جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مناطق روستایی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

The research method is developmental in terms of purpose and in terms of the type of qualitative data with an exploratory approach, which was used to analyze the theme of the interview. The statistical population included the managers and specialists of the rural area in the field of Dashti, which was 15 people using the purposeful sampling method and the principle of theoretical saturation. Data analysis was done using thematic analysis in "MAXQDA" software. The results of the research showed that in the analysis of the data obtained from the interview, they were examined in the form of 49 main categories, each of which included several dimensions and indicators, which, by specifying the conditional, interactive-process categories, resulted in basic dimensions for the formation of Initially, the conceptual framework of the research was determined. Among the most important identified cases are the conditional categories of rural social welfare and such process-interactive factors and strategies for the development of rural social welfare, and finally, its obstacles and consequences were identified. In the form of conclusion, it can be stated that in relation to the category of social welfare development in rural areas, various components can be identified such as identifying strengths and weaknesses, creating active and suitable fields for rural development, effective factors, consequences, strategies for the development of rural social welfare and obstacles. He mentioned the positive roles and functions of organizations in the social welfare of rural areas

Desertification occurs due to climate changes and human activities and can have irreparable effects on human life. The main steps in controlling and combating this phenomenon are knowing the dimensions and causes and determining their intensity and status. The purpose of this research is to identify the key human indicators of desertification and to evaluate desertification based on these indicators in the villages south of Semnan. First of all, a list of human indicators of desertification available in the methods and models of desertification assessment in Iran and the world were prepared and prioritized based on Analysis of Hierarchical Process in Expert Choice software according to the opinions of 50 experts from the Department of Agricultural Jihad and the Natural Resources Department of Semnan province. Then, desertification was evaluated using MEDALUS method based on the indicators that had a higher priority according to experts. The results indicated that the most important human criterion of desertification was water and agriculture, and the most important indicators were exploitation of underground water, poverty and land use change. Desertification was evaluated severe with score of 1.4 based on MEDALUS. Land use change without land use studies in the studied villages is one of the most important factors of desertification, which has caused excessive exploitation of underground water resources. On the other hand, traditional agricultural methods with high and unprincipled water consumption and traditional animal husbandry methods with excessive grazing of rangelands and low yield, in addition to the destruction of water resources, soil and vegetation has caused a decrease in the income of villagers, poverty and more pressure on natural resources. The consequence of this is migration to cities, followed by the intensification of desertification.

Agricultural tourism has been recognized as an opportunity for rural development in recent decades. To promote sustainable agricultural tourism, identifying and prioritizing villages suitable for the development of this activity is essential. This research aims to locate suitable villages for the development of agritourism in rural areas of Semirom County. The method used is a survey-analytical approach. The study population consists of experts and farmers. Data collection was done through questionnaires. Initially, suitable indicators were identified through the opinions of 15 experts using the fuzzy analytic hierarchy process and Super Decision software. Then, using spatial indicators through ArcGIS software and the fuzzy overlay method, areas and villages suitable for agritourism development were determined, ultimately selecting 14 villages based on population size. In the next stage, the social capacity of the local community in the identified villages was assessed. Data were collected from 326 individuals using questionnaires and analyzed with SPSS software. Finally, using the TOPSIS model, villages were ranked based on all indicators influencing agricultural tourism development, including natural and tourism resources, tourism infrastructure, and the social capacity of the local community. The results indicated that Aliabad, Dangzalu, and Khafar have the highest potential for agritourism development. Furthermore, the results showed that planners should consider all factors including agricultural capacity, natural resources, tourist attractions, infrastructure, and local social capacity when identifying suitable villages for agritourism. 

This research examines how effective water resources management impacts sustainable rural livelihoods in Poldakhtar city. It addresses the key issue of rural migration driven by decreased water resources and inadequate management, particularly affecting agriculture. The study, applied and descriptive-analytical in nature, focused on 7358 households in Poldakhtar's villages, selecting 365 households as samples using Cochran's formula. Data analysis was performed using sample t-tests and multivariate regression analysis. Results from the sample t-test revealed that the most favorable aspect of water resources management was the use of suitable cultivation patterns, which had the highest average score of 3.376. Conversely, the lowest score of 2.706 was for the Agricultural Bank’s role in providing loans for water needs. Overall, water resources management in Poldakhtar was rated positively, with an average score of 3.118. Multivariate regression analysis assessed the effects of water resources management on various dimensions of sustainable rural livelihoods. The analysis showed that water management significantly influenced social livelihood (beta coefficient of 0.325), economic livelihood (0.276), human livelihood (0.213), and physical livelihood (0.178). These findings underscore the importance of effective water management in enhancing various aspects of rural life and its potential to mitigate migration challenges by improving living conditions.

Transportation networks are considered fundamental infrastructures in any country and are significant in terms of economic, social, political, and environmental aspects. Freeways, as one of the vital lifeline infrastructures, can be among the essential elements of civilization and progress for any country, considering their technical and physical conditions and environmental quality. The aim of this research is to investigate the effects of constructing the Khorramabad-Arak freeway on rural areas, with an emphasis on sustainable development goals. The methodology in this research is qualitative (data base theory). The samples were selected purposefully and by snowball method among local residents, workers, consulting engineers and employees in department of Roads and Urban Development. The results of this study indicate that the overall construction of the freeway has had positive economic, social, and institutional effects on neighboring villages. It has led to a reduction in vehicle consumption and fuel consumption, decreased travel distance, increased speed in the transportation of agricultural products, job creation for local people, increased job diversity in the region, enhanced safety, reduced accidents and human casualties, improved accessibility for tourists, and increased supervision by administrative forces in the area. However, in terms of environmental and agricultural aspects, the impacts of this freeway include the emission of fossil fuel gases from machinery, dust and noise pollution from vehicle and machinery activities, waste production around temporary private and labor workshops, changes in land use, deforestation, etc., which are evaluated as negative.

Reducing poverty and inequality is one of the most important goals of planners and politicians in different societies of the world. The success of poverty alleviation programs depends on the accurate identification of the phenomenon of poverty. In this study, using the Alkire and Foster multidimensional poverty approach, the multidimensional poverty index in 5 dimensions of education, employment, standard of living, health and housing, for urban and rural areas during the years 1396 to 1398 has been calculated. The results of this study showed that in rural areas about 28% of people are poor and in urban areas about 25% are poor. Poverty rate in 1397 had a decreasing trend but in 1398 had an upward trend. About 51% of the poor live in rural areas and about 49% of them live in urban areas. The highest rate of deprivation in urban and rural areas is related to the employment dimension, which is about 40%. In terms of education, standard of living, health and housing are 16, 4, 24.5 and 15.5 percent, respectively. The multidimensional poverty index in urban and rural areas is 10% and 11.5%, respectively. Deprivation of women in urban and rural areas in terms of education is more than deprivation of men.

The aim of this research is to evaluate the viability and livelihood resilience of villagers against natural hazards with an emphasis on drought in the rural areas of Poldakhter city.This research is an applied research in terms of its purpose,which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical way.,which according to the general census of population and housing in 2015 was equal to 7358 households.In order to determine the number of samples, Cochran's formula was used,according to which 365 households were selected as samples.In order to analyze the research findings,sample t-test and multivariate regression analysis were used.In order to check the status of livability indicators against drought in the villages of Poldakhter city,a sample T-Tech test has been used.The results showed that economic index with an average of 2.779 and physical index with an average of 2.937 are in unfavorable condition,environmental index with an average of 3.103 and social index with an average of 3.103 are in favorable condition.In order to check the status of resilience indicators against drought in the villages of Poldakhter city,a sample t-tech test has been used.The results showed that job security index with an average of 2.885, economic dynamism and diversity index with an average of 2.913,economic welfare index with an average of 2.901 and insurance index with an average of 2.894 are in an unfavorable situation.Multivariate regression analysis has been used in order to investigate the effects of the livability of rural settlements on the livelihood resilience of villagers against drought.The obtained results showed that the social dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.365,the economic dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.312, the physical dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.276 and the environmental dimension with a beta coefficient of 0.210 on the The livelihoods of villagers against drought have the greatest impact respectively.

The population of South Khorasan Province is a village that has experienced severe weather events in the last two decades, this part of the population is vulnerable due to significant dependence on climate change. Agriculture as the most important climate-sensitive livelihood option in rural areas of the province is the main source of local economy, so this population in recent years as environmental and climatic migrants have created the main body of peripheral areas, especially in the city of Birjand. In order to discover the dimensions of vulnerability in suburban areas, 20 quantitative biophysical, social and economic indicators were used. The principal component analysis (PCA) method was used to analyze data. The results of this study showed that the current socio-economic conditions and increasing environmental pressure as a result of human-environmental interactions are the main causes of vulnerability in most peripherals of Birjand, which have different capacities based on the degree of vulnerability to climate change. Peripherals areas located in the west and southwest of Birjand, including Chekond, Hajiabad, Kalateh Ghaeni, have the highest vulnerability to the consequences of climate change. The results of this study can be used to decide on the selection of strategies for adaptation to climate change in the metropolitan areas of Birjand based on the vulnerability of these areas for managers and planners

Rural management has always undergone various changes. Today, this pillar is the responsibility of the rural municipality Foundation. The purpose of forming this institution is to have a strong executive force in order to develop rural areas. rural municipality, as the executor of village programs and projects, has an important role in reducing urban and rural inequalities and improving the development of the village. Determining the degree of success of rural municipality in performing tasks is possible when its performance is carefully measured. The purpose of this study is to assess the performance of rural municipality Foundation in terms of economic, social and environmental indicators in rural areas of Sarbisheh. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection in the field through a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study consisted of heads of households (1931 households) in 30 villages with rural areas. The sample size at the level of heads of households was calculated using the Cochran's formula of 320 people. The result of one-sample t-test showed that the best performance of rural areas is significantly less than 0.05 in terms of social indicators with an average of 3.78. Also, a significant difference was observed between the studied villages in the field of social indicators with a significant level (0.008), economic indicators with a significant level equal to (0.004) and environmental-physical indicators with a significant level (0.047). In terms of social performance, Dehneh Chah village with an average of 4.43, in terms of economic and environmental performance, Baghestan village with an average of 3.90 and 4.16 are in first place. The study of paired t-test with a significance level of less than 0.05 and an average difference of (-1.271) indicates that the situation of rural development indicators has become more appropriate after the establishment of the rural municipality Foundation.

Globalization is the dominant force that changes the economy and rural communities at the beginning of the 21st century. It has been a pervasive influence in changing the shape of rural areas, which simultaneously brings challenges and opportunities for rural development. Rural places have undergone different changes due to globalization in the last few decades. Concerning rural areas, as can be seen, these areas in the world are different and have their characteristics and structures. Therefore, the capacity of these regions to shape their future in the context of globalization will also be different. Villages as places on a local scale with their own identity, culture, way of living, and living spaces are becoming increasingly global. These villages worldwide are subject to severe changes and highly dependent on social and economic processes. In relation to this topic, today, globalization as a comprehensive phenomenon has many effects on the lifestyle of rural areas, which can be investigated, analyzed, and diagnosed from different aspects. But one of the most tangible aspects of the effects of globalization is the change in the lifestyle of the villagers in various economic, social, cultural, and environmental aspects of the villages.

Research in the quantitative part tries to investigate the effects of globalization on the changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents of the rural areas of the Southern Lian District. To achieve this goal, he uses statistical methods and tests. On the other hand, from the point of view of research classification based on the purpose, it is of applied type; because it seeks to apply theories, laws, principles, and techniques formulated in basic research to solve practical and real problems. Also, in terms of the possibility of controlling the variables, the research is quasi-experimental because, due to the post-event nature of the research, it is impossible to control the variables completely. The information collected in the research was based on two library and field methods. In the library method, a review of the research background and literature was considered, and in the field method, the questionnaire created by the researcher was considered. According to the variables of the research and also the method of analysis, the questionnaire was prepared in the form of open and closed questions and also included spectrums in the form of a Likert scale in the nominal and rank measurement scale and in some aspects, an interval, and was given to the participants. In connection with the information gathering tool (questionnaire), to ensure the similarity of the questions taken from previous research with the research variables and to reveal the face validity of these indicators and their similarity with the villages of the study area, academic experts in the field of rural planning were investigated. After receiving their opinions, the required parts of the questionnaire were revised, and a number of unimportant questions were removed. Cronbach's alpha test was used to check the research questionnaire data's reliability. Therefore, a sample of 30 questionnaires was first distributed to the target population, and according to Cronbach's alpha value, the final revision of the questionnaire was made and distributed to the relevant sample. Finally, for the present study, the value of Cronbach's alpha for all research variables was 0.748, which has an acceptable level.

In the research, 372 participants cooperated in answering the questionnaire questions. In order to select these samples, considering the issue's importance, we tried to evaluate the standards by all groups of rural society as much as possible while randomly selecting the samples; because the changes in the dimensions of the research will be different from the point of view of the studied community. Residents of rural areas feel significant changes in rural environments compared to the past, considering the dimensions of social lifestyle. In investigating these changes in the four dimensions of model- driven, language change, consumerism, and the sense of belonging to the village, and using the method of statistical tests, we try to investigate these changes. The selection of parametric and non-parametric statistical tests for analysis is different depending on the assumptions of each one. For this selection, the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test was exerted to check the normality of the data. Based on the standard coefficients, the relative importance of each of the independent variables in explaining and predicting the dependent variable has been revealed. According to the results, the components of model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging play a prominent role in explaining and predicting lifestyle changes in the villages of the study area, respectively. In this, the model-driven variable is the most important because one change in this index's standard deviation causes the dependent variable's standard deviation (Lifestyle) to change by 0.740. At the same time, a unit change in the standard deviation of other dimensions will result in changes of 0.737, 0.529, 0.450, 0.439, and 0.350, respectively, in the dependent variable dimensions.

Now, the future of rural spaces is facing more complex issues than before, one of which is the phenomenon of globalization and changes in cultural lifestyles in these areas. The phenomenon of globalization has put different changes in the cultural lifestyle of the residents in rural areas, and it has focused and examined the aspects of globalization in four dimensions, model-driven, language change, consumerism, and sense of belonging. These dimensions were the totality of the research, whose interpretation was considered in the cultural lifestyle change. The studied rural areas, like other areas, are often engaged in agricultural activities due to natural conditions. These activities are also seen in the residential context of rural areas, and most rural spaces are dedicated to these activities. According to the research findings, the studied rural areas feel great changes in the rural environment from different aspects compared to the past, which is significantly related to the effects of globalization. The research results indicate that the most changes and effects of globalization have been on model-driven components and the change of the local language and dialect of the residents in the studied rural areas. In the indicators of language change, as it is known, residents have less tendency to use local dialects due to globalization, and most of the residents use non-local expressions and terms in their dialect. In general, the research results show that the changes in the cultural lifestyle among rural areas are in the transition from tradition to modernity. Therefore, the research shows the attention and preservation of rural values along with the changes in cultural lifestyle in the studied rural areas.

In the current situation, it becomes more necessary to pay attention to social and economic sustainability, taking into account the challenges and bottlenecks facing developing countries, and in the meantime, rural areas are facing many problems. A significant share of rural instabilities goes back to socio-economic instability, which, in addition to deteriorating employment, income, inequality of opportunity, access to services, basic needs, and the like, also has negative feedback on environmental sustainability. Due to these instabilities, rural areas are experiencing consequences such as urban-rural inequalities, population evacuation, migration, and environmental degradation. Economic sustainability and social sustainability are two inseparable components because individual welfare is not separate from the welfare of society, and the existence of social cohesion, empathy, and tolerance leads to the creation of space in which people feel more responsible and believe that a fairer distribution of resources plays a key role in the long-term survival of society.

The type of research is applied and descriptive-analytical in terms of its nature and method. Inferential statistical methods (one-sample t) and structural equation modeling were used to analyze the data. The statistical population of this research uses spatial analysis in GIS for sampling (Using the adjacent layers raster to the province's permanent rivers, settlement density, rural population density, distance from the road, distance from the nearest cities, the province's land layer, slope, and height and their overlap in the final raster and placing the whole province in 3 classes are high, middle, low. Out of 378 villages with more than 20 households, 37 villages were selected as a sample, and 250 questionnaires were calculated and randomly completed by the villagers in 2020-2021.

Numerical mean analysis obtained from the calculation of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in rural areas was obtained among the respondents using questionnaire data. To investigate this issue, a single-sample t-test was used, in which the component of social participation with an average of 3.1646 was higher than the average (3). Also, the analysis of research data with the structural equation modeling approach in PLS software includes the study of model fit in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model. Measurement models show the relationship between each hidden variable and its indicators. The reliability and validity of the variables are checked to evaluate the measurement models. After testing the measurement models, it is necessary to evaluate the structural model of the research that shows the relationships between the variables. For this purpose, are examined the coefficient of determination (R2) and the predictive power of Stone and Geiser (Q2). After evaluating the measurement and structural models of the research, the fit of the overall model is examined. The GOF criterion is used to evaluate the fit of the overall model. Finally, the results show that according to the results of t and the significance of path coefficients in PLS software, social stability has a more important role in creating overall stability than economic stability.

Structural analysis of components affecting socio-economic sustainability in order to identify, strengthen, and develop socio-economic factors affecting sustainability in the study area was the main purpose of this study. In terms of components and factors affecting the socio-economic stability of the study area, the results of the one-sample t-test showed that the component of social capital (social participation factor) has the greatest impact on social sustainability in the study area and in terms of economic stability except for the rural investment factor, other factors are in a weak position. The results obtained from estimating the structural equation modeling of fit indices have good validity and reliability. Also, the results of the structural equation modeling technique (in three parts as measurement model, structural model, and general model) showed that social capital has a greater impact on social stability than social welfare. Also, the economic justice component has the most significant impact on regional economic stability.

, the aim of this research is to investigate the factors affecting the formation of creative settlements in rural areas. The research is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of the nature and type of information gathering. Collecting data and information in both documentary and field form (questionnaire) in 5 dimensions of rural development, economic, social-cultural, institutional-management, environmental, physical and 6 dimensions of creative settlements (flexibility, initiative, education and promotion), risk-taking, leadership, participation) were done. The statistical population of the research included heads of households in the villages of Roshtkhar Township, based on the Cochran formula, the sample size of 377 households was calculated, and for the validity of the questionnaires in this study, the decision-making groups including 15 elites (university professors), experts and managers of rural and agricultural development were asked for their opinions. In this regard, it was distributed in a simple random manner. For ranking and spatial analysis of the village, multi-mora and Arc GIS techniques were used, and for data analysis, multi-criteria decision making techniques and statistical tests were used using Expert choice, SPSS software. Based on the analysis, participation index using Expert choice software has the highest score (0.30) and risk index has the lowest score (0.11). The findings of the research show that there is a significant relationship between the formation of creative villages and the development of rural areas in such a way that the correlation coefficient between the factors affecting the process affecting the formation of creative settlements and development at the level of rural areas is 0.627. Obtained. Therefore, it can be stated that the more effective factors are on the formation process of creative settlements in rural areas, the improvement process of development in villages will increase.

Management is the coordination of material and human resources to achieve goals, and many other definitions have added words such as increasing efficiency, directing, and combining science and art to the above definitions. But it can be said that there is a common point in all of them that they mentioned the management of financial and human resources together. This is while the management of financial resources exists on its own and has many uses, and it may be related to the management of human resources. On the other hand, management is a technique as well as a skill with experience in order to organize the affairs of a system, and the concept of supervision comes to mind. However, in another statement from Mintzberg's point of view, management has a different definition, he believes. who equates management with the responsibility of a group and says: "A manager, according to my definition, is someone who is responsible for the entire organization or a separate and identifiable part of the organization. With all that has been said about management and its different definitions in It has been stated in different cultures that management, while applying its management conditions, must also have sufficient management skills to be able to use their skills to successfully apply their experiences in the field of management. Therefore, some managers in villages and rural settlements are Their management practices are based on local knowledge as well as acquired knowledge from government education and they make extra efforts to improve the conditions of the villages under their supervision. Accordingly, a successful manager with rural skills is a manager who is familiar with the rules of management in the village. It makes the necessary use of the opinions and experiences of others in this field in order to provide the best possible conditions for the excellence and growth of the rural settlement. The nearby settlements should surpass themselves and the settlement itself should be transformed into a first-class rural settlement with excellent quality and growth rate with the skillful thoughts of the local manager. This is important in remote villages and villages adjacent to cities. and cities are also trying to train local managers with a sustainable development approach in order to achieve happiness and human well-being in rural areas, the results of which in the past years indicate that this practice and program has been successful. Therefore, this important point should be pointed out. It is necessary for the successful performance of managers at different levels to have management skills. Therefore, local rural managers with management skills can guide rural management towards the new goals of sustainable development.

The aim of the present research was to measure the possession of management skills by local managers and it was able to achieve new research results by measuring different indicators in the researched case sample. He also pointed out that on this basis, this research is applied research in terms of its purpose, and descriptive-analytical in terms of its implementation method. Regarding the collection of standard data, during the process of conducting the research, for data collection Library and field studies have been used in the target community which is Karat village of Taibad city. The sample size studied using Cochran's formula was 350 households in 9 rural areas of Karat village in Taibad city.

In the present research, the results showed that there is a significant difference between the studied villages of Taibad County, Karat Dehistan, in terms of having management skills. Also, the results of Friedman's test showed that the share of social skills of rural managers with an average of 4.21 is higher compared to other skills among the studied villages and has a different share compared to other skill measurement indicators. In the continuation of the examination and comparison of management skills between two groups of local managers (Shura and Dehiar), the present research showed that the average of the two groups of local managers in having management skills does not have a significant difference.

Finally, the results of the Vaikor decision making model showed that the managers of Koh Abad village and Farman Abad village were ranked first and last in terms of having management skills compared to other studied villages and provided better conditions in obtained in the statistical community. With this description of the situation of the management skills of the two villages that got the most points, the research shows that the two villages of Koh Abad and Farman Abad have the least challenges in terms of their management skill.

For rural ecological biodiversity, environmental governance was raised. Although the law was also proposed by the Governors of the World General Assembly of the Environment, it has faced problems due to the development pattern above and several centuries in the country of rural environmental governance. The purpose of the present study is to investigate rural environmental governance in Iran and design its model. The present study has a practical purpose in terms of the method of doing so. The data collection tool has been structured. The statistical population has been government and rural managers and academic experts. 15 samples were selected using the purposeful sampling method and with theoretical saturation. The theory and method of Strauss and Corbin (1998) were used to analyze the information. The results showed that the reasons for the neglect of rural environmental governance in Iran due to the focus of environmental governance ideas on urban areas were the lack of awareness of sustainable development among local leaders and the lack of an environmental governance model in the country. These causes have been due to problems such as inadequate laws on rural environmental protection, government-centered environmental governance in rural areas, and lack of local management guarantees to protect the rural environment. Removing these problems depends on the determination of multiple paths such as establishing participatory governance in environmental protection, strengthening the sense of rural participation in environmental protection, balancing economic and environmental interests, and developing a rural environmental governance system by law. Be. Removing the above problems and applying the paths provided can protect the environment, solve environmental problems, environmental sustainability, and sustainable rural development. The originality and innovation of this study are due to the first-hand view of rural environmental governance and the provision of paths to overcome environmental instability in the country.

The Rural Environmental Governance Act is an important part of national and global governance that was presented as a set of statements for rural ecological and environmental governance. Rural environmental governance decides on the control and management of rural environmental and natural resources. The law calls for all political and non-political actors to work in rural environmental management. In fact, this law engages complex environmental problems by engaging local and non-local actors in numerous political issues and often interdependent. In Iran, it has not been addressed as the sustainable environmental issue and the use of environmental governance in the country; The internal laws of the country and the assumptions of good environmental governance also usually have a low, urban, not rural approach. It should be noted that the application of the Rural Environmental Governance Act and its use depends on the recognition of this law and identifying the problems and paths of rural environmental governance in the country. This has constantly challenged the country's rural environment. Given the importance of this issue, the purpose of the present study is to investigate rural environmental governance in Iran (problems, paths, challenges, and consequences).

The present study is classified in the field of applied research. This study is part of the classification of classification research on how to collect the required data. The statistical population includes the country's middle-level managers, and academic experts in the country who have been selected for interviews and completion of the qualitative questionnaire and according to the purpose of the research. In the present study, using the Delphi method and the purpose of the research, 15 experts (rural managers, academic experts/ university lecturers, and postgraduate students) are selected as an example for the present study. Strauss and Corbin (1998) and contextual theory were used to analyze the data and information obtained according to the research questions and the purpose of the research. The data analysis was done by the Strauss and Corbin method and simultaneously with data collection.

Based on the coding, all themes, categories, and concepts, based on structured interviews, analyzed and categorized with 15 selected experts were as follows. Their full details are also provided. Open coding (general concept) led to the identification of 55 general concepts; Codesting (the category) led to the identification of 15 categories; Selected coding (theme) led to the identification of four general causes of neglect of the use of rural environmental governance in Iran, problems and challenges of rural environmental governance, multiple strategies and paths to improve rural environmental governance and the consequences of rural environmental governing became. The three stages of coding led to the identification of the causes of neglect of the use of rural environmental governance in Iran, the problems and challenges of rural environmental governance, strategies, and multiple paths to improve rural environmental governance, and the consequences of rural environmental care and use in Iran. To formulate a rural environmental governance model in Iran, in accordance with questions and goals that identify the causes of delay in application, legislative problems, multiple paths to improve rural environmental governance, and the consequences of rural environmental governance and design design in Iran were presented in Iran. The validity of the country's rural environmental governance model was reviewed prepared and drawn in the form of the final model.

The results showed that the reasons for the neglect of rural environmental governance in Iran due to the focus of environmental governance ideas on urban areas were the lack of awareness of sustainable development among local leaders and the lack of an environmental governance model in the country. These causes have been due to problems such as inadequate laws on rural environmental protection, government-centered environmental governance in rural areas, and lack of local management guarantees to protect the rural environment. Removing these problems depends on the determination of multiple paths such as establishing participatory governance in environmental protection, strengthening the sense of rural participation in environmental protection, balancing economic and environmental interests, and developing a rural environmental governance system by law. Removing the above problems and applying the paths provided can protect the environment, solve environmental problems, environmental sustainability, and sustainable rural development.

In recent years, land use changes have become a big challenge in rural areas. In the villages, there is no news of originality, pristine environment and peace, because the special and noble culture of the villagers has given its place to insatiable profit and benefit capitalism, an insidious capitalism that has conquered the most original territories. In this research, the factors affecting the changes in the land use system in the rural areas of Little Lavasan District have been investigated with the approach of political economy of space. This research is applied in terms of purpose, which was carried out by descriptive-analytical method and based on documentary and field studies. In the field analysis section, satellite images were used to analyze land use changes, and in the documentation section, Delphi technique was used. To evaluate the factors, out of 44 items in the form of 8 economic, political, physical, residential, agricultural, commercial-administrative, transportation-facility and cultural, sports and tourist indicators and to analyze and measure the importance of drivers using the Delphi analysis method, Chi-square and mean were used. The results of the weights of the consensus, certainty, importance and priority indicators show that access to the transportation system, the tourism potential of the region and the per capita growth of facilities are the most important and the quality of housing in terms of access to infrastructure facilities, the growth and type of commercial use, the tourism potential of the region and access to The transportation system has the highest importance.

The present research has been carried out with the aim of identifying the challenges of tourism in Soleqan village during the Coronavirus pandemic with an analytical approach it is functional and it has been done using qualitative paradigm and exploratory theory method. The research community is made up of tourism experts and specialists from different rural areas and 15 of them were selected by using the combined purposeful sampling method. The data collection method was done using library studies, interview protocol, and direct observation and continued until reaching the theoretical saturation level. Data analysis was performed using coding. The collected data were analyzed through content analysis. The results of the research show that the most important challenges caused by the pandemic in Soleqan village are: not being used, remaining unknown and destroying the human, natural, and cultural capacities of villages, paying less attention to the native and local attractions of the villages, economic recession (poverty and unemployment), the inefficiency of the policy process, planning and lack of government and local support.

Rural areas are always exposed to serious risks and damages, which shows the importance of risk management and forecasting. Resilience is an approach that can help improve rural areas and their response in the face of crisis. In this study, the aim is to identify and analyze the factors affecting the economic and social resilience of rural areas in the form of a case study in Kermanshah. The research method is descriptive-analytical and based on data collection through the field approach. The data collection tool was a questionnaire. The structural and content validity of the questionnaire was approved and its reliability was also confirmed with a Cronbach's coefficient greater than 0.74. The statistical population of the research was formed by the heads of households in the villages with more than 100 households in the central part of Kermanshah city, which were a total of 2314 households. The sample size was determined through Cochran's formula, 330 household heads. The result of the test showed that the economic and social resilience of rural areas is significant at the level of less than 0.05 and according to the calculated average (2.386), their condition is evaluated as unfavorable. Among the 11 indicators of economic and social resilience, two indicators of damage with an average of 3.962, and then preparedness to deal with accidents among villagers with an average of 3.093 had an average status and the rest of the indicators were weak. Also, the results of the factor analysis confirm that the three factors of the prosperity of economic platforms and job creation, improvement of human and social capital, as well as the creation of facilities and income capacities, are the most influential factors in the resilience of rural areas.

Sustainable rural development, protection of the natural environment and increasing environmental quality are required to be taken when planning for rural areas with potential for tourism. These issues are crucial because on the one hand they are the maintaining the rural population and on the other hand it helps to attract tourists to rural destinations.

This research seeks to evaluate the environmental quality of villages in Mahan District of Kerman Province to develop tourism.

In terms of method, this study is descriptive-analytical using a researcher-made questionnaire and Excel software. The statistical samples of this research includes 24 experts in the field of tourism who were selected by snowball sampling. Data collection was done through surveys. In this research, environmental quality was considered as an independent variable in three environmental, social and economic dimensions with 19 indicators and tourism as a dependent variable. For analyzing the data, the study used FAHP and FDEMATEL models.

Geographical Context: 

The geographical territory of the current research is the villages of Mahan District of Kerman Province.

Therefore, Social indicator with a weight of 0.578 had the highest value and the economic indicator with a weight of 0.173, showed the lowest value. In total, the highest impact and effectiveness and importance among the three indicators were for the social index with an average of 5.315 and the lowest importance was for environmental indicator with an average of 0.947.

Based on the results of the findings, regarding the economic factors, it is suggested to support creative businesses and benefit from innovative people who need financial support. In addition, for the increase in the price of land in the villages, building tourism units with low interest loans can be considered in the village. In the social and environmental dimensions, we suggest the provision of training for preserving the rural environment by public associations and local mass media, and to design regulations to encourage creative people and enforce law for environmental offenders at the village level.