جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « استان یزد » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

According to the evidence, there are unbalanced distributions in different geographical areas in terms of level and type of innovative behavior. Regional innovation system, as one of the theories in this field, considers innovation as a process resulting from various factors inside and outside companies. Researchers and government agencies have provided many models for monitoring their regional innovation systems, taking into account the specific characteristics of each region. In this research, by a comprehensive overview of the regional innovation model, has been tried to provide a model based on the context and conditions of the regions in Iran for monitoring of regional innovation systems. In the first stage, after reviewing the literature, interviewing the experts and then thematic analyzing the content of the obtained data, initial Dimensions and indicators were identified Then, a Fuzzy Delphi technique and a seven-scale questionnaire were used to test the results and expert opinion. Finally, after the extraction and correction of the indicators to evaluate the regional innovation systems, a comprehensive model was identified in 5 dimensions, 20 indicators and 180 sub-indicators. The proposed regional innovation system assessment model consists of firms' behavior and regional interactions, economy, Human Capital, Innovative outputs, Locational Features, that each dimension has its own indicators and sub-indicators, each one is discussed in the paper. Finally, the regional innovation system of Yazd province as a special science and technology region was evaluated using this model. The evaluation results showed that the Locational Features and firms' behavior and regional interactions are in a better position than other dimensions, although the progress rate of all dimensions is less than 50%. Also, according to these results, the dimensions of innovative outputs and economy have the least amount of progress.

 The aim of this research is the future projection of climatic elements over the northwest Yazd province using RCP scenarios.

 This study uses simulating the climate variables, namely, precipitation and average temperature of Yazd province in the baseline period (2001-2020), by using the LARS-WG6.0 model and four models of CMIP5, for three possible emission scenarios (such as RCP 2.6, RCP 4.5, and RCP 8.5). By introducing the best model, it uses downscaling the climate variables for the future 2026-2055 and 2071- 2100.

 According to the results, BCC-CSM1-1 and NorESM1-M models are introduced as the best models in projecting the mentioned variables with low error and acceptable NRMSE. The most significant increase in the temperature variable will occur in the period 2100-2071 and RCP8.5, so the temperature in the NorESM1-M model increases from 1.13 to 3.93 degrees Celsius in scenarios 2.6 and 8.5, respectively. The amount of rainfall in 2071-2100 will decrease compared to 2055-2026, and in some stations, it will increase or decrease compared to the average of the base period.

 In future periods, the temperature will increase in the region and the greatest increase in RCP8.5. Precipitation in the future fluctuates so that it will have the most remarkable changes in RCP2.6.

Innovation:

 In this research, for future projection of climatic elements over the northwest Yazd province using GCM-CMIP5 models and RCP scenarios (RCP2.6, 4.5, and 8.5). After analyzing the error statistics, we chose BCC-CSM1-1 and NorESM1-M models to project future temperature and rainfall and better understand the region's climate. Therefore, the results of this study can be applied to regional planning, including meteorology, water resource management, and combating desertification.

Precipitation is one of the most important and variable elements of climate that has a lot of spatiotemporal variability, especially in arid and semi-arid regions. Adequate knowledge of precipitation variations is crucial for agricultural planning and water resource management in any region. For this purpose, in this study, using the daily data of Asfezari precipitation database during the period 1349 to 1394, the characteristics of precipitation and also the precipitation trends in Yazd province were investigated. The average coefficient of variation of the total annual rainfall of the province was 42.2 and varied from 32.9 to 68.4 in different cells. The highest coefficient of variation of precipitation on an annual scale was observed in the central and western regions of the province, which indicates the greater dispersion and risk of precipitation in these regions. The trend of precipitation was examined using nonparametric statistical tests of Mann-Kendall and Sen’s slope estimator. The spatiotemporal distribution of the trend of total annual Precipitation and total annual extreme Precipitation was similar and in both cases the general trend of the province was decreasing. The highest share of extreme Precipitation in total annual Precipitation was observed in the central regions of the province (Yazd-Ardakan plain). Therefore, in rainy years, these areas have favorable conditions for severe floods.

Geomorphotourism is a tourist attraction based on the geomorphic systems on the ground, which has an extraordinary ability to attract tourists by creating attractive and beautiful landforms. One of the main goals of geomorphotourism is to educate and enjoy tourists from geomorphic phenomena, as well as to protect the natural environment and its landscapes in relation to not changing and avoiding human interference in disturbing the earth landscape. In fact, geomorphotourism is one of the fields of land studies and tourism studies that emphasizes the recognition of geomorphosites or special geomorphological landscapes. Thus, geomorphotourism can be defined as the study of geomorphosites or specific geomorphic landscapes that have scientific, ecological, cultural, aesthetic and economic values at the same time. According to this view, geomorphosites are geomorphological landforms that have acquired scientific, historical-cultural, aesthetic or socio-economic value due to human awareness and exploitation. These sites have a variety of landforms that are created by the interaction of internal and external factors of the earth over time in a specific territory and play an important role in understanding the long-standing geomorphological changes of a place. These sites are significantly different in terms of size and variety of geotourist attractions. From the point of view of diversity of geomorphic features in geosites, the concept of geodiversity is used, which means the diversity of geological and geomorphological features and is usually related to geoheritage elements such as geomorphosites and geomorphological elements and show an increasing attention to the effects of inanimate nature. Therefore, it is important and necessary in order to be aware of the geological heritage in the whole planet and to coordinate and adapt to the conservation approach, and since it includes numerous and diverse geological phenomena, it can indicate the structure and geological characteristic of a region and its geotouristic capabilities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the playa geomorphosites and to acquaint the managers and planners of the tourism industry with the playa geomorphotourism attractions of Yazd province in order to pay more attention to the potential of these attractions in the tourism industry.

To prepare information about this research, field studies, library and documentary studies, as well as topographic maps (1,500,000), geology map (1: 100,000) and digital elevation map with a resolution of 30 meters of Yazd province were used. The combination of information obtained from the mentioned sources has determined the overall value of geosites in the study area. The modified Kamensko method has been used to evaluate the capabilities of geosites and higher value geosites that have more potential for geotourism development have been identified. Research on geomorphosite assessment methods in Iran shows that the best method for assessing geosites is the Kamensco method. Because this method uses several other methods such as Reynard, Pereira, Peralong, Coratza, Giusti, Bruschi, Cendrero, Zouros, Erhatic and Serrano evaluates geosites and puts more emphasis on the Managerial and aesthetic indices.

The Kamensko method was introduced by Kamensko in 2011 and is based on 5 values includes scientific, aesthetic, cultural, economic and managerial. Of course, the score of each value is based on several sub-criteria and is averaged. But since in this evaluation method, the emphasis is on managerial and aesthetic indicators, such as the attractiveness of each geosite for all age groups, creating a sense of calm for the tourist, the ability to play and entertainment for children and adolescents, and therapeutic features and medicine has not been paid attention. In the present study, some weaknesses in this method have been modified. Hence, the entertainment and attractiveness index has been added to the indicators provided by Kamensco, which include sub-criteria such as attractiveness for all age groups or for a specific age group, length of stay in these geosites, creating a sense of calm and relaxation, play and entertainment capabilities especially for children and adolescents and finally therapeutic and medical features. Due to the high importance of this index in the field of tourism, it has been given the highest score. Because the final composite index is based on the model and framework of the Kamensko, the same Kamensko scores are used, so that the score of each of the criteria assigned to the other indicators by Kamensko is reduced and dedicated the new index. In the present study, 15 significant playas, in Yazd province, have been studied and evaluated in terms of tourism capabilities in terms of size and features in them, including: Ardakan playa (Black Mountain playa), which is the most important playa in the region. It has located in the form of a horseshoe with a northwest, southeast direction in the northeast of Ardakan. The most famous playa of Yazd province is Abarkooh playa which is located in the form of a circle between two mountain ranges. Other playas of Yazd province are Saghand, Daranjir, Herat and Marvast, Bahadoran, Taghistan, Taq Siah, Abgir, Allahabad, Tal Hamid and Gorabkhor.

The results of the evaluations of playa's geomorphosites in Yazd province, based on the modified Kamenskoye model, show that among the 15 playas in the province, Bafgh playa with 76 points, had the highest score among them. After that, Ardakan playa with 68 points, Saghand playa with 62 points and Abarkooh desert with 57 points are in the next ranks. One of the most important features of these playa is the variety of geomorphic features and spatial suitable for activities and entertainment of different age groups from children and infants to adventurous youth and middle-aged people who can go to various activities such as hiking in the playa, walking on the sand dunes of the edge of playas, seeing various geomorphic landforms of the playas, seeing the surfaces of salt marshes, salty rivers, seeing clear skies and stars at night, relatively cool weather in hot seasons and things like camping, camel riding in the playa, Off-road vehicles, motorcycling and even cycling in the playa are among the other services and entertainments that can be considered for the deserts and attracting tourists.

It has been years since innovation was first introduced as a driver of economic development. In addition, after a decade of attention to the regional innovation system policies in the Yazd province, this approach has not shown any positive effect on the development of the province. Thus, this study set out to provide a suitable model for the regional innovation system development in Iran following the investigation of the Yazd province as a case study. To this end, this study used the exploratory factor analysis and relative importance index to identify and analyze the key factors effective on the development of regional innovation system. The findings obtained from the opinions of experts and actors of this field showed that the three factors of human resources; the Science and Technology Park; and growth, innovation, and creativity centers in Yazd Province have the highest importance among all studied factors. This reveals the concentration of finances, policies, and projects on these factors and ignorance of other factors. In the light of the importance and the designated priorities, the factors of innovation system in Yazd province were classified into five groups. These included human and social resources, innovation infrastructure, innovation processes, business dynamics, and endogenous development. It can be concluded that so far, the concentration has been on the elementary stage of regional innovation system model – which essentially functions as the input for the system – and the innovation system in Yazd province is in its early stages. Accordingly to the obtained model of the study, the regional innovation system development in Yazd province needs concentration on the three groups of factors, i.e., innovation processes, business dynamism, and endogenous development.

In recent years, protecting infrastructure, especially critical infrastructure, has become increasingly important because the economy of a region and the well-being of its inhabitants depend on the continuous and reliable operation of its infrastructure. These infrastructures are like arteries for survival of urbanism damaging .Some of infrastructures can have devastating effects on security, economy, and society at the regional and national levels. There are different systems and infrastructures in different countries, including Communication, electricity, gas and oil, banking and finance, transportation, water supply and government services infrastructure, which are critical infrastructures. A review of various types of infrastructures shows that energy infrastructure is more important and plays a more significant role in comparing with other types of infrastructure.Maintaining the security of this infrastructure against attacks and threats is one of the priorities of securing a country. One way to ensure security is to measure the spatial vulnerability of infrastructure. This article assesses the capacity of Yazd province against the vulnerability of energy infrastructure.

The information for this research has been extracted by documentary methods (including books, scientific articles, reports, etc.) as well as using the country's infrastructure database. Then, GIS layers of the energy infrastructure of Yazd province, including electric transmission network, electric plant, gas transmission lines, gas pressure regulation stations, oil transmission lines, oil products transmission lines, oil and gas storage tank and gas stations were examined.The next step was ranking the importance of infrastructure elements with the DEMATEL model. Then, the infrastructure elements of Yazd province were prioritized with the analytic network process(ANP) model. The next step was to prepare maps and GIS layers for each of the infrastructure elements ,by preparing them in Arc GIS and the priorities of the network analysis process model ;sothe final vulnerability map of the province was prepared.

After calculations of supermatrix coefficients, the results show the importance of these infrastructures in providing services to people and other infrastructures, as well astheattractiveness for each infrastructure element. Gas transmission network with the value of 0.1003, oilproducts transmission lines with the value of 0.0988, oil and gas tank with the value of 0.0995, have the most weight and importance, and gas stations with the value of 0.0485 has the least importance in comparing to other energy infrastructures in the Yazd province.The results show that the central part of Yazd province is more vulnerable thanthe other part of province, because moreenergy infrastructuresareestablished inthe central part of Yazd province. Examination of the results on a smaller scale show thatthe vulnerability of energy network infrastructure inYazd,Meybod, Mehriz and Sadooghis high,butinBahabad, Khatam, and Abarkoohis low.

The results show that distribution of infrastructure in the Yazd province has not beenin a good model. The central part of the province is more vulnerable than the peripheralareas so that more than half of the infrastructure of the energy network (55%) is in very vulnerable zone and 18% of the infrastructure is in highly vulnerable zone;thus, observing the teachings of passive defense in the province deserves more importance.

global surface temperatures to a wide variety of scientific studies of climatology and meteorology and hydrology, ecology, geology, medical science, design and optimization of transport network and locating fires is required This study aimed to investigate the temperature on Earth Its digital elevation models using geostatistical environment (GIS) in Yazd province is the research of DEM (13M) and meteorological data were used to assess temperature with a 20-year period beginning on the regression equation for each May be then prepared for analysis of the collected data at the end of rastercalculator tool for disorders F Oscillation all months of the tool was used cellstatistics software used in this study include: Arc Gis and Excel are the results of this study revealed that parameter H in accordance with the temperature of the surface of the earth in order to agree with each other such that in areas with high temperature on low ground, and Balksh evaluated the results of this study showed that in the months months (June- July_ August) compared to the other months of the swing high temperature fluctuations belong to the city of Tabas, PA; Ardakan, Bafg, gets; Tabriz.

Trust has been identified repeatedly as a key component that supports adaptive governance and collaborative decision-making systems. In this study, the evaluation of trust based on participatory management system was conducted by examining the structure of social relations of local livestock users in the form of an existing social network. The strategies used to collect relationship metrics, complete network method and research information were collected through interview and network analysis questionnaire. The indices of density, size, centrality, degree of centralization, and concepts of cut points and structural holes were analyzed in this study. The results show that access to the information within local groups is more homogeneous than intergroup relationships in low density and low cohesion trust networks and at the macro level the network stability is weak (reduction of network dynamics). The existence of structural holes and the low number of important interfaces in the network have also made it difficult to maintain and develop communication and transfer information between different groups. Among local groups, the trust distribution is weaker than receiving trust. This is the result of a higher focus on external centralization than internal centralization. In order to achieve dynamics and stability, it is necessary that the local livestock participatory management system in Yazd Province  adopt strategies to enhance social trust as a key to resolving the deficiency.

Projects for the improvement of valuable textures in rural areas pave the way for providing identity and maintenance to valuable rural architecture, making it possible repair and restore them working out new ideas and solutions to meet the needs, and proposing new ways of living along with specific respect to the genuinity of physical structures and social relations in villages. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the impact of such projects as important tools and intervention programs planned by the government focused on the development of the villages of Islamiyah, Fahraj, Aghda, Shamsi and Kharanaqh in the province of Yazd. The research data were collected from documents (including articles, books, magazines, and web sites) and field study (using questionnaires, interviews and observation). The physical and environmental variables were identified during the data processing and then limited to 9 variables. The study sample consisted of 75 experts and specialists. The data analysis was done on the SPSS software SPSS. The results of this analytical research showed that the projects affected certain variables at the significance level of 0.01. The affected variables were revival,, repair, and beautification of  intra-structural elements such as nodes, edges, signs, centers and stripes, communication and access of neighborhoods, identity of the old core of the village, building and equipping facilities, sewage system, quality of the walls and the floors in passages (e.g. color, composition and type of materials), use of local materials in the area, presentation of local patterns, and creation of varied spaces within the village (e.g. stairs, platforms and lighting facilities). Also, the variables of efficient use of abandoned facilities and their conversion to active ones as well as the parameters of crisis management were affected by the project at the 0.5 level of significance.

The geographical location of Yazd province has greatly influenced the creation of spatial and climatic diversity and the provision of appropriate facilities for the formation of various natural and cultural attractions. Nevertheless, these areas need more attention in terms of the potential of tourism development for social sustainability. This research is done with the aim of spatial analysis of tourism capacity of desert areas and its role in social sustainability, and according to its nature, it is an applied type. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Documentary and field data are used to collect data. The data were analyzed quantitatively (one-sample T-test, Pearson test and AHP and Barda methods). The findings show that according to the experts' opinion, the effective indicators in identifying tourism capacities are distance from roads, distance from historical attractions, distance from residential centers, distance from natural attractions, type and soil suitability, distance from water resources , Elevation, direction of gradient, slope, land use and precipitation. The results show that 24 percent of the total area of the area has relatively good capacity and is located in the central, eastern and northeastern parts of the province. The most important criteria that have made these areas selected as optimal areas are the density of natural-ecological elements such as the existence of diverse deserts and deserts, geotops, glacier cirques, and historical-cultural elements such as traditional water reservoirs, markets, shrines and temples And so on. Also, 26% of the area has average power, which is mostly located in the east and northeast of the province. Finally, areas with inappropriate and relatively inappropriate power are found in parts of the eastern province of Karshra that occupy 51% of the total area of the zone. The results of measuring the social sustainability status of desert and desert areas based on indicators (population distribution, transport infrastructure, immigration status and deprivation rate) show that Yazd city has the highest ranking and Ardakan, Bafgh, Mehriz , Taft Meybod and Abarkuhh moderate sustainability, and finally Khatam, Saduj and Bahabad are among the unstable and less developed cities of Yazd province. The results of Pearson correlation coefficient showed that there is a significant relationship between tourism development and social sustainability in different regions of Yazd province at 99% level. This means that areas with demographic, demographic, and low levels of social sustainability have lower attraction and tourism capabilities than other Yazd province cities.

Determining and mapping the soil colour are important to identify the important chemical, biological, and physical properties of the soil, especially through the areas where their measurement is difficult or not precisely practical. Several researchers in different parts of the world have used remote sensing to study soil temperature and humidity and its relation with different uses in environmental sciences. However, using of satellite imagery and remote sensing technology to determine the soil colour have been not observed worldwide in the literature. Therefore, such research can be useful in the field of environmental sciences, especially soil science and geomorphology. Hence, in the present study to study of soil colour through four different classes of calcareous, salty, coarse, and sandy soil samples, with the most colour variation, were used based on two methods of field operation and remote sensing approaches in Harat Plain, Yazd province.

The study area of Harat Plain is located in the geographical coordination of northern latitude range from 29° 54' 27" to 30° 27' 12" and eastern longitude range from 54° 07' 11" to 54° 36' 16". It covers a surface area of 1220 square kilometers, including a large part of saline land and bare ground and marginal cities of Harat and Marvast. This arid region with typical geomorphology of Central Iranian playas has a mean annual rainfall of 110 mm and an average annual temperature of 20 degrees Celsius.

Firstly validation and verification of data revealed total accuracy and Kappa coefficient of 82% and 0.792, respectively indicating comprehensible levels. Then to obtain the soil colour in the field operation, Munsell’s colour system was used and to measure remote sensing data, Landsat 8 imagery was used. Also, with the aim of using remote sensing technology and satellite imagery data for soil science studies, evaluation of different bands in ENVI software and preparation of soil colour map have been done in ArcGIS software. The results revealed that in the calcareous, salty, coarse, and sandy soils, the best band showing the Hue parameter is 5, 10, 7, and 10, respectively. Therefore, in the calcareous, salty, coarse, and sandy soils, the best band showing the Chroma parameter is 7, 7, 1, and 11, respectively. Finally, in the calcareous, salty, coarse, and sandy soils, the best band showing the Value parameter is 6, 11, 11, and 10, respectively. According to the linear equations between soil colour parameters and various bands, the spectrum band, which have the most correlations, were selected for each soil component. Then by combining all produced multi band images, one image was generated that represents the soil colour in respecting regions.

In conclusion, for the study area, which is a desert plain in central Iran, Landsat 8 satellite imagery can be used to map the soil colour map for different types of soil units.

Current century is named extra complexities age and security is one of the Substantial factors of development in human societies. The other meaning, security is prerequisite for social, economic, cultural and political development and associates to development levels of each society and for this reason, awareness of a society security statue has impressive role in problems cognition and their infrastructure enhancement.

These research data are obtained through predicative studying (statistic annals of Yazd). In this research for weighting indexes, we use Delphi technique and for data analyzing ARAS technique and for spatial analyzing IDW model.

The research conclusions show that Meybod town has the best quality with score:1 and Yazd town has the worst condition with score:0.431 in citizenship security. Northwest and south from  yazd are rather balanced in security sense and central districts of Yazd (Taft and Bafgh) have the less density than other places

Spatial Distribution of Citizenship Sense of Security in Yazd Province does not follow variables such as population size, bureaucratic congestion and extent. The ranking of Yazd city with the highest population density and administrative-military density and being the urban center of Yazd province illustrates this.

Water is considered as one of the main sources for development in Iran, especially in the margin of desert. Its lack is one of the main limiting factors in the life of a society and the development of economic activities.
Regarding the fundamental problems in urban water supply in Yazd province, combined management of water supply and demand in order to balance the future supply and demand of water as one of the long-term solutions out of the water crisis.

Accordingly, in this study, by developing a general equilibrium water status model, three scenarios on consumption and three scenarios in water supply at the horizon of 1397 to 1425 were investigated.

Based on the predictions made in all cases of supply shortages in Yazd province, even taking into account the most optimistic rainfall situation, 265 million cubic meters of urban water and taking into account the realistic pattern and ongoing state of the art in providing water resources of 1.97 billion There will be a lack of urban water resources cubic meters. Also, in the event of an increase in the drought wave in the province and the lack of optimal policies in the field of water demand, there will be 557.5 million cubic meters of water shortage in order to provide the water needed by the residents of Yazd province. Therefore, in order to control the supply and demand of water in the province, in addition to the use of demand management policies such as optimal pricing, rationing and rationing and supply policies such as reforming the transmission system, the establishment of purification and separation of drinking water and sanitation, the need for water transfer methods from Sustainable resources outside the province should also be taken seriously.

Proper climate and adequate knowledge tourism and can be as an attractive or unpleasant factor for tourists. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the tourism climate of Yazd province as one of the most important provinces in the arid regions of the country. For determining the tourism presence comfort in the Yazd province, Tourism Climate Index (TCI) was used. In order to investigate tourism climate index data from 17 meteorological stations was used. Then by calculation sub-indexes and TCI, zoning of TCI and sub-indexes for Yazd province was done with ArcGIS environment. The results showed that October, May, November and April are the best months for tourism activities in Yazd province, and January, July, February and December have the lowest average of TCI index respectively. The most changes in TCI occurs in July and the lowest changes is in October. According to Scott & McBoyle classification, the TCI annual classification shows that Yazd province is placed in two classes: Bi-modal shoulder peak and Dry season peak. Generally, the mountainous area with an altitude of more than 2,700 to 3,000 meters and their surrounding areas when rainfall and lower temperatures is not a limiting factor have the best tourism conditions in the dry season. Other areas with less height of 2700 to 3000 meters have the best climatic conditions for tourism in the spring and autumn.

One of the most important factors in the development of a region is the availability of sufficient water resources and its quality status for various uses. Due to Iran's arid and semi-arid climate and water shortage, it is essential to pay attention to the water quality of its rivers. Pishkooh-Taft Basin is an important watershed inthe east of Yazd province and located between 54º 15’- 53º 40’ east and 31º 50’- 31º 30’ north. Tezerjan fault of Taft Continues to the west with the northsouth trend. There are 3 gauging hydrometric stations in this area. TM images13 October 1991 and ETM+ 15 October 2011 of Landsat 7 were used to change the detection of the land use. In addition, to examine the physical and chemical properties of water in Taft, Islamiyah and Feyz-abad stations during 1361 to 1390 years were used. First of all, the method which was performed included geometric correction for fixing errors and adapting the images by the Digital topographic map scale of 1: 25,000. Then, land use was extracted by supervised classification, training samples, and maximum likelihood techniques. Next, to report the physical and chemical properties of anions and cations, TDS, conductivity and pH of the water, the stations were investigated during 1361 to 1370 and 1371 to 1390 years, and the data was evaluated using Mann-Whitney statistic. The finding of land use showed that the wasteland and pastures were dominated and there was an increase in pastures compared to 1370, but there was a decline in covered meadows in 1390. To examine the relationship between land use changes and water quality, the elements of the water was dealt with. For this purpose, the physical and chemical properties of anions and cations, TDS, conductivity, and pH of the water between the years 1361 and 1370 and 1371 and 1390 were studied. The results of Mann-Whitney statistic in different elements and three stations showed that the difference between these two periods was significant in Taft station. Discussion and conclusion: The effect of land use on water quality change over the period of 30 years showed a relative decline of water quality in Taft station and to some extent in Islamiyah station. This can be attributed to the increase in land occupancy and the existence of agricultural lands in Taft and Islamiyah Stations. However, in Feyz-abad station, due to the lack of habitat and agricultural lands and an increase in water flow, there was no decrease in water quality. On the other hand, the examination of the changes in the height of the stations showed that Taft station was in the outlet of the basin and had the minimum height which could affect the quality of the water. Several researchers (Townsend & Popcorn, 2009; Kazi et al., 2009; Travka, 2004; Orion, 1390) have studied the effect of reduction of water quality on increasing agricultural lands and urban areas which are in line with Taft station.

The present study, with a futuristic approach, identifies the most important factors affecting the future status of sustainable tourism in Yazd province and examines the extent and manner of these factors on each other. This research was applied in terms of its purpose and in terms of a combination of documentary and survey methods, and in terms of its nature, based on new methods of futuristic, analytical and exploratory science, which has been carried out using a combination of quantitative and qualitative models. . The statistical population of the study was 18 tourism experts of Yazd province. First, 29 components were composed of overwritten documents and theoretical sources, selection and matrix of cross-effects of components, and the analysis was done through the Mick-Mac software . Based on the results of the model, tourism in Yazd province is an un sustainable system and "the balanced distribution of facilities and amenities, and the social capacity of the local community in attracting tourists to act as an indispensable factor." None of the components of tourism development in Yazd province can be defined as a target factor. This indicates that the issue of tourism development in Yazd province is multilateral in terms of management and tourism elites of Yazd province. "Security" and "level of development and economic situation of the local community" are very close to the risk. "Drought", "Inflation" and "Participation and Strengthening of Nongovernmental Organizations" were the most influential ones. In total, 10 factors were selected as the key factors of tourism development in Yazd province. The level of development and the economic situation of the local community, targeting the allocation of tourism development credits, inflation, transportation infrastructure, services, intelligence and intelligence, droughts, and the quantitative and qualitative reduction of water resources, security, comprehensمive plans, NGOs and the improvement and development of inter-organizational relations were the key factors influencing tourism development in Yazd province.

Tourism is one of the fast-growing economic areas, with a significant amount of income, employment, and national production. Together with the advancement of various industries, information technology has been rapidly expanding in multiple parts of human life. Tourism is also influenced by the influence of information technology, and the subject of electronic tourism is the result of the combination of these two areas. Considering the existence of diverse tourist attractions in Yazd province and also the necessity to use the capacity of cyberspace, in this research, the factors influencing the development of electronic tourism and causal relations among them have been identified. The most critical infrastructural factors identified in this field are then determined, and then a conceptual model of relationships between these factors is developed. Then, using the structural equation modeling approach, the proposed model was tested. The results of the research show that the quality of software has the role of full mediation in the relationship between other structures with the development of electronic tourism. It can be said that success in this area depends on government support, the quality of information systems and infrastructure, but this effect is made possible by the features of the software programmed.


The value of tourism and related activities will be more apparent when we know that its income is equal to that of oil revenues. Today an electronic branch of this industry named electronic tourism, which is the source of potential economic and cultural movements, that cause revolution in the process and transactions. Therefore, the proper development of electronic tourism as one of the most important means of economic growth in today's world can boost many of the infrastructures of each country's economy and play a significant role in increasing the level of gross national product. Due to this technology shifts in tourism, considering the infrastructure that facilitates the development of e-tourism is the necessity. This research studied the information system elements that assumed effects on implementation and improving e-tourism in Yazd province. For this purpose, the survey was done and gathered data analyzed by structural equation modeling.

A survey has been implemented to collect required data for testing conceptual research model. Further to library study, two separate questionnaires were designed in this regard. In the first step by Delphi approach, different infrastructure factors which were extracted from literature study was ranked by nine selected experts in Yazd Province tourism industry. Final elements then exploit in a questionnaire which designed to gather required mass data for testing conceptual model by structural equation modeling. It should be noted that the required sample is exclusively chosen from people with a minimum of 5 years of experience in the tourism industry. By simple random sampling method, 386 people were selected to respond the second questionnaire. After preprocessing gathered data, a covariance-based structural equation modeling method has been used. For this purpose, SPSS software was used for preliminary analysis of the data extracted from the questionnaire and AMOS for validating the conceptual model of the research and measuring of the constructs regression weights.

Discussion and Results: Four independent variables were studied in this research which includes: legal, information systems, quantity, and quality of infrastructure, software. These variables assumed affects e-tourism development as a primary dependent variable. For the conceptual model test, validity and reliability of that calculated based on different approach. For the purpose first explorative factor analysis done and all questions controlled for factor loadings. Then after by AMOS software conceptual model tested by the various good of fitness parameters. Due to an acceptable level for all fitness indexes, model altered and questions with low factor loading removed. Research final result was path coefficients which would be significant to consider as meaningful in the model. The results obtained from the general research model test indicate that the hardware and infrastructure dimensions, information systems and legal-governmental through the intermediary software agent, promote the development of e-tourism. Considering the full mediator role of the software agent's, it's essential evidence that the development of e-tourism relies strongly on software dimension. It is clear, of course, concluded that the software factor has full mediator effects on the model which imply all other activities to strengthen e-tourism development dependent on that. Also, it shall be noticed infrastructure and legislation factors both have high path coefficient with software which imply basically to develop e-tourism infrastructure and legislation would facilitate context to software performance rise upward

Nowadays, infrastructures play a significant role in the safety process in ordinary times and during the crisis. From this point of view, maintaining the safety of infrastructure against threats would be a security priority for any country; therefore, understanding current situation and vulnerability of infrastructures in a regional scale can be used as an efficient mechanism to formulate regional and national security strategies. This paper assesses the vulnerability of infrastructures with passive defense approach and analytical method, in Yazd province. The analysis of data and information collected were done with analytic network process model (ANP) and geographic information system (GIS) due to the interaction between infrastructures. The results showed that about 51 percent of province area is in the situation of high and very high vulnerability. The central part of the province, Yazd and Meybod, is the most vulnerable regions, because of their failure to comply with principles of passive defense, favorable environmental conditions, further concentration, centralization of infrastructure, and political, administrative, and geographical centrality.

For tourism development, existing of tourist attractions is not enough, but developing of suitable tourist facilities is neccessory. So, according to the importance of tourist facilities in attracting tourists, especially to suburban places, the present study investigate the status of the tourist satisfaction of tourist facilities in Chak-Chak in Ardakan county. So, 106 number of tourists were selected in Norooz 2013 by Convenience sampling method. To gather data, library method, field method as well as tourist questionnaires were applied. Gathered data analyzed with descriptive (number, frequency, percentage, mean) and quantitative (T-Test, One-Way Anova, Pearson correlation) method. Regarding the first hypotheses, the findings indicated that tourists believe that the status of tourist facilities is very inappropriate in Chak-Chak and tourist satisfaction in all these three dimensions is low and very low; as a result, the first hypothesis was confirmed. The results indicated that the second hypothesis reject relatively, so that the total findings indicated that Chak-Chak tourists’ satisfaction is only significantly different in about religion variable. The results suggested that tourists’ satisfaction is not significantly different in all variables, except job position. To test the third hypothesis, the results of relationship analysis of tourists’ satisfaction and social-economic variables revealed that Chak-Chak tourists’ satisfaction has a significant relationship with all variables (gender, religion and job position) except age. So in general, the third hypothesis was relatively confirmed. In all, low level of tourist satisfaction indicate that the planning system ignored these places, whereas need more attention