جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « استان خراسان رضوی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The performance of broiler chickens is directly influenced by temperature changes and the occurrence of heat stress, whether it is cold or hot. The present study aims to assess the cooling and heating degree days in different stages of broiler chicken production in Khorasan Razavi province. To achieve this objective, daily average temperature data were collected from 13 synoptic stations during the statistical period of 1988-2018. Cooling and heating degree days were calculated for each week of production using specific thresholds, and their spatial distribution was analyzed. Furthermore, the relationship between cooling and heating degree days and geographical features was evaluated. The findings indicate a decrease in cooling degree days and an increase in heating degree days as latitude increases. The northern and western regions of the province exhibited a greater need for heating throughout all stages of broiler chicken production, whereas the eastern and southern regions had higher cooling requirements at different production stages. Overall, the northeastern, southern, and western marginal areas of the province, including Khaf, Gonabad, Kashmar, Sarakhs, and Sabzevar, exhibited the lowest cooling and heating needs during the 6-week period of broiler chicken production, making them suitable climates for this economic activity.

Tourists are looking for memorable experiences while traveling, and often their decisions are influenced by the same experiences they have gained from the destination. For this purpose, the main goal of the current research is to identify the factors influencing the creation of memorable experiences for tourists from rural destinations.

Design/methodology/approach:

 In order to collect data, both the librarymethod using documents and the field method through questionnaires have been used. 384 questionnaires were completed by tourists who had traveled to the tourist villages of Mashhad, Neyshabur and Torghabeh-Shandiz counties.

In general, 8 factors affecting the creation of positive memorable experiences and 2 factors affecting the creation of negative memorable experiences were extracted. The most effective factor in creating positive memorable experiences was the authenticity and credibility factor, as well as the inappropriate environmental management factor, the most effective factor in creating negative memorable experiences.

In general, these factors can have a significant impact on attracting tourists and creating memorable experiences for them. Providing platforms for culture and basic hospitality of local residents and preserving rural identity and authenticity are among the suggestions that can be made.

Originality/value:

 the theoretical literature on factors influencing the creation of positive and negative memorable experiences of rural destinations is very limited, therefore this study provides a new understanding regarding the factors influencing the formation of memorable experiences of rural destinations, which are used by managers of rural destinations to increase loyalty and attracting more tourists.

Considering the persistence of drought and its destructive effects on various socio-economic sectors of Khorasan-Razavi province, this study is aimed at investigating the spatial-temporal changes of drought risk in the province and assessing the vulnerability to it. For this purpose, from the set of meteorological data during the 70-year period (1950-2020) and drought indices such as Standard Precipitation Index (SPI), Rainfall Index (RAI) and Z-Index (ZSI) in order to evaluate the drought situation of the region in four-time scales. 3, 6, 12 and 24 months were used. Then, drought risk and vulnerability were evaluated using four drought risk indices (DHI), drought exposure index (DEI), drought vulnerability index (DVI) and combined drought risk index (DRI). According to the results of the DHI index, severe and very severe droughts correspond to the eastern, central and southern parts, which can be due to the increase in water consumption due to population development, agricultural and industrial development, as well as climate change. According to the results of DVI and DRI indicators, the regions correspond to severe and very severe droughts in the southern, western and central parts. The DEI index showed that in the central, eastern and southern parts of the province, the agricultural sector is the first sector to be affected by the destructive effects of drought due to excessive dependence on soil moisture reserves. Drought risk maps indicate the possibility of the region facing very dry conditions and affecting the water resources of the region in the short and medium term.

Inevitably, inconsideration of the population evacuation of villages can have irreparable consequences for the human settlements. Analysis and identification of the qualities of this issue can greatly help planners and decisionmakers in the spatial planning domain to prevent full evacuation of population from rural settlements. The study at hand was an applied research project done using descriptive-analytical approach. The statistical population comprised of villages with less than 100 residents in Khorasan Razavi province from 1986 to 2016. Moran’s local spatial analysis was used to investigate the spatial dimensions, and arithmetic mean and skewed distribution were used to examine the direction and range of distribution. The results showed that in the 1986, 1996, 2006, and 2016 censuses, 92.2, 90.1, 94.8, and 79.9 percent of the villages evacuated in the previous decade have had lower than 100 residents. The results of Moran’s spatial autocorrelation analysis demonstrated that the distribution pattern of villages on the threshold of evacuation during these three decades is cluster-like. Moreover, the results of arithmetic mean and skewed distribution indicated that 68 percent of the villages that are on the threshold of population evacuation are within the oval domain, and except for the 1986-1996 period – when the distribution direction of villages on the threshold of evacuation has been northwest-southeast, the direct has been northeast-southwest from 1996 to 2016.

The advantage of these markets is the direct supply of products by producers and reducing the cost of sales and marketing of farmers due to direct sales of the product. Based on this, the project intends to locate local rural markets, which are one of the main transformational methods of rural development. The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-survey in terms of data collection. The statistical population of the study is 135 villages with rural center in Khorasan Razavi province. The main tool for collecting data and measuring research variables is a questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire using Cronbach's test with 0.853 indicates that the questionnaire has a good reliability.Data were analyzed using SPSS software in the form of Friedman test, decision tree and k-means cluster. The results show that among 68 indicators, the average ranking of indicators related to tourist attractions, market-related activities and agriculture and horticulture have achieved ranks 1 to 3, respectively. Based on the decision tree analysis, 31 villages were classified as suitable for establishing permanent local markets. Cluster analysis based on impact factor put 2, 25 and 5 villages in priority 1 to 3 for market implementation, respectively. Based on the results, 20 villages were identified as suitable for creating a local road market and 89 villages as suitable for establishing local periodic markets. In relation to the upcoming research, it is also suggested to strengthen the expansion of the virtual market in the selected villages for the establishment of the Danish market.

Climate has a major impact on all human activities, including military operations, and should be carefully considered in any military activity. This means using the principles and concepts of climate in a practical context. Many of the common effects of atmospheric elements can be due to the conditions of operation and any military operation without coordination with the climatic conditions of the place is doomed to failure. Geographical criteria, especially climate and geomorphology, have a great impact on natural hazards. Due to this importance, military climatology is one of the important topics in military geography. This field discusses the climate of operational areas. The experiences of the imposed war and other world wars have shown that the element of temperature, which is one of the elements of climate, can be effective along with humidity and wind speed in the fate of a great power involved in war. Military climate is one of the branches of military geography that studies the effects of climate on military affairs at different levels of operation. For example, Operation Typhoon 1341, which was carried out in the Soviet Union, and the German army was confident of victory over the Stalinist regime and victory in Moscow, but the weather conditions and the scorching cold of Russia caused the defeat of Germany. According to the public opinion, cold, along with biting winds, and heat, along with high humidity, are the worst combination of climates. Dry temperatures below zero degrees weaken frostbite among people with poor clothing and poor training. In the winter of 1942-1941, one hundred thousand German armed forces were injured in Russia for this reason, of which 15 thousand were forced to amputate. Wet cold in some cases, even more severe, causes weakness and exhaustion of forces. Disability due to prolonged exposure of the feet to trench water, at temperatures slightly above zero degrees, is an old case of injury. During World War II, the disease became a rampant among American infantry in the operational arenas of Europe, because in the last days, they had to jump into the water instead of walking on dry land and pass through icy mud and into trenches. They lived full of water and did not have access to shelter or dry shoes and socks. In the dampening heat, the armed forces face another set of problems. To prevent the body from losing weight, water consumption increases.

area of study Khorasan Razavi province is located in northeastern Iran and is the fourth largest province in the country. This province covers an area of 127,700 square kilometers, 7.7% of the area of Iran and is located between 34 to 38 degrees' north latitude and 57 to 61 degrees' east longitude of the Greenwich meridian. Khorasan Razavi province shares 531.6 km border with Turkmenistan and 302 km with Afghanistan and is limited to South Khorasan from the south, North Khorasan from the northwest and Semnan and Yazd provinces from the west.

In this study, in order to evaluate the role of climatic elements on the activity of military forces in Khorasan Razavi province, among the synoptic stations in the region, 9 stations that had data and a suitable statistical period (20 years) were selected. Then, data related to climatic parameters including dry air temperature and relative humidity in the monthly period during the statistical period (1999-2019) were received from the Meteorological Organization.One of the most important indicators to identify climatic conditions, in line with the activities of military forces, the Wind chill index was used. Burn index can be a good indicator of cold sensitivity and is very useful in deciding on the type of clothing or planning for outdoor activities. Low levels of burnout are associated with risks, one of which is a sudden drop in body temperature or hypothermia. Under these conditions, the body temperature drops to such an extent that the muscles and the brain are damaged. In some countries, the Wind chill index is used to issue forecasts and warnings. When this indicator reaches the point where frost and frost occur, it is predicted and issued a warning in case of dangerous conditions. Another factor of human comfort is the wind speed index or in fact the cooling effect of wind. This index represents the energy dissipation in terms of kilograms per hour from the surface of one square meter of the body and in normal conditions, in inactivity and normal skin temperature, ie about 33 degrees Celsius.

Shows the day and night comfort coefficient based on Wind chill index in the stations of the province. Accordingly, the months of January, February and December show cool conditions in all stations except Sarakhs and Kashmar stations, and very cool physiological conditions in all other stations. In March, Sabzevar, Sarakhs, Kashmar and Gonabad stations show cool conditions and the rest of the stations show very cool conditions. Cool weather prevails in all stations in April and November. During May and October, favorable conditions for military activity in Sabzevar, Sarakhs (May and October) and Gonabad (May) prevail, and in other stations, cold conditions prevail. In June and September, Torbat Heydariyeh and Mashhad stations (June and September), Kashmar (June), Gonabad (September) have comfortable conditions, and other stations have cold to warm conditions. During July, comfort conditions are limited to only 3 stations of Golmkan, Quchan and Neishabour and the rest of the stations are in hot condition. Finally, in September in all stations except Sabzevar, Sarakhs and Kashmar (warm) and Golmkan (cool) There is desirable. The results of day-to-day dispersal maps of Wind chill index show that Wind chill climate index is favorable for the development of the province's military activity in the center, south and southeast of the province and the appropriate period in these parts is longer than other parts of the province.Key words: Military Climate, Thermal Stress, Wind chill index, Khorasan Razavi Province

All over the history cultivating medicinal plants has had a high status in Iran’s traditional system of agriculture. It plays a significant role in diversifying the economic sources of villagers. Agricultural activities have increased income, reduced unemployment, and reduced the poverty of the villagers as a result. Planning on planting medicinal plants helps the prosperity and sustainable development. It also helps to improve the economic development, meet the needs of domestic industries, and have significant foreign exchange earnings. This study aimed to compare the income made by producing medicinal plants compared to other crops in the villages of Kalat. This applied research used a descriptive-analytical method. Collecting the required data was done through documentary and field methods. A survey method was used in the case study that is related to the cultivation of medicinal plants in the region. The sample community of the research was the villages where medicinal plants are produced. The results showed that producing medicinal plants constitutes 50.1% of the total income in agricultural sector of the study area. Moreover, planting medicinal plants per hectare creates an average of 523.6% more income than other crops. The results showed as well that the making income per hectare in producing medicinal plants is more than 5 times that of other crops. If villagers pay attention to the issue, it will improve the income and welfare level of villagers and will reduce their immigration.

Diversifying the economy of rural settlements in developing countries has improved non-agricultural job opportunities in rural areas and also has a significant impact on the well-being of rural households. Studies show that the diversity of economic activities has an effect on the economic sustainability of rural settlements, which means that the greater the diversity of economic activities, the higher the economic sustainability. Today, medicinal plants play a vital role in advancing national, regional and global goals to achieve health, environmental protection, selfsufficiency, job creation, entrepreneurship and economic development. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the effect of cultivation of medicinal plants on job creation in rural areas (case study of villages in Kalat city). The present research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of method. The sample population includes 7 villages of Kalat city in which medicinal plants are produced. According to the research results, planting each hectare of medicinal plants creates an average of 1.301 percent more jobs compared to other crops.

The present study has analyzed the spatiality of sports venues and evaluated the access to sports centers according to the pattern of their spatial distribution in the level of communication networks in Khorasan Razavi province. This research is of applied type and descriptive-analytical method. After determining the per capita sports uses in the province, using the Williamson model, the per capita distribution of these centers in the regions was measured according to population density. In the second part, using the Moran model, the spatial distribution pattern of sports uses (outdoor, indoor and total sports uses) was measured according to the area of these uses. The results showed that the per capita sports facilities in the province is equal to 0.34 square meters, which is less than the minimum per capita set for Iran. On the other hand, the total per capita sports space per household is about 1.05 square meters. also; The per capita outdoor sports space is more than the per capita indoor space (0.92 vs. 0.13 square meters per person). Meanwhile, Zone 1, which is in the northeast of the province, has a greater distribution of sports spaces and places, which, of course, has a greater distribution in terms of population. However, with increasing population density, the per capita total sports space (outdoor and indoor) increases with the slope of the line R2 = 0.5985. Also, according to the results of the nearest neighbor average model, it was found that the spatial pattern of distribution of sports centers in Khorasan Razavi province is 99% random. Therefore; solving these problems requires planning and management in the field of locating and organizing sports spaces.

Rural tourism is one of the most important types of tourism that plays an important role in socio-economic development of rural communities and can be effective in economic independence, creation of new job opportunities and improvement of social conditions of rural women. One of the interesting and new measures of rural tourism development is the creation of eco-tourism resorts. The purpose of this study is to investigate the role of tourism and development of eco-tourism resorts in economic and social empowerment of rural women. This is an applied and developmental research with a descriptive-analytic approach with a deductive approach. Required information was collected through library, documentary and field studies (interview tools, questionnaires and direct observation). The statistical population of the study consisted of 110 rural women (permanent and non-permanent) employed in Khorasan Razavi resettlement centers that were established between 94 and 96 years, including 21 residences in 13 villages and 3 cities of the province. Data were analyzed by SPSS software and one sample T-test and Friedman test were used to test the research hypotheses. The development of eco-lodges in the study area with an overall average of 2.5 has had a small effect on the economic empowerment of rural women. But the social effects were obtained with an average of 2.8 higher, which indicates more effects on women's social empowerment. With the Farid Man rank test, it was found that the highest rank of economic empowerment belongs to the index of "increasing job opportunities" and the highest rank of social empowerment belongs to the increase of "sense of spatial belonging". Also, Pearson test showed a positive correlation between economic and social empowerment of rural women.

Based on the successful experience of tourism development, the activities of scholars and the use of new technologies resulting from innovations in the field of tourism had an increasing impact on attracting international tourists. There are several factors that influence the implementation of the innovation process, which leads to better management of the innovation and planning process. Therefore, in the present study, the innovation index of tourism sector at national and regional levels has been designed and measured. Also, the situation of this index in the country has been compared with Khorasan Razavi province as a province with tourism function. In this study, the Global Innovation Index (GII) was used to design and measure the tourism innovation index. They also examined the relationships between them by calculating the correlation coefficients between the internal and external dimensions of the innovation index. Data collection was done by completing a questionnaire from experts and field survey method. The statistical population of this study includes professors and researchers in the field of tourism, experts of knowledge-based companies active in the field of tourism and tourism experts in the public and private sectors, and the statistical sample size is 70 people. The results showed that the inputs of the innovation index such as skills and higher education, infrastructure, trade and market, human resources, innovation communication and knowledge absorption, have a good position to create innovation and technology in the tourism sector at national and provincial levels. This category is related to limited international relations, quality and efficiency of laws, the situation of corruption and rent-seeking, organizational and administrative processes, as well as the weakness in creating cohesion of the innovation process in the form of clusters such as creative and innovative goods production centers. Also, the calculation of the correlation coefficient between the internal and external dimensions of the innovation index showed that higher education, information and communication technology, business environment, investment and credit, research and development, manpower and communication related to innovation have a greater impact on different dimensions of the index. They are the output of innovation. In general, the country has a better status and ranking in terms of innovation in the tourism sector compared to the province.

As a significant part of the agricultural sector's problems are related to the value chain and its end rings, the market for agricultural products, the present study addresses the main challenges of tobacco marketing in Iran from the point of view of tobacco beetles. The study area is a tobacco production pole in Razavi Khorasan province, Baghche district, Chenaran province. The research method was descriptive and the statistical population consisted of 512 Tobacco Agents, which were selected by using the Cochran formula of 110 Tobacco Dogs and respondents were randomly selected and participated in the completion of the research questionnaire. In this research, 37 of the initial challenges were identified and questionnaire was used in the Likert spectrum through extensive literature studies and interviews with experts and tobacco workers. The reliability of the research tool was α = 0.703 and its validity was confirmed with 78.92% of the variance in the confirmatory factor analysis. The results of exploratory factor analysis showed that the identified challenges were as follows: the ten main factors with 81.86% of the variance explained. "The low awareness of farmers about tobacco marketing" with 17.09, "poor performance of trusted organizations" with 12.66 and "problems related to the price of tobacco and tobacco leaves" with 9/11 variance were three challenges, respectively The basic marketing of tobacco is. Studies show that ten major challenges identified in tobacco marketing have led to farmer exploitation in this unbalanced system, therefore, given that tobacco has a different legal context in marketing,

Today, one of the important issues in regional planning, The issue of balanced and proportionate development of basic services is proportional to the distribution of the population of that region. Because non-distribution of services will lead to demographic, social and complex spatial problems, in the direction of equitable distribution and balanced development of the regions. The purpose of this research is to measure the level of urban-rural infrastructure services and its relationship with demographic distribution in Khorasan Razavi province. This is a descriptive-analytic study. For collecting data, documentary and field studies were used to analyze the raw data and classify the cities of Khorasan Razavi province using multi-criteria decision making models and GIS software. The findings of the Vikor and AHPF model in the province's cities indicate non-distribution balanced of services. The city of Mashhad has the highest level, and the cities of Sabzevar and Neyshabur are moderate, and Khalil Abad and Jovein are in the unfavorable level. Considering that the city of Mashhad is the first Iranian pilgrimage city, it is the largest attraction zone of the province, it seems that these services are not balanced in comparison with other population centers. And so the research seeks out what strategies can be made to reach the equilibrium point, given local and regional conditions that are practical and feasible. Pearson test was used to investigate the relationship between demographic indicators and the status of cities in terms of urban services. The results showed that there is a direct relationship between population density and population growth rate with the focus of services. The distance from the center of the province is not significantly related to the level of facilities.

  Spatial inequality in the deployment of area residents and activities is not a new phenomenon in any part of the world. But in developing countries, the spatial divergence between regions is exacerbated by the socioeconomic disparities and inequality in the distribution of essential services. Proper and optimal distribution of basic facilities in the social, economic, cultural and health sectors across regions and regions is one of the most important factors in preventing inequality and gaps in development and proper spatial distribution of population across the land. One of these areas is the metropolis of Mashhad in Khorasan Razavi province, which comprises a significant part of the population and is then hierarchically located in the cities of Neyshabur and Sabzevar. In this regard, we are dealing with cities that have not been able to compete with such large metropolitan areas, but this does not mean that the metropolitan areas of Khorasan Razavi have all the potential but rather that they should be compared to the population in which they are located. The city of Mashhad itself has many deprived areas that cannot compete with the central parts of the city and its populations lack basic and basic services on a large scale. Therefore, this research seeks to find out what is feasible and feasible for local and regional conditions, so that the province can be brought to regional equilibrium. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between population component distribution and basic services with the spatial justice approach in Khorasan Razavi cities. The obtained results were obtained through combination models and rank-sum method and correlation method.

 In this study, the integration model (a combination of multi-criteria decision making models) is used to analyze and weight the research indicators of the model (TOPSIS), and to integrate the eight indicators, the VIKOR model and the model A fuzzy hierarchy (AHPF) is used. At the end of the research, Pearson correlation test was used to investigate the relationship between population indices (population density and population growth rate) with the degree of basic services of provincial cities.  

Findings of Vikor model and AHPF model in Khorasan Razavi province provinces show unbalanced distribution. Mashhad is in the highest level and the cities of Sabzevar and Neyshabur are in the average level and Khalilabad and Javin are in the lower level. Pearson test was used to examine the relationship between population density, distance of cities from provincial centers and population growth rate with the status of provinces. The results of this test show that there is a direct relationship between population density and natural growth rate with the distribution of urban services such that Mashhad, Neyshabour, Sabzevar and Quchan have the highest density and natural growth rate among provincial cities. They have a relatively favorable spatial distribution. The results showed that the relationship between the cities distance from the center of the province and the rate of enjoyment of the urban services index is very weak, so that Neyshabur and Sabzevar cities have relatively high distance with the capital city in the high ranks. They are indexed by municipal services, while Binaloud is 68 kilometrs from the provincial capital. Also by comparing the distance of Torbat-e-Heydariyeh and Torbat-Jam cities, both of which are approximately the same distance from the provincial capital but do not have the same status in terms of Utilities Index. In other words, the distance from the provincial capital does not guarantee superior municipal services at the regional level.

Given that many cities of Khorasan Razavi province are in undesirable level, paying attention to the potentials and capabilities of these areas, especially in the cultural and health index, can lead to significant spatial inequalities in the distribution of services and facilities. Reduce the need for balanced and balanced development at the regional level.

Dust storms are natural hazards that effect on weather conditions, human health and ecosystem. Atmospheric processes are directly affected by the absorption and diffusion of radiation by dust, and dust in the cloud acts as a nucleus of congestion. The main dust areas in the world are flat topographically dry areas with erosion-sensitive soil and poor vegetation that is easily eroded by wind. Atmospheric processes are directly affected by the absorption and scattering of radiation by dust, and the dust in the clouds acts as a condensation nucleus. Iran is exposed to numerous local and trans-regional dust systems due to being in the arid and semi-arid belt of the world. Recent observations indicate that this phenomenon is increasing in the country and region under study. Khorasan Razavi province has arid and semi-arid climates with numerous dust storms occurring annually. In some years, more than 50 dust events have been recorded in the province. The large amount of dust in this area indicates large harvesting areas across the province, indicating the importance of research in this area. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the factors affecting the occurrence of dust and to prepare its susceptibility map in Khorasan Razavi province using logistic regression and random forest regression models.

Khorasan Razavi Province with an area of 143864.118 square kilometers and with a population of 5.999529 is the fourth largest province in the country. The highest point of the province is in the highlands of Binalood, north of Neyshabur, at an altitude of 3211 meters above sea level, and the lowest point of the province is 300 meters above sea level, on the border of Iran and Turkmenistan. Dust indices include BTD2931, D, NDDI and BTD3132, which were calculated for all satellite images of these indices. Then there are four false color combination methods including 1- R: NDDI, G: B4, B: B3, 2- R: D, G: BTD2931, B: NDDI, 3- R: D, G: BTD3132, B: NDDI and 4- R: BTD2931, G: B4, B: B3, were used to determine the best method for identifying dust source. Initially, 65 dust sources were identified in the study area and for the period 2005-2016. Of the identified focal points, 70% (46 dust source) were used for modeling and 30% (19 dust source) were used for evaluation. Then, 7 factors including soil, lithology, slope, vegetation index (NDVI), distance from the river, geomorphic units and land use as an independent and effective variable on dust were prepared. Then using logistic regression and random forest regression models, the weight of each of the factors in R software was calculated, finally, the dust hazard sensitivity maps were prepared.

Four different false color combinations were used to detect dust areas in all images. Each of these methods revealed a dusty mass. The second method (R: D, G: BTD2931, B: NDDI) is the best method for detecting dust and determining dust collection zones. Finally, by employing these techniques and creating false color combinations and applying them to existing images and their visual interpretation, 65 dust collection points were identified throughout the area. Based on the results, slope had the greatest impact on creating dust source zones. Geomorphology, lithology, vegetation index, soil and land use are the next influential categories of dust source area. Negative coefficients indicate the inverse relationship of the dependent variable (dust source) with the independent variables; in fact, negative coefficients do not indicate a lack of correlation, but mean a weaker correlation than other factors. The distance factor from the river has the least impact on the formation of these dust source. The OOB results show a predicted error rate of about 35.16%. In other words, the accuracy of the model can be considered 64.84%. The results of logistic regression algorithm showed that 24.5% of Khorasan Razavi province was in low sensitivity area, 28.2% in medium sensitivity area, 29.4% in high sensitivity area and 17.9% in high sensitivity area. It is very sensitive. The results show that the highest dust source points (57.9%) are located in high sensitivity area. The results indicate that about 84.2% of the dust collection points are located in the area of high and high sensitivity. Surveying the area of dust susceptibility map using random forest algorithm showed that the area with the highest sensitivity had the lowest area (16.7) and the areas of high, medium and low were 23.5, 31 and 8.8, respectively. 28 estimated. About 63.2% of source are located in the area of high sensitivity and there is no source for the area of low sensitivity.

The results of both models show that slope and land use with the significant coefficients of 0.852 and 0.673 had the most effect on the creation of dust source area. The results also indicate that most dust removal sites (57.9%) are located in high sensitivity area. The results indicate that about 84.2% of the dust collection points are located in the area of high and high sensitivity. The evaluation of models using the ROC curve showed that in terms of success rate, logistic regression models and random forest had a precision of 781 and 907 respectively. Each of the two high correlation models between the sensitivity maps and the distribution of dust source areas can be observed. But in general, the random forest model has a higher accuracy than the other logistic regression models.

Vulnerability is the limitation of a society to a risk and to dominate it for all physical, economic, social and political factors, which adversely affects the ability of the community to respond to those events. An earthquake is a natural phenomenon that will be irreversibly damaged. It has caused severe humanitarian earthquakes in the minds of a compilation of an infrastructure program to reduce the risks and damage caused by it. The country's geostationary characteristics have suggested earthquakes as one of the most destructive factors in the destruction of human life. Historical surveys show that vast areas of our country suffered financial and financial losses due to this natural disaster. According to the United Nations, in 2003, Iran ranked first in the number of earthquakes with a high intensity of 5.5 millimeters among the countries of the world.Earthquake is a natural hazard that often causes too many losses and casualties. Iran is  country with a lot of earthquakes and  and Khorasan Razavi province which is studied in this study also experiences a large number of this natural hazard and 71% of the surface area of this province is in the range of medium, high and too high hazard of earthquake. One of the important sectors in which the effect of the earthquake damage very large is power transmission lines. Transmission of oil and gas products by pipelines is one of the most appropriate, inexpensive, fast and reliable methods. These lines are mostly buried in terms of safety and social considerations. In engineering collections, such structures are considered as vital arteries. Due to the fact that pipelines are spreading widely, therefore, due to the vulnerability of the transmission lines, it can damage the economy of the country.

 In this study the vulnerability of the network lines of power transmission of Khorasan Razavi province against earthquake were studied.  The aim of the present study was applicable and method of study was descriptive-analytic. To prepare a map of the extent of the vulnerability, the fuzzy gamma method was used. Effective parameters for this research include proximity to a fault line, geological structure, land slope, population density of urban and rural areas, distance from the communication lines. One of the most important fuzzy operators for overlapping indices is the GAMMA operator. Gamma operator is the general mode of multiplication and addition operators.

In a general classification, tourism patterns can be divided into two classes in terms of attractions including natural and unnatural environments. Initial assessments of tourism spatial patterns at rural regions of the province undoubtedly requires the identification of the mentioned pattern in these areas. Given the existing data, these spatial patterns can be classified into natural and religious historical tourisms in order to illustrate a more accurate image of these villages which, overall, occupy 37% of the total villages in Khorasan Razavi province (1300 villages). Considering the decline in the rural population of Khorasan Razavi and the increase in migration rates at rural regions on one hand, and the presence of tourism spatial patterns in 37% of rural spots on the other hand, a fundamental question can be posed: to what extent do the spatial patterns at rural areas play a role in rural population changes at the moment? In other words, have these two spatial patterns been able to directly influence the rural population changes of the province? Overall, to what extent have they been able to affect the growth or decline in the rural population? Subsequently, the following hypothesis can be formulated: It appears that rural tourism spatial patterns influence the growth or decline of rural population of the province.  

The use of the word “ecotourism” dates back to the late 1970s. While some would associate the use of this word to the late 1980s, this concept has been developed following the emergence of the sustainability paradigm within the development discourse along with the negative impacts of tourism on natural and social environments since 1980. This form of tourism provides the means for humans’ leisure activities in the nature; it is based on purposeful trips, which involve cultural and spiritual perceptions, visiting and studying natural attractions as well as utilizing and enjoying diverse natural phenomena. Moreover, there is a significant focus on protecting natural attractions and values. Religious tourism is also considered as one of important tourism patterns at rural regions. Given its roots in religious beliefs, this type of tourism ventures beyond leisure time and significant human geography factors in the formation of travels, and cultural focus and perspective in technical terms. Overall, religious tourism can be regarded as a type of tourism in which tourists exclusively follow religious motives which may also be integrated with alternative motivations to visit sacred places such as churches, mosques, tombs, Imamzadeh monuments, etc.

The study was conducted using a combination of a descriptive and an analytical method. To this end, it was conducted in three stages in addition to drawing a framework intended for the conceptual model of the research. In the first stage, with regards to the mixed index of deprivation, two categories of the related indices including the location features of villages (3 variables) and the existing facilities and services in villages (7 variables) were identified so as to indicate homogeneous rural clusters. Consequently, the Geographical Information System was employed and a location database was created for the entire rural regions of the province with respect to mentioned indices. Then, villages were ranked based on multi-criteria decision-making models. In the second stage, villages were clustered and homogenous clusters were identified using the two-stage cluster analysis model.

In terms of the population average index, villages with both natural and religious tourism patterns had the highest growths. In this regard, the average population of these villages was increased from 925 to 1010 in 2006-2011 period. With a growth rate of 0.19, these villages are at a better position compared to others. In contrast, villages with spatial patterns of either natural or religious tourisms show negative population growths. This is especially the case in villages with religious attractions. Overall, despite the higher population averages of villages with tourism patterns compared to other villages at level one rural areas, data on population growth rate demonstrate the undesirable situation of the population decline rate in the former.

The study uncovered an important part of the hidden reality regarding population changes (growth or decline) in rural settlements of Khorasan Razavi, which in fact, is the extent to which such changes are affected by the existing tourism spatial patterns at rural regions. In general, given the overall consequences of population changes in villages of Khorasan Razavi, the presence or absence of tourism spatial patterns do not significantly impact the changes in rural populations. Currently, the rural population change trend is affected by other factors. For instance, increased income and unemployment are effective factors in migration from rural areas. However, despite the presence of numerous tourism patterns at these rural spots, there has yet to be an efficient context for their utilization. As a result, tourism spatial patterns do not play a significant role in changing rural populations, and thus the first hypothesis of the study is rejected.Given the second hypothesis, results show the different impacts of tourism patterns with respect to the extent to which rural areas benefit from services and facilities. In this regard, distinct effects can be observed in each pattern. Consequently, the second hypothesis of the study is confirmed.

Welfare is one of the important socioeconomic subjects presented in texts related to economy. Welfare provision is one of the most important purposes in any economic system; offering proper living conditions for the entire strata of societies is considered as the major duty of governments. To achieve such a goal, governments employ different tools; in this regard, granting subsidies is an important way of income transfer, supporting low-income strata, fair distribution of income, and a means for improving the efficiency of poverty mitigation programs and other plans for providing social support to vulnerable strata. Such a strategy could only achieve said purposes if it is regulated and governments are obligated to execute it. Despite how granting cash subsidies was predicted to increase the benefits and welfare of low-income strata, particularly in rural communities, it appears to be unexpectedly worsening the welfare of such strata due to inflation growth and a rise in the price of essential goods and food, which constitute a major share of expenses of low-income households. By drawing a link between cash subsidies and welfare indices, it has been attempted in the present study to evaluate and assess the degree of effectiveness of cash subsidies on the welfare of rural families and recommend a set of suitable strategies for future policy-making. The relation between social welfare level and how resources are allocated to various sections of a society is determined by the social welfare function. The social welfare function depends on the desirability achieved by each and every individual in the society; yet individuals are unaware of the extent of their own desirability as well as others’, recognizing solely the effective factors on their own welfare. Social welfare could be analyzed through different dimensions and could be calculated using various methods. In this regard, using methods such as social welfare functions, supply and demand functions, consumer and producer’s surplus calculation, and employing socioeconomic welfare indices and criteria are methods used in various studies to calculate welfare. Given the structure of data (unbalanced panel data) in this study as well as the presence of a system involving three equations with simultaneous correlation between their components compromising the test, an econometric model for seemingly irrelevant systems with unbalanced panel was used. Indices including daily calorie and protein intake was used to measure family welfare. Furthermore, to calculate the annual income of rural families, profits gained from selling produced goods during a year are added to none-agricultural incomes such as rent and accumulated deposit interests, together with cash subsidies received. The required information for the study were collected from rural families’ expense and income detailed plans laid out by the Statistical Center of Iran during 2010-12 in Khorasan Razavi province. The results of the study showed that a set of factors such as the level of literacy, type of activities, costs of food, and areas under cultivation involved positive impact on welfare indices; nonetheless, factors such as subsidies and the number of household members were of negative effects on food security indices and a positive effect on the whole income index. Since the costs of food and general income are components affecting welfare indices including calorie and protein intake, the results showed that 1% increase in the costs of food would increase 0.15 and 0.34% of calorie and protein intake, respectively; moreover, 1% rise in the general income has increased 0.09 and 0.11% of households’ calorie and protein intake, respectively. Despite cash subsidies increasing the general income of rural households, yet not only this variable has had no positive impact on food security indices, i.e. calorie and protein intake, but also has led to their decline. In this regard, 1% increase in received cash subsidies would reduce 0.02 and 0.07% calorie and protein intake, respectively. Although cash subsidies have insignificantly increased the general income of households, it has practically reduced the purchasing power and real incomes of families due to rise in market liquidity and inflation. Considering the subject of food security as one of the most important issues related to welfare provision in any society nowadays and given the emphasis of the fourth economic, social, and cultural development plan regulation of Iran on providing 29g of protein to every individual daily, its recommended that the Iranian government revise granting cash subsidies; in this regard, the government could consider a subsidies system for goods and essential food items for families so as to achieve subsidy targeting as well as increasing the welfare of rural families.

Dust phenomenon is the One of the most important hazards in the dry and semi-arid region. The occurrence of this phenomenon is accompanied by many physical and financial losses. In this research, was studied the characteristic of land use and geomorphology dust source in Khorasan Razavi Province. At first, 65 soil dust sources were identified for the time period (2005-2016) by using the dust enhancement indices on the MODIS images. Then geomorphologic and land use maps were prepared and the dust source area were overlaid on these maps. The results indicate that in geomorphology map, 81 percent of the dust source area in the plain head unit occurred, accounting for about 71.5 percent of the all area. At other geomorphic surfaces, dust sources area are located in the Playa unit (10.7% in 17.5% of the area) and in the mountains (6.4% in 14% of the area). The results of land use survey showed that the highest number of dust source area occurred in poor rangelands (35.3%) and dryland lands (27.6%), which covers 35.3% of the total area. By calculating the dust rate at different levels, it was determined that in addition to the type of geomorphology and land use structure, there is a close correlation between the area and the number of dust source per unit with the emission rate of dust.

Development of tourism, especially in urban and recreational towns, can play a major role in empowering local people and diversifying their economic growth, as well as creating new job opportunities in relation to other economic sectors, in the light of the influential factors and planning. The area of ​​Shandiz has long been a familiar destination for tourists and nature, and this is a landmark of the region's geographical, cultural and historical heritage. However, despite being in the vicinity of the Mashhad metropolis and having natural-cultural cultural benefits, tourism has not been able to develop properly in the field of tourism and become one of the most productive sectors of the country. The main objective of this research is to investigate the impact of tourism on improving the economic indicators of Shandiz and providing strategies for tourism development in this city. To achieve this goal, two methods of library and field studies have been used. It should be noted that in this research, spss and excel software was used to analyze the data. The results showed that tourism has been effective in promoting economic indicators (increase in income, job creation and job diversification). The planners and planners of tourism must, according to the circumstances of each destination, strive to develop a kind of tourism that best suits the features of that destination.