جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « جهان اسلام » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The rapid and ongoing trend of metropolises transitioning into global cities and world cities is influenced by the increasing political, economic, cultural, and scientific dimensions of the urban political geography. Cities, as dynamic entities, evolve from new cities to mother cities, metropolises, global cities, and ultimately world cities. In this competitive environment, metropolises strive to enhance their level of competitiveness vis-à-vis their counterparts. In this study, the researcher compares the performance of Tehran and Istanbul, two metropolises in the Islamic world, based on the criteria and functions of world cities. The researcher employs an index developed by political geography scholars who specialize in studying world cities. The objective is to determine the ranking of these cities among world cities. To accomplish this, relevant maps have been prepared using ArcMap software, and numerical indicators and criteria have been analyzed in a descriptive-analytical manner. The analysis reveals that Istanbul outperforms Tehran in most indicators and occupies a strong position in the network society and flow space of global cities. This can be attributed to factors such as geopolitical location, an open economic environment, and other indicators. The results of this comparative study can guide city administrators in designing a more suitable future landscape for these cities, ultimately leading to achieving global city status.

In the first Islamic centuries experienced a glorious civilization in a convergent and synergistic manner within the framework of a unified Islamic government. In the contemporary period, the Islamic world, after the decline and collapse of the Islamic caliphate order and in the face of modernity and the political system of the nation-state of Western civilization and nationalism has been fragmentation. Accordingly, it is divided into many small and medium-sized nation states. In the last century, some reformers and Islamic political activists, influenced by the early history of Islam and the Qur'an teaching of the “United Ummah” or "Islamic Ummah", have proposed the unity and solidarity of the Islamic world to rebuild and revitalize Islamic civilization and confront the dominating Western powers. In the new era, although many efforts have been made, but so far no tangible achievements of unity and convergence have been observed in the Islamic world. Therefore, the main question is what are the main problem and root causes of lack of convergence and domination of divergent forces over convergent elements in the Islamic world and why the idea of Islamic unity has failed. In this research, has attempted to explain the roots and fundamental causes of divergence in the Islamic world. The results show that the conceptual ambiguity of the Islamic world, economic non-complementarity of Islamic countries, dependence on the world outside Islam and competition and ideological contradictions of regional powers in the Islamic world have caused divergent Islamic countries.

The Islamic world is a vast geographical area that includes Southwest Asia, Central Asia, North Africa and parts of South and Southeast Asia. Most of the residents of this vast geographical area are followers of Islam and are distinguished from other regions of the world based on the Quranic doctrine of "One Ummah" or "Islamic Ummah". The Islamic world, which had experienced great and brilliant power and civilization in the first centuries of Islam in the form of a unified Islamic state in a converging and complementary way; In recent centuries, it suffered from colonialism, weakness, passivity, dependence, fragmentation, and division, and with the currents of nationalism and ethnocentrism in the form of the nationstate system, it was completely disintegrated and suffered politicalspatial divergence and rupture. In recent decades, some thinkers, reformers and political activists of the Islamic world have thought about the convergence and unity of Islamic countries based on the theory of a single nation. The main issue of the research is what are the alternative futures and different scenarios for the cooperation and convergence of Islamic countries? The answer to this problem has been done in the framework of future studies and with the method of exploratory scenario development and the use of aggregation of elite opinions. The results of the research show that four scenarios can be presented for Islamic countries, which is the scenario of complete convergence and the formation of a unified Islamic state as a desirable future, the scenario of convergence of Islamic countries in the form of an Islamic confederation as the preferred future, the scenario of convergence and the formation of a union of Islamic countries as a possible future, and the continuation scenario. The current situation and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation will be possible in the future.

The history of political groups and political parties in the Islamic world, especially in the Middle East, is rooted in Islamic thought and its affiliations over the past few hundred years, so that after the Ottoman period we see these ideas and their transformation into political parties and groups. The most important part of the developments in the Middle East takes place in the Islamic world. From 1918 to the Treaty of Lausanne in 1921, they were practically an integral part of the Ottoman Empire. However, with the arrival of nationalist ideas and serious concepts, including the nation-state, the country, the party, etc., a new trend in the intellectual development of Muslims was formed. Islamic intellectuals and nationalism intellectuals and groups in the Middle East While the formation of both ideology and organization was affiliated to the West, However, these events for the first time made the Western world realize that the Islamic world is something beyond the Ottoman Empire. The formation of the Muslim Brotherhood in Egypt and Islamic groups in Turkey, Saudi Arabia and Iran showed that the Islamic world in the Middle East is changing. Therefore, in this article, with a descriptive-analytical and quasi-Delphi approach, it is explained the structural and functional evolution of the intellectual and political currents of the region and pathology in the form of a conceptual model.

Terrorism is a narrow-minded, narrow interpretation of religious and legal rules in a geographical area, it is for the benefit of a particular group and against others. Terrorism does not happen in a vacuum rather, it is space-based, and in the classical sense it terrorizes in a local, national or regional geographical unit. The phenomenon of terrorism and its extent and geography have a long history and history both in the Muslim world and in the West. On the other hand, Islamic law sources and international law rulesEach has looked at the phenomenon of terrorism with different literatures. The purpose of this article is the geo-legal analysis of terrorism in the West and in the Islamic world according to Islamic teachings and the rules of international law. The main question of this article is thatIn what areas and countries was the geographical scope of terrorism in the Islamic world and the West? And how have these Islamic teachings and the rules of international law interpreted this phenomenon? The research method is descriptive-analytical will try using scientific and research articles as well as library resources analyze and explain the research topic. The results of the paper show that the phenomenon of terrorism, contrary to the claims of the Western media, both in the West and in the Muslim world was equally abundant and the teachings of Islam and international law however, with different literature they have condemned this phenomenon and considered the perpetrators punishable.

The Muslim Brotherhood began as a political-social movement in 1928 by Hasan al-Banna in Egypt. Despite the fact that the Muslim Brotherhood is an Egyptian organization, the essence of this ideology, based on territory, a nation, and divine sovereignty, gave it transnational motives on a regional and global scale. In order to be able to achieve its ultimate goal, the Brotherhood sought to build a territory in the political geography of the Islamic world, and thus, in the late 1930s, it began to establish ties with Islamist enthusiasts in the Arabic and Islamic world. Using a descriptive-analytic research design, this study aimed to determine factor motivating the territory building activities by the Muslim Brotherhood in the political geography of the Muslim world. The results indicated that such activities were motivated by the ideological beliefs of this Islamic movement to awaken the Islamic Ummah and defend the greatness of Islam and Muslims.The findings of this study also indicated that the collapse of the Ottoman caliphate, the domination of the colonialists over the Islamic countries, their oppression to the Muslims, the establishment of the regime of Israel, and also political tyranny in Islamic countries were among the factors that strongly influenced the Muslim Brotherhood and forced them to react to the turbulent conditions of the Islamic world. Therefore, the territory building activities by the Muslim Brotherhood in the Muslim world can be considered in the context of Islamic awakening movement and unity and convergence in the Muslim world based on the teachings of Salafi Islam promoted by Seyyed Jamal al-Din Asadabadi.IntroductionAt the end of the First World War, the Ottoman Empire collapsed and Britain and France began to divide the Ottoman Empire among themselves, each dominating a part of Southwest Asia. Aside from Iraq, Jordan and Palestine, which were occupied by the Britain, and Syria and Lebanon that were given to France, the rest of the Ottoman territories, including Egypt, have become the focal point of rivalry among the colonial powers. Apart from the colonial powers and governments, which have always been a constant force for the territory building in the Muslim world, ideologies are among other actors motivating the territory building activities. One of these actors is the "Muslim Brotherhood" that was established by Hassan al-Banna in 1928, and has been taking considerable efforts for the territory building, especially in the West and Southwest Asia, despite its failure in Egypt (2013). This study was motivated by the role of this ideology in the territory building and regional competitions, because the Turkish government is now using this ideology in line with its “Neo-Ottomanism” tendencies.MethodologyA descriptive-analytical method was employed in this study. The data were collected using a library method from different books, articles, first hand and Internet resources in three phases: first, identifying relevant and relevant resources, identifying and extracting important materials by note taking, and finally collecting and processing them. And set. By examining the role, the presence, and influence of the Muslim Brotherhood's ideology on different national scales, the main question addressed in this study is: What factors have motivated the territory building activities by the Muslim Brotherhood in the political geography of the Muslim world? Based on the methodology taken in this study and according to the theory of territory building, it seems that such activities can be attributed to ideological beliefs of this Islamic movement to defend the greatness of Islam and Muslims.Results and discussionWith the collapse of the Ottoman caliphate, colonial powers dominated Islamic countries. The rulers of the Islamic countries did not have a strong will not handle the affairs of their country, and the colonial countries treated the people as they wished. The cruelty and oppression of the colonialists against peoples of the Islamic nations were so intense that the anger of Muslim people and intellectuals was provoked. One of these Muslim intellectuals was Hasan al-Banna from Egypt. He believed that the whole world of Islam is a single homeland, all Muslims, a nation that must be based on the rule of divine law. In 1928, al-Banna established the Muslim Brotherhood in response to the oppression of French companies against Egyptian workers. After a while, the Brotherhood became a widespread ideology in Egypt. This movement had some clash and conflicts with Israel, Gamal Abdel Nasser, Anwar Sadat, and Hosni Mubarak. With the advent of the Arab Spring which was followed by the Egyptian Revolution (2011), Mubarak was overthrown and the Brotherhood rose to power after years of struggle, but their rule was short and they were overthrown in 2013. The Brotherhood’s dominance has been developed on a regional and global scale. But their territory building activities were not uniform and concurrent outside the borders of Egypt. In the early 1930s, the Muslim Brotherhood established the “International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood”. This organization, beyond the Islamic world, sought to spread its influence in Europe. After the dissolution of the Brotherhood by Nasser, this organization played an important role in connecting the Brotherhood branches.ConclusionThe Muslim Brotherhood was founded in response to the developments in the Islamic world. This movement also developed its power beyond national borders in pursuit of their goals such is the Islamic awakening and the defense of the greatness of Islam and Muslims, and launched a territory building campaign on a regional scale. The Brotherhood also sought a sphere of influence on a global scale to advance its goals and plans. Therefore, the Muslim Brotherhood established the International Organization of the Muslim Brotherhood in the 1930s to create and enhance coordination and communication between the branches of the Muslim Brotherhood. Therefore, the territory building activities by the Muslim Brotherhood in the Muslim world can be considered in the context of Islamic awakening movement and unity and convergence in the Muslim world based on the teachings of Salafi Islam promoted by Seyyed Jamal al-Din Asadabadi.

In the Contemporary era, world of Islam is faced with violence, instability and suppression of freedom. Saudi Arabia plays a very important role in maintaining these conditions. Saudi prevents the spread of Iranian cultural strategies in the Muslim world. Therefore, the question arises why the Saudis are trying to prevent the spread of Iran cultural policies in geo-culture of the Islamic world? Many to answer the question highlight the differences between Shia and Sunni. But we will prove that Iran's cultural strategies arising from its role as Umm al-Qura and based on this role, Iran wants to change the status quo the Muslim world. So, one of the main duties of Iran is supporting of all the Muslims to create unity in geo-culture of the Islamic world. For this reason Saudi Arabia is trying to prevent the unity of the Islamic world through actions such as the spread of Wahhabism and Iran phobia.

The Islamic World book series have studied social, political and economic changes and transitions in the Islamic World, especially in strategic areas like Northern Africa, Western Asia, Central Asia, South Western Asia in 2010 and afterward. Now, more than a year has passed on the Islamic Awakening movements of the brave, ancient and Muslim nations of Egypt, Libya, Yemen and Bahrain, and people of the world generally do not have comprehensive information about the political system, cultural and economic issues of these countries. Even in some internationally and regionally held conferences with the presence of authorities in Islamic countries, they did not have a comprehensive and strategic view of the huge capabilities of Islamic culture, and the opportunities and threats facing the Islamic World. Therefore, the Islamic World book series are written with an understanding of this needs and reality. The present article investigates “Morocco” which is among the countries discussed in the first book.

Tourism is an old phenomenon that has been existed from past periods in human societies and gradually over several historical stages it has reached to its current technical, economic and social - ecological issue. Tourism is affecting human life and Islamic countries are influenced by tourism to some extend. Islamic countries should think of common religious and cultural features to achieve unity and regardless of religious, ethnic, racial and linguistic differences they should think of more common features in this area and in the welfare affairs and Tourism matters they should consider the standards according to the existing strength and potentials. Islamic Tourism is an appropriate way for cultural, economical and social exchanges between the countries of Islamic world. Islamic countries can witness significant growth in their tourism development by eliminating the facing challenges, diversifying tourism and relying on their strengths.

Extended Abstract Introduction Islamic world is a term applied to the countries in which the majority of populations are Muslims. At the present time, The Islamic world is combination of territories with variety of human and natural variations. Thanks to human and natural resources, strategic position, and common beliefs, the Islamic World is capable to play a role as regional power actor in world geopolitical order; but due to some factors and disagreements, such as religious and ethnic fragments, different political attitudes and political system, lack of independency, political and economic dependency to big state, territorial conflicts and etc, these potentials have unfortunately not been used appropriately so far. It should be mentioned that in spite of disintegrations caused by diversification among Islamic World, there is a context for Convergence and structural and functional incorporation, common interests and needs, common threats and so on which can lead to unity and combination in Islamic World. This article investigates and analyzes the most significant geopolitical challenges for Islamic world Convergence. The Islamic World covers some vast lands in Asia, Africa and some part of Europe and considering the important geopolitical, geostrategic and geo-economic capabilities it enjoys, this land has many potentialities to become a power in the global geopolitical system. According to the experts, the Muslim countries can achieve their real status in the global power system through the convergence and unity and as the result the ground will be prepared to meet the interests of all Muslim countries via establishing «Islamic Countries Union». Methodology This article investigates and analyzes the most significant geopolitical challenges for Islamic world Convergence such as lack of independency, political and economic dependency to big state, religious and ethnic fragments, different political attitudes and political system, territorial conflict and so on which can lead to divergence and schism in Islamic World. This study employs the analytical-descriptive research method using documentation and literature review. Results and Discussion There are factors in the way of Muslim countries’ unity such as religious and civilization similarities, structural and practical homogeneity and similarity, common interests and requirements, and the common sense of being threatened that can play role as the main base of convergence. On the other side, unity and convergence in the Islamic World is also faced with some substantial barriers and challenges. The followings are some of the main factors which create distance, separation and divergence among the Muslim nations and governments: The main reason which prevents from the Islamic World categorizing and as the result the regional convergence is the geographical detachment and lack of the land integrity, in such a way that the Islamic World could be categorized into some 11 geographical areas. The other factor is the religious and ideological differences as well as different interpretations of Islam that mostly emphasize their legitimacy and accept the others less and unfortunately some of them accuse the others of being infidel. So, cultism is an important barrier in the unity of Muslim World and the Muslims. The third factor is border and land conflicts between the Muslim countries. Existence of such conflicts especially when they become ideological and political is another main factor of divergence and conflict in the Islamic World. Too much difference in the income and social-economic development of the Muslim countries is one of the other factors led to divergence in the Islamic World and make some big barrier in cooperation of the Muslim countries. Existence of the poles of power with almost the same geopolitical status in the Islamic World and the competition and conflict between them is the other barrier in terms of convergence in the Islamic World. In addition, the Muslim countries’ political, martial, economical, and technological dependence to the world powers in the past and at the present has laid the ground for their interference and also for increasing the gaps and separations in the Islamic World and led to aggravating the conflicts and tensions among the Muslim countries. Finally, the economic structures of Muslim countries including both production and consumption sectors is the other barrier for convergence in the Islamic World. Given that most of the Muslim countries export the raw materials, mineral materials, agricultural products etc on one side and on the other side they import industrial products and foodstuffs from the non-Muslim countries, instead of complementing each other, the Muslim countries are the rivals of each other in the field of trade. These are the main barriers which prevent from the convergence in the Muslim countries and aggravate divergence in them. Conclusion In analyzing the divergent and convergent forces in the Islamic World, it seems that the divergent forces act more efficiently than the convergent ones both in terms of the power and number. In other words, despite existence of proper ground for the convergence, it could be said that the convergence process in the Islamic World faces serious challenges and barriers. There is no doubt that removing the barriers in the way of convergence and unity or reducing their role and significance requires conducting comprehensive and scientific studies by the Muslim scientists and preparing precise and realistic strategies. The obvious point is that today’s world requires convergence and unity in the economic, political, cultural and social fields urgently and the globalization trend has led the nations toward the regional and global convergence. In such circle, the Islamic World should relies on the Islam-based convergence more than before.

The Islamic World covers a wide range, extending from western Atlantic coast in South America to the western coasts of the Pacific Ocean on the Asian continent. An area that accounts for more than 22 percent of the world's drylands and includes vast sections of two continents, Asia and Africa, and small parts of the continents of Europe and America. The latent capacities of the value-centered environment of the Islamic religion provide the context for connecting the fate of each Islamic country to other nations. The connection of the destiny of Islamic countries to each other creates relative advantages, opportunities and clear horizons for the growth, development and authority of each Islamic country. The demographic characteristics of the Islamic world are one of the most important factors enabling the achievement of unity. The population of Islamic countries is 725,015,426.1. The average relative density of population in Islamic countries is about 114 people per square kilometer. Due to climatic conditions and geographical position, the concentration of the population is almost homogenous, and most people are concentrated in wet coastal areas and fertile lands.

This paper argues different viewpoints about the outbreak of violence against Western countries.Terrorist action on September 11, 2001 against the American State supposed to be a vocal point. Many Western analysts believe that there is a serious confrontation between the West and Islam. The Western countries, specially the US, with reference to these terrorist attacks, have executed violent and military responses against many Islamic groups and Islamic countries. In turn, these operations created counter-attacks against the US and some other Western allies.This article presents five different perspectives which want to explain the incidents. These perspectives which are mainly collected from Western sources, include Imperialism, counter- response, decreasing the role of States, Islamism and the clash of civilizations. All of them would be explained and criticized. The paper argues that the West has failed to reach a comprehensive and conclusive theory; but each prespective provide some explanation for the violent incidents.