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Degradation of autophagy is associated with hepatic fat accumulation. Although the increase in autophagy flux through diet, exercise, and hypoxia effectively improves the fatty liver, its molecular mechanisms are unknown. This study aimed to investigate the effect of nutrition and exercise on hypoxia and normoxia on liver autophagy.

Twenty-four male Wistar rats (weight=165±9 grams) were randomly divided into the normal diet (ND), high-fat diet (HFD), high-fat diet+ normoxia exercise (HFD+NE), and high-fat diet+ hypoxia exercise (HFD+HE). The exercise was performed in three weekly sessions for 12 weeks at 68 to 80 percent of maximal aerobic velocity in normoxia (high about 50 meters) and hypoxic-hypobaric (high about 3000  meters). In the end, tissue samples were collected to measure the liver fat content and Atg5 and Ulk1 gene expression changes. Data were analyzed using ANOVA tests (p<0.05).

Compared to the ND group, liver fat increased in the HFD group, and the expression of Atg5 and Ulk1 decreased (p<0.05). The increased liver fat in the training groups was lower than in the HFD group (p<0.05). Although exercise reduces decreasing expression of Atg5 caused by the high-fat diet, it was not significant. Ulk1 was higher in the HFD+HE group than in all groups (p<0.05).

The regulation of autophagy genes by exercise is probably an effective mechanism in preventing liver fat accumulation. Although hypoxia training had a more significant effect on the autophagy genes, it had not an additional effect on reducing liver fat content.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is one of the most common liver diseases of this century, which is associated with changes in inflammatory cytokines and increased oxidative stress.The purpose of this research was to investigate the effect of an increasing aerobic exercise period after bone marrow stem cell injection on some indicators of oxidative and inflammatory stress of liver tissue in rats model of fatty liver.

60 adult male Wistar rats were divided into two main groups: control (6 rats) and patients with fatty liver (54 rats). The control group used standard rodent food for 6 weeks, while the animals in the diseased groups used high-fat food to induce fatty liver disease. At the end of the sixth week, to confirm the development of fatty liver disease, blood was randomly drawn from the tails of 3 mice and ALT and AST enzymes were measured. Then the animals of the patient group were randomly divided into 5 groups: Saline, Fatty liver, Exercise, Cell, Exercise + Cell. About 105 cells in 2 microliters of medium were injected into the cell receiving groups for each rat through the tail vein. The training program consisted of 8 weeks of incremental treadmill running.

The levels of CAT and SOD increased in the treated groups, but the level of the inflammatory index TNF-α decreased, but these changes were significant only in the groups of exercise and exercise + cells compared to the fatty liver group.

Incremental aerobic training after the injection of bone marrow-derived stem cells increased the antioxidant levels of CAT and SOD and decreased the inflammatory index of TNF-α in mice with fatty liver. Therefore, it seems that this method can improve liver condition and be considered as a therapeutic solution.

Bile acids are known as key metabolic messengers during liver regeneration and the end product of cholesterol catabolism, which are important for nutrient absorption in the intestine. Recent studies describe bile acids as messenger molecules with diverse functions that have a wide range of receptors in the body. Due to these receptors, bile acids can modulate the rate of self-synthesis, lipid, and glucose and energy metabolism. The FXR-FGFR4-KLB signaling pathway and its role in the regulation of bile acid biosynthesis is one of the novel issues in cholesterol metabolism, especially in the condition of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Despite the recommendations for patients with NAFLD to participate in regular exercise, the type, intensity and duration of exercise that is most beneficial for these patients is not clearly determined yet. Resistance exercise can be effective in improving NAFLD conditions by increasing fat oxidation, controlling appetite and reducing energy intake. This research was carried out to study the effect of eight weeks of resistance training on liver bile acid (BA), beta klotho protein (KLB) and the expression of farnesoid X receptor (FXR), fibroblast growth factor 15 (FGF15) and fibroblast growth factor receptor 4 (FGFR4) in male rats with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

In this study, 16 male Wistar rats (age, six-weeks and weight, 120-160 gr) after induction of NAFLD conditions, with six weeks of high-fat diet were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=8 in each group) of Control (C), and resistance training (R). The resistance training protocol included climbing on a 1-meter ladder with a 2-cm grid and an 85-degree incline. Weighted cylinders ranging from 50 to 75% of their body weight were attached to the rats' tails. The training was carried out for eight weeks period with a frequency of five days per week. Rats were sacrificed 48 hours after the last training session, and the liver tissue samples were taken to for measuring the variables. Data were analyzed by using independent t-test at a significance level of p<0.05.

Following eight weeks of resistance training, hepatic BA decreased significantly in R group compared to C group (p=0.001). In addition, KLB protein levels (p=0.001) and the expression of FXR (p=0.001), FGF15 (p=0.001), and FGFR4 (p=0.001) genes were significantly higher in R group compared to C group.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver is associated with a decrease in the expression of genes such as FXR, FGF15 and FGFR4, as well as a decrease in klotho protein, which results in a disturbance in cholesterol status and subsequent cell damage in the liver. The exercise intervention may have positive effect on the signaling pathway of FXR-FGFR4-KLB and its role in regulating the biosynthesis of bile acids and improve cholesterol metabolism in the body. It seems that resistance training has beneficial effects in improving this signaling pathway.The data of the present study indicate a possible relationship between resistance training and improvement of fat metabolism in the liver. The muscle-liver axis and the role of this type of exercises on the up-regulation of genes involved in the biosynthesis of hepatic bile acid and then the control of cholesterol metabolism can help in achieving a better understanding of the pathogenesis of NAFLD.

Some adipokines are involved in the pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training on Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue in animal of steatosis. In this experimental study, 32 rats (weighing 200-250 gr) were selected and randomly divided into 4 groups including healthy control, fatty liver, HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group. Rats were infected with fatty liver by oral tetracycline at a dose of 140 mg/kg (soluble in 2 ml of water) for 7 days. HIIT protocol contained 5 intervals 2 min running session at 85–90% of VO2max followed by 1 min running at 30–40% of VO2max between each session, five sessions per week for 5 weeks. The Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in the liver tissue samples was measured by Real Time PCR. Data were analyzed by One-way ANOVA and Tukey post hoc tests at the P <0.05. The results showed that the Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression of liver tissue was significantly higher in fatty liver group than the healthy control group (P=0.001). Chemrine and Adipsin gene expression in liver tissue was significantly lower in HIIT and fatty liver + HIIT group’s than the fatty liver group (P=0.001). It seems that the HIIT training program can help improve the levels of adipokines in fatty liver disease, so this training method is recommended for its benefits in fatty liver disease.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a liver inflammation caused by excessive accumulation of fat in the liver tissue. This condition could impair the normal functioning of liver tissue, such as liver failure or cirrhosis. Exercise and physical activity can potentially be considered as an effective method in reducing liver fat. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on serum levels of fibroblast growth factor-21, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, lipid profile and insulin resistance in women with fatty liver.

In this quasi-experimental study, 28 women with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease participated as an available sample and randomly divided into two groups of control (n=14) and exercise (n=14). HIIT program were performed for eight weeks, three times a week and each session was conducted for 60 minutes. Dependent variables were done 72 hours before the first and after the last training session. Data were analyzed by paired and independent t-tests at the significant level of p<0.05.

After eight weeks of HIIT, fibroblast growth factor-21 (p=0.03) and high density lipoprotein cholestrol (p=0.01) significantly increased. On the other hand, aspartate amino transferase (p=0.04), alanine amino transferase (p=0.03), low density lipoprotein cholestrol (p=0.01) and triglyceride (p=0.005) significantly decreased while insulin resistance remained unchanged (p=0.24).

By performing HIIT, it can be expected that the risk factors in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease could be improve.

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a condition in which the accumulation of fat in the liver increases. Exercise training can improve the condition by preventing excessive accumulation of fat in the liver as a non-pharmacological intervention and preventing the progression of the disease to chronic liver disease. The aim of this study was to compare the effect of combined exercises training with two intensities on FGF-21, insulin resistance, liver enzymes and body composition of women with fatty liver.

33 women with NAFLD with a mean age of 57.7 ± 45.43 years and a body mass index of 84.32 6 6 kg/m2 randomly divided into three equal groups; aerobic interval training (AIT); high intensity interval training (HIIT); and controls. The training program was performed for 12 weeks and 3 sessions per week. The variables were measured before and after the training program. Data were analyzed using analysis of variance with repeated measures (p< 0.05).

The results showed that HOMA-IR index and serum FGF-21 were significantly reduced in the combined training groups compared to the control (p<0.05). No significant effect or difference was observed in ALT and AST enzyme levels. Also, a significant decrease in body fat percentage was observed (p<0.05).

It seems that women with NAFLD are likely to be able to use both combined resistance training intensity and moderate to severe interval as a non-pharmacological solution to reduce fat percentage and improve insulin and FGF-21 resistance.

Fatty liver disease is the most common cause of liver enzyme disorders. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of resistance training with different intensities on liver enzymes levels in patients with fatty liver who were working as disciplinary force staff in Ahvaz, Iran.

Participants in this study were patients with fatty liver in age range of 30-50 years who were working as disciplinary force staff in Ahvaz, Iran. Out of 200 patients diagnosed with fatty liver, 30 volunteers were selected and studied in this study. The participants were randomly divided into 3 groups of 10 subjects, including: 1. High-intensity resistance training 2. Moderate-intensity resistance training, and 3. Control group. Using blood sampling, the levels of AST, ALT and ALKp enzymes were measured in the laboratory at the beginning and end of 8 weeks of resistance training. Data normalization was performed using the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk tests. Also, analysis of variance (ANOVA) and LSD post hoc test were used to examine the differences between the three groups. All statistical analyses were performed using SPSS software version 18 at a significance level of 0.05 (α = 0.05).

The results showed that high intensity resistance training had a significant effect on AST, ALT and ALKp enzymes (P ≤ 0.001). On the other hand, moderate intensity training had a significant effect on AST and ALT enzymes (P ≤ 0.001), while this type of training had no significant effect on ALKp levels (P ≤ 0.099).

Both moderate and high intensity resistance training can improve AST, ALT and ALKp enzyme levels; however, high-intensity resistance training seems to play a more prominent part.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of combined training with two different patterns on IL-15, severity of hepatic steatosis and lipid profile in obese or overweight women with fatty liver.

33 women with fatty liver were randomly divided to training groups and control. Combined training group 1 performed circular resistance training with aerobic interval training (2-5 intervals of 4 minutes, intensity of 70-75% of HRmax) and combined training 2 performed circular resistance training with high intensity interval training (8-13 intervals of 1 minutes, 85-95% HRmax) for 12 weeks. Tests and blood sampling were performed before and after the intervention. Data were analyzed using repeated measures ANOVA.

Both types of combined trainings significantly reduced body fat percentage (P<0.001). Combined training 1 caused a significant reduction (P=0.008) and combined training 2 caused a non-significant reduction in the severity of hepatic steatosis (P=0.07). There was no significant difference in IL-15 levels between the combined training groups and the control group (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between the groups in other indices and lipid profile (P>0.05).

According to the results, both patterns of combined training improved the severity of steatosis and body fat percentage independent of weight loss, and it did not cause a significant change in plasma IL-15 levels, it seems that a combination of resistance and aerobic interval training in the present study, can probably be used as an adjuvant non-pharmacological treatment to reduce the severity of hepatic steatosis and improve fatty liver patients.

Fatty liver is recognized as a pathophysiological condition in people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of exercise (intermittent and periodic) training on new markers of fatty liver in women with type 2 diabetes in Kashan.

Thirty women with type 2 diabetes were randomly divided into three groups: periodic exercise (n = 10), continuous exercise (n = 10) and control group (n = 10). Experimental groups performed pre-specified exercises for 8 weeks. Blood samples were taken from three groups before and after 8 weeks of exercise protocol. Covariance analysis was used to test the research hypotheses. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis.

The results of the present study showed that LAP and FLI decreased significantly after continuous and intermittent training compared to the control group, although no significant change was observed in the HSI and FSI variables.

The results showed that 8 weeks of continuous and intermittent exercise significantly decreased LAP and FLI in women with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, it is recommended to include a weekly exercise program in these patients.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks aerobic exercise on the expression of LXRa, PEPCK and G6PC2 mRNA in the liver tissue of obese prediabetic mice. 18 male C57BL/6 mice were divided into two groups: 1. Mice fed a high-fat diet (prediabetic obese mice) (n=12), 2. Mice fed a standard diet (non-obese mice) (n= 6). Prediabetic conditions were confirmed by glucose tolerance test (GTT). Then, prediabetic mice were randomly divided into two groups: the high-fat diet-Exercised (HFD-Exe) and the high-fat diet-Sedentary (HFD-Sed). Exercise group were trained on a motor-driven treadmill at 21 m/min, 45 min/day, 5 days/week for 8 weeks. Mice were sacrificed 24 hours after last exercise session and blood was taken from the heart. The liver tissue was isolated and frozen to measure of LXRa and ABCA1 expression levels and was kept at -70 ̊C.Data indicated that the levels of liver LXRa and ABCA1 in trained mice were significantly higher than in untrained mice.The relative expression of key genes in gluconeogenesis, including G6PC2 and PEPCK in the liver of trained mice, was significantly reduced compared to untrained group. Also, aerobic exercise reduced steatosis and the liver enzymes in prediabetic mice.Following physical exercise, the expression of LXRa and ABCA1 mRNA expression in the liver of mice increases and protects mice from high-fat diet induced obesity and reduces the risk of NAFLD.

Due to the protective effects of resistance training and Zataria Multiflora supplementation on hepatocytes, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 8 weeks of resistance training with supplementation of Zataria multiflora on liver enzymes, hepatic steatosis index of men with non-alcoholic fatty liver.

In this semi-experimental study, subjects were randomly assigned into four groups: control, resistance training, supplementation of Zataria multiflora and resistance training with Zataria multiflora supplementation. The training program consist of eight weeks resistance exercise training for, 3 sessions per week, each session with intensity of 80-50% one repetition maximum. For Zataria multiflora supplementation, the Barij capsule was used for 8 weeks, three and half hours before meals. Blood samples were taken to evaluate the status of liver steatosis and liver enzymes (AST, ALT and GGT) before and after the exercise program. For data analysis one-way analysis of variance was used at a significant level of 0.05.

The results showed that resistance training alone and in combination with Zataria multiflora supplementation improve lipid profile (Increased HDL (p<0.001 and p<0.003, respectively), reduction of cholesterol (p<0.02 and p<0.001, respectively), LDL (p<0.003 and p<0.001, respectively) and triglyceride (p<0.002 and p<0.001, respectively)), compared to control group. However, such significant effect was not observed as a result of Zataria multiflora supplementation on the mentioned variables. In addition, eight weeks of resistance training with and without Zataria multiflora supplementation had a significant effect on hepatic steatosis index and hepatic enzyme levels (AST, ALT and GGT) (p<0.05).

According to these findings, it can be concluded that resistance training and not Zataria multiflora supplementation may be a beneficial intervention to improve indicators related to fatty liver (GCT, AST and ALT) in people with non-alcoholic fatty liver. However, understanding its mechanism requires further research.

The risk for nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD) disease is directly related to the body mass index, with obese children being most at risk for NAFLD. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the changes in some liver enzymes and lipid profile of adolescents with fatty liver, following a selected school based and high intensity interval training. Thirty adolescent boys (aged11-14year) with obesity (based on ≥95th percentile of body mass index and age growth chart) and clinically defined as NAFLD disease were divided equally into the high intensity interval training (BMI; 26.51±1.83kg/m2, n=10), and selected school-based exercises (BMI; 26.69±2.45kg/m2, n=10). Hepatic ultrasonography, VO2peak, lipid profile, insulin resistance, AST and ALT levels of subjects were measured before and after the SBE (45-60 min. selected exercise and games) and HIIT (36-40 min Running at 100-110 maximum aerobic speed) protocols. ANCOVA statistics was used to analysis of data and results showed that there was a significant increase in VO2peak of groups after exercise intervention (P=0.001). Also, there were significant reductions in insulin resistance (P=0.01), triglyceride, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino transferase levels in both groups (P=0.01). HDL levels increased significantly only in SBE group (P=0.048), but there were no significant differences between LDL levels of groups (P=0.250). Therefore, we concluded that both selected school based and high intensity interval training protocols were equally effective in improving some health parameters in children with obesity and fatty liver.

Exercise and Nutrition can control fatty liver disease in obese children and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of eight-week aerobic interval training and consumption of chicory extract on levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes in obese boys with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease.

36 male students aged 13-15 years were randomly divided into three groups of 12 cases: training + supplement, training + placebo, supplement. Blood samples were taken as pretest and post-test in all three groups. Training groups performed aerobics training program comprised of Interval Training, 4 sessions per week for 8 weeks. During the experimental period, participants received either 200 mL daily chicory extractive for 8 weeks or placebo. Results The results of one-way ANOVA showed that serum levels of ALT and AST decreased significantly in all three groups (P<0.0001), and this decrease was higher in training + supplement group than other groups (P<0.05).

The results of the research showed that simultaneous consumption of chicory with aerobic interval training can lead to a decrease ALT and AST enzymes,thus aerobic interval training and consumption of chicory extract propose for treatment of patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver

Overweight is one of the most important reasons for increasing the liver enzymes that causes liver and cardiovascular disease. The purpose of this research is to investigation the effects of 12weeks training on liver enzymes. Subjects of this research is 26 woman with BMI>29 and average age Between 42 to 52, they divided to two main groups: experimental and control group n-13. 24 hours before training and 48 hours after sampling, body composition and oxygen maximum, were done for all of the subjects. Experimental group have done 12 weeks endurance training that contains 3 session between 40 to 80 percent of heart beat and duration of 15 to 30 min. Data was analyzed by using of covariance and T test,(a