findings, age, educational grade and rate of referral to academic libraries have a significant relationship with their unplanned behavior in using the resources and services of this type of libraries. There was also no significant difference between gender, university and student educational groups with their planned behavior in utilizing university library resources and services.

The academic libraries must, in order to optimize use of resources and services, attracted audiences, and increased level of awareness and information of users pay special attention to be effective demographic factors on the unplanned behavior of users.

At present, the Internet has created tremendous changes in information seeking and research activities in scientific communities; but among these, there are successful people who use the created opportunities to their advantage with the help of management tools and new technologies. Personal knowledge management is one of these tools. Considering that knowledge is a necessary and vital resource for success, the study of knowledge management process, especially in organizations, should be considered. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of personal knowledge management and information seeking behavior on students' self-efficacy.

The current research is applied in terms of purpose and in terms of methodology; it is correlation with the approach of presenting the structural equation model. The statistical population of this research was all graduate students of Tabriz University. Regarding the statistical sample, considering that the method of selective analysis for the hypotheses of this research is in the form of structural equations, they were 190 students, which seems suitable due to the ease of access and also the number (according to the rank of the university). Based on this, the sampling method in the current research was simple random sampling. The measurement tool in the present study was a questionnaire. In the current research, three questionnaires were used: Wilson's  information-seeking behavior standard questionnaire, with 6 items; 2. Mohiuddin et al.'s standard personal knowledge management questionnaire, with 7 items; and the standard self-efficacy questionnaire of Sherer et al. with 6 items.

The results showed that there was no significant difference between the variables of gender and age and personal knowledge management among university graduate students. According to the path coefficient values, there is a significant relationship between personal knowledge management variables and information seeking behavior with self-efficacy. Also the models that are analyzed with a variance-based approach through variance-based software such as Smart PLS do not have a general index to look at the model at once. That is, there is no index to measure the entire model similar to the variance-based approach. However, in various researches in this field, it was suggested that an index called GOF, which was proposed by Tenenhaus, Esposito Vinzi, Chatenlin, Larue, can be used instead of the fit indices that exist in covariance-oriented approaches. This index considers both structural and measurement models simultaneously and tests their quality. This index is manually calculated as average R2 and average shared values.

Regarding the obtained results, it can be said that by improving the behavior of educational and research information and getting familiar with the motivations, goals and correct methods of searching, it saves time and money of researchers. Researchers can obtain relevant and reliable information and use it to complete their educational and research activities in order to avoid repetitions or using the trial and error method. People who have good skills, abilities and knowledge, evaluate their judgment and evaluation in reaching the desired goal and position higher. Based on the approach of social learning, cognitive learning and thinkers such as Bandura, the evaluation of people and their self-efficacy in achieving desirable situations and desired goals is influenced by their knowledge, cognition, and the way they organize their knowledge; When people have sufficient knowledge and understanding of desired situations and goals and can organize their knowledge, they see themselves as more capable in achieving their goals; That means they experience higher self-efficacy. In this regard, knowledge management also means collecting, acquiring, understanding, categorizing and sharing knowledge. Therefore, it can be expected that personal knowledge management will improve people's self-efficacy; because it increases a person's knowledge and awareness of desirable situations and goals.

Information seeking behaviors are the reflection of users' needs that Identifying and understanding them correctly is imperative in information seeking endeavors. Experts have presented cognitive and Process user-oriented approach models to better understand scholars’ information seeking behaviors.  The intent of models are to define and clarify the conditions that predict people's actions to gain information.  As a result of different understanding of information behavior, the study was directed with the intention that Bystrom and Jarvelin's model emphasizes on which concept of this behavior and its measure of Criticism.

Library method was used to study and analyze the Bystrom and Jarvelin's Information Seeking Behavior Model   

The findings showed that the task complexity, uncertainty, and ambiguity of concepts were related, so it could establish a strong place in the establishment of models.With the task complexity, the need for knowledgeable people rises. Thus, the setting of resources is significant. Also, as complexity increases, more resources and more time are required to perform the search.

The task complexity is an important variable in the information seeking process.  Consequently, the requirement for the type of information, number, and location of resources arises thus determines the type of information and resources used. Result of which is the increase of collaboration of knowledgeable people as source of information. Thus, information systems are facilitating information counseling of individuals. They are active in this field and could be considered a supplement source of information. Therefore, it is proper to focus more on this aspect of information resources in information systems. Since the task complexity has played a key role in the Bystrom and Jarvelin's model, this notion can be placed next to situational, personal, and organizational factors and may be considered as one of the imperative factors in the information quest, it will thus be a suitable measure for this model.

Study evaluated the internal structure of Ellis information seeking model in the student community with the aim of presenting the Persian norm.

This is a descriptive-analytical study conducted by cross-sectional survey method in the second semester of the academic year 1399-1400. Population comprise of 280 graduate students at Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences. Data collection tool is a questionnaire based on Ellis information seeking behavior pattern with 41 questions. Findings were analyzed using SPSS software and Amos.

Results of exploratory factor analysis by principal component method with Varimax cycle led to identify five factors of identification, confirmation and organization; Monitoring, conservation and extraction; Relevance; Availability and up-to-datedness and credit factor. The extracted five-factor pattern explains more than 66% of the changes in information seeking behavior. The results of confirmatory factor analysis indicate the optimal fit of the extracted pattern. All factors had good consistency and Cronbach's total alpha of the instrument was 0.97.

The five-factor pattern of web-based information retrieval behavior is a new self-report tool for assessing the nature of academic user retrieval behavior on the Web. This pattern is based on Ellis's information pattern in terms of content and items used, but it differs from it in terms of subscale.

Due to the importance of knowledge and information in the development of the agricultural sector, many specialists and experts have a special emphasis on recognizing information resources and their proper use and having the desired information-seeking behavior. In this regard, this study was conducted to investigate the ideas related to the information-seeking behavior of greenhouse farmers in Varamin city in Tehran province.

 This is an applied    research and from the method poin of view, is descriptive-survey. The statistical population of this research includes all greenhouse owners in Varamin (N = 320). Based on Morgan's table, a sample of 175 people were selected and studied. The data collection Cronbach's alpha coefficient (a >0.7) for different parts of the questionnaire. Data analysis was performed using Spss22 statistical software and appropriate statistical methods.

Findings of the study indicated that 46.2% of greenhouse owners use intermediate level, 43.4% low level and only 10.3% of them use information and communication sources and channels at a high level. Also, according to the research results, it was found that among newspapers and educational and promotional publications had the highest rankings, respectively. The results of communication resources and channels and information needs.

Based on findings, it was concluded that in order to strengthen the information-seeking behavior of greenhouse owners, use of information resources and channels - Provide communication.

To identify the most important factors affecting query formulation.

The design of this study was qualitative. The factors were extracted and categorized through a systematic review and an analytical meta-analysis in six steps. The steps included: determining keywords, creating inclusion criteria and deleting articles, background search, extracting lists A, B and C, descriptive analysis, and thematic analysis. In this regard, based on a search cycle and using a number of keywords approved by experts, articles related to the factors affecting the query formulation were studied. After descriptive analysis of these resources, contents were extracted according to the topic. The research population included all published articles on the factors affecting the query formulation in the period from 1991 to 2021. These resources were searched in reliable databases such as Scopus, Springer, Emerald, Web of Science, Elsevier, Eric, ProQuest, Ebsco, Cite Seer, Information Research, LISA, LISTA and Wiley. After extracting articles, collecting and analysing qualitative data, these analyses were used to determine the factors affecting the query formulation.

Findings showed that the factors affecting the query formulation itself originate from several fields such as user and retrieval task, which can be classified into two general categories of user-related factors and task-related factors. User-related factors included subject knowledge, knowledge of how to use the search system, search experience, language, demographic features, contextual factors, cognitive style, and cognitive load. Task-related factors included the type of search task and task difficulty. These factors change the formulation process in different ways that can be considered both positive and negative, as some of them may help to improve the quality of the formulation, others may prevent retrieval to be performed correctly.

Identifying factors affecting the query formulation and analysing the relationships between them can improve the quality of information literacy training by experts in this field. Also, it helps web designers create search tools tailored to the user's needs. Since formulation is an important part of information retrieval behaviours, recognizing the influencing factors can help discovering information retrieval patterns. Understanding how to formulate a query under the influence of various factors and recognizing these factors, can help increase the quality of search and retrieve more relevant results and improve human-computer interaction.

Given the growing desire of people to obtain health information through the Internet, examining the web search process will provide valuable information to health professionals and policymakers. Analyzing the search terms of Google users can show their interests and tendencies. The present study studies the global trends in stem cell therapy in the last 5 years using Google Trends. In this research, the global search trends, the geographical distribution of search, the preferred search terms of users that can express the treatment preferences of treatment applicants, and the importance of treatment cost for potential treatment applicants have been considered.

This is an applied and analytical study and data were collected and analyzed using Google Trends. Google Trends is one of the services of the Google company through which the needs and behaviors of Google users can be analyzed. The results are from July 19, 2015, to July 12, 2020.

The findings indicated that the search for "Stem cell therapy" has been an increasing trend in the period under review. Most searches were in the US, Singapore, and the Philippines. Also, the Asian countries of Bangladesh, Pakistan, India, Qatar, Malaysia, Kuwait, South Korea, and Hong Kong, the countries of Canada, New Zealand, England, and Ireland, and the African countries of Nigeria, Kenya, and South Africa are also among the 20 countries with the highest search volume index in the field of Stem cell therapy.
Iran was ranked 25th in terms of the search volume index. Stem cell therapy for knee pain, pain, autism, arthritis, Mesenchymal stem cell therapy, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease has attracted the attention of Google users. The results also indicate the importance of treatment costs for stem cell therapy in different countries. The most relevant searches in the field of treatment costs were conducted in the United States, Australia, India, Canada, and the United Kingdom.

Google Trends is an effective tool for investigating the process of Google users searching for stem cell therapy. The data provided can be used to identify countries in which treatment is sought, treatment priorities, and treatment demand. Accordingly, appropriate policies can be adopted to attract stem cell tourists. In this regard, information specialists can use the Google Trends tool to extract user search data in various fields related to health and provide it to health experts and policymakers for future planning.

Health information on diseases could help prevent the spread and the treatment and is the most vital needs of people in daily life. One health issue that has plagued the world in recent years is the corona virus. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to investigate the health information behavior of graduate students at Qom University.

Applied descriptive survey method was used. Population was all 3000  graduate students at Qom University. Using Morgan table, sample of 300 students were seleted, out of which 200 studnts answered the questionnaires. Data was collected through the standard Lango questionnaire. Research hypotheses were scrutinized using independent t and one-way ANOVA. Age, gender, place of residence, income and information seeking behavior of graduate students  were investigated.

The most information sources were Internet, Social networks, TV and the family. while the least go to brochures and pamphlets. Althugh, graduate students could obtain corona information from social networks and Internet, nonetheless their active use of corona information is slightly more from traditional sources of television and radio. There was no significant relation of behavior variables in information retrieval, perception in information retrieval, interpersonal interaction in information retrieval, impact of information on disease, active retrieval of information and passive retrieval of information with regard to age, gender and place of residence of graduate students.

Results revealed that the students have health information literacy and could identify and use related health information. In spite of increasing use of new sources such as social networks and Internet, information obtained from traditional sources has been more trusted and used. Non of the variables of gender, age, income and place of residence had any effect on health information seeking behavior of students. All subjects had the same information seeking behavior.

Since information search behaviors are a reflection of the needs of users, it is important to identify and understand them in the design of the proper user interface. Therefore, the purpose is to determine the level support for environment of the user interface of databases from the Meho and Tibbo model.

This is an applied research. The method was performed using Webometrics with an Heuristic Evaluation Method. The statistical population consisted of 100 Ph.D. students of Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences and a census sampling method. Data Collection tools the check list consists of four elements derived from the Meho and Tibbo model.

showed, Support the user interface for the Science direct and Clinical Key databases in Meho and Tibbo model is higher than the average (2.08, 07.07) (2).The interface environment support for the Sprinter has been reported to be modest (2/01) and the Wiley is less than average (1.79). The ranking of the support these Databases from the model showed that, the Databases Science Direct, Clinical key, Springer, and Wiley won the first to fourth place with a score of 2.91, 2.84, 2.55, 1.71., the database user interface support for the Meho and Tibbo models is moderate.

the use of these elements in the design of the interface environment can have a great impact on the optimization of the interface of the database.

A digital native is someone who is born in the digital age. Computers, mobile phones, and in general, the new technologies have surrounded their lives. Natives are more comfortable using technology, and more skilled than their predecessors. The dependence on technology and hence the use of digital media has led to significant changes in various aspects of the lives of digital natives, one of which is the way information is acquired. This study aimed to investigate the information seeking behavior of digital natives in smart schools in Tehran. 

This research is an empirical research with the qualitative approach. Methods used included literature review and library study, questionnaire and interview. The study unit in the present study is the students of 10th and 11th grade students of Faezun School. At first, 12 students were selected by purposeful sampling method for interview. The data were then collected by semi-structured interviews and analyzed by coding method. 

Findings showed that the most used sources were databases, Google search, friends, e-books, print books and Wikipedia. But the library is not that important for them as an information source and they don't use it. In terms of the information-seeking process, the findings showed that the search for information in this generation is non-linear and not all follow a specific pattern. Since digital natives have good access to information tools and spend most of their time in digital media, they usually use cyberspace to meet their needs. Possible barriers to accessing information from a digital natives’ perspective include filtering, poor English, poor information literacy skills, low Internet speed, high cost of Internet, and lack of access to quality content in Persian. Other findings regarding the evaluation of information resources showed that digital natives perform well in the evaluation of educational resources but perform poorly in evaluating non-educational resources, for example in the social media space.

The results revealed that digital natives have poor performance in information searching and content assessment skills in social media; considering the importance of the above in information seeking behavior, it is suggested that holding workshops and training courses set it on the agenda related to the items listed.

The aim of this study is to identify the psychological factors affecting the information-seeking behavior of information users employing a systematic review.

In the present study, a systematic method was used as the research method. In order to investigate the research process, the framework suggested by Arksey & O’malley (2005) was used as the main guide. This framework includes a set of structured and detailed guidelines for designing, implementing, and reporting results in systematic review studies. These steps include:The first step was to ask a research question. At this stage, the researcher addresses two questions. The second step was to identify studies full text related to information-seeking behavior. The third step was to select articles. The primary criterion for entering the study was the relationship between articles and psychological factors in information-seeking behavior in the two databases of the Scientific Information Database and Institute of Humanities and Cultural Studies, Comprehensive Portal of Human Sciences. The fourth step was to extract data from selected articles. At this stage, all articles related to the selected topic were then transferred to the data extraction form based on Excel software, which was designed in accordance with the purpose of the research. The fifth step was data collection, summarization, and reporting.

Finding showed three main components and 16 variables have been effective on information-seeking behavior. The main psychological factors include socio-educational factors (information counseling, and self-efficacy); cognitive factors were comprised of (thinking styles, critical thinking, creativity, curiosity and mental norms, motivational beliefs, cognitive styles, cognitive and metacognitive strategies, epistemological beliefs, self-directed learning and self-regulation); and finally the factors which result in mental and personality disorders (anxiety, excitement, and personality).

Psychological factors seem to play an important role in the information-seeking behavior of information users in different societies, and Iranian society is no exception. However, in the published articles in the field of information-seeking behavior, more attention has been paid to information content and less attention has been paid to the psychological characteristics of individuals that originated from the human psyche and mind. In other words, information seekers' information-seeking behaviors rely heavily on psychological factors and personal characteristics.

Access to the required information in all available scientific disciplines is one of the most important factors in the survival of that field. In the architecture field, the type of information format differs from other disciplines. The purpose of this study was to identify the behavior of image in the architecture of Shahid Beheshti University. The present study is an applied target and descriptive survey method. The statistical population of the study consists of two groups of students and professors in architecture of Shahid Beheshti University. To determine the sample size, the Cochran formula was used and the sample size in this formula was 296. The results showed that the architects mainly used images for identifying creative and And the use of details of architectural structures. The type of image content they used was mostly photos, maps and charts. Find them in engines and image databases by limiting the size of the image and following related links as long as the image was taken. One of the major obstacles in finding images for architects was the lack of familiarity with the way they were searched. Creativity, proximity to the subject, the credibility and quality of the images were the criteria for selecting content. Considering the library's share in retrieving research-based images, it is suggested that library and library librarians conduct awareness-raising activities at the university's research groups such as brochures, conferences, library visits, and workshops.

Examining previous research in the field of information-seeking regarding daily rapid access behavior patterns, determining the research gaps, components and sub-components of interest, research methodology and spatial distribution of the existing body of research.

This systematic review is based on Prism standard. The related research were probed and extracted from 11 national databases from 2012 to 2020 and 5 none-Iranian from 1995 until 2021. Considering the input and output criteria, 25 research sources, including journal articles and dissertations, were identified.

Information and communication channels, information needs, and challenges in accessing information are the most important issues addressed. The sub-components of the investigated topics included books, magazines, newspapers, radio, satellite, internet, virtual social networks, family, relatives, friends, elders and libraries. Information needs included education, culture, economy, society, religion, health, climate, transportation, sports, nutrition, and customs. Challenges in accessing information involved inaccessibility of transportation systems, communication and information infrastructure, health centers, as well as language problems. The research literarure empolyed both quantitative and qualitative with more attention to ethnography. Also, questionnaires, interviews and observations were used. The study population in Iran are Tribes (42%), minorities (14%), teachers and other employees (28%), adults (14%); unfortunately, no study on children, clerics, youth and adolescents, and the elderly is available. The study population in the world are clergy (5%), minorities and immigrants (27%), youth and adolescents (16%), the elderly (5%), students, teachers, workers and other staff (28%) and adults (27%). Research has been conducted in Iran, Australia, USA, New Zealand, Spain, China (Taiwan), Africa (Nigeria), Canada, Pakistan, and Finland.

Attention to information behavior of everyday lifein the research literaure has intensified globaly. A wide range of studies have tageted information and communication channels, such as virtual social networks, paying attention to the information needs of minorities, ethnic groups, and focusing more on individual variables. However, there is little research addressing the impact of socio-economic, cultural and consumption capital on the everyday life information seeking on nomads, immigrants and other groups. In Iran, information resources, tools, technologies, and libraries have not been successful in meeting information needs of tribes and nomads. At the global level, benefiting from qualitative research methodologies has facilitated theorising in the field, whereas in Iran relying on quantitative techniques has prevented generating theories. As can be seen in research outside of Iran, due to the extensive, multidimensionality and complexity of information behavior, it is necessary for information seeking behavior experts to continue further investigation. Everyday life in the current period leads towards qualitative and individual research projects with mixed methods.

explaining the components of access based on one of the dimensions fundamental change theory in the process of seeking information students in virtual space.

The present study is a qualitative using semi-structured interviews. Population consist of BA students in education and psychology Faculty of university of Tabriz, selected using snowball sampling. Finally, using the opinions of 21 students, required data came to the saturation. To analyze qualitative data and extract components from the method of coding the grounded theory and MaxQDA software used.

To design access model and to discover a common concept of the definition of the phenomenon in question (access), considering causal conditions (context of using the knowledge and ability of others and types of content used in virtual space), contextual variables (access tools), strategies (how to access information resources, having the necessary skills to use information resources independently, using the knowledge and abilities of others in virtual space), intervening conditions (barriers to accessing information) and consequences of access (application of virtual space for users) was explained.Value: The value of this research is to show one of the important dimensions of the theory of fundamental change (access) that is affected by the virtual environment.

The emergence of electronic resources in virtual space and the unique features of virtual space have changed the information-seeking behavior of students, and need to have necessary abilities and skills in the field of information literacy, computer literacy, Internet literacy, communication literacy, critical literacy, and culture literacy.

The study aims to explain the role of brand equity in increasing market share, based on information seeking behavior and needs in Kish commercial centers.

This is applied exploratory-explanatory qualitative research. Population included branding and economics experts who were selected as a research sample by targeted snowball method of 14 people. To analyze the information related to the semi-structured interview, the content analysis method based on open coding, axial coding and selective coding based on the data theory of the foundation was used.

The results showed that marketing strategies through 5 elements of product, price, location, promotion, process management. Management factors through two components of leadership and human resource management have added value to the brand of Kish commercial centers. The added value created creates a competitive advantage. Also, environmental capabilities include: Infrastructure, technology, environmental features, security and recreation as background conditions and external factors including political-economic factors, information seeking behavior and information needs through customer information and market information as an intervener. The competitive advantage of Kish commercial centers is affected and ultimately increases the market share or in other words the development of customers and improves the financial performance of these centers.

The results showed that increasing market share is a complex process and is strongly influenced by brand value added, which is affected by marketing strategies and management factors. In addition, in order for Kish commercial centers to be known as a brand, they must first gather the necessary and sufficient information about customers and then the market.

The aim of this study is to understand the concept of information avoidance in terms of origin, effective factors, behaviors, areas of the previous studies, and research gaps. This research was conducted by systematic review method using Kitchenham and Charters (2007) framework. By reviewing internal and external databases and studying the abstracts of retrieved articles with related keywords, 65 related articles were identified and after refinement, 49 related articles were reviewed without time limitation. After studying the articles related to information avoidance, and using the content analysis approach, the contents were categorized into several thematic categories and the questions were answered according to the aims of the research. The findings suggest that the origins of information avoidance could be traced back to theories such as cognitive dissonance theory of Festinger (1957), uncertainty reduction theory of Gudykunst (1985), and models such as Johnson’s (1997) and Wilson’s (1999). The most important factors influencing information avoidance could be classified into two categories of Hedonic and Strategic factors. The factors of hedonic category are preferences for resolution of compound lotteries, risk, loss, and disappointment aversion, anxiety, attention, regret aversion, optimism maintenance, dissonance avoidance, and belief investments. Strategic factors also fall into two categories: intrapersonal strategic avoidance (avoiding dynamic inconsistency, resisting temptation, motivation maintenance, avoiding projection biases, abdicating responsibility and saving it for later) and interpersonal strategic avoidance (avoiding spoiling information about themselves or receiving information about others, which causes a change in their attitudes toward them). Information avoidance behaviors are then introduced which include physical avoidance, inattention, biased interpretation of information, forgetting, and self-handicapping. Also, the contexts in which information avoidance has been discussed so far include health, risk information, social and news media, emotional relationships, and smoking, using common information avoidance assessment tools such as questionnaires, interviews, modeling, laboratory observation, and task defining are investigated. Finally, two of the important research gaps in this field are the lack of a comprehensive model for information avoidance that is responsive to any society and any problem, and the need to pay more attention to information avoidance in the field of knowledge and information science.

The purpose of this study is to identify the psychological characteristics of employees and librarians of central libraries of Tehran’s state Universities.

The present research method is descriptive _ correlation and the statistical population of the research is the manpower of central libraries of public libraries in Tehran. To study the research community, a Neo questionnaire was used. In this study, Cronbach’s alpha test was used to measure the reliability of the questionnaire. Cronbach’s alpha is 0.897. It indicates that the questionnaire has the desired validity. Also the validity and validity of the  Neo personality questionnaire was implemented by Costa and McConnell (1987)on 208 American students within three months, whose validity coefficients were obtained between 0/83 to 0/ 75, which showed long - term validity of the questionnaire.

The cross - sectional score of the librarians is between 12 and 24 indicating that they have lasting emotions, scores of four additional features between 24 and 48, indicating that the librarians are flexible, sometimes an introvert, sometimes an extrovert, they care about others and their responsibilities. there was also no significant relationship between demographic variables and psychological characteristics.

The librarians are emotionally stable, relaxed and easy to face with complex situations, they are social people and they have close relationships with others, but sometimes they are rather conservative, but sometimes they may be mindful of their interests, but they may sometimes be mindful of their interests.