جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "کودک" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Children in Tehran are involved in various forms of work, including garbage collection, which is one of the worst forms of child labour. Scavenging is common among children in Tehran, which is not only harmful to their health but also violates many national and city laws and regulations. This research aims to investigate the contexts and consequences of children's scavenging in Tehran and develop a theory in this area. The grounded theory method was used, and interview and observation techniques were employed to collect data through purposive and theoretical sampling. Additionally, documents and sources in this field were reviewed to build a theory. The research population consisted of children of garbage pickers. A three-step coding method based on the Strauss and Corbin model was used to analyse the data. The findings indicate that economic factors such as poverty and waste economy, socio-cultural factors such as family contexts and social networks, and political factors such as waste management laws and practices have contributed to children's scavenging. Scavengers work within their social networks, which are often exploitative, and their working and living conditions have created vulnerabilities for them and disrupted their effective socialization. Eliminating children's scavenging in Tehran requires a series of policy interventions in Afghanistan and better management of waste collection in Tehran. Suggestions have been presented to address this issue.

The importance of studying development in the field of child psychology is crystallized. On the other hand, cognitive development is a source of awareness in the field of children's development and has a double effect on the process of wayfinding children. Paying attention to this in urban spaces can make it easier for children to successfully wayfinding. The purpose of this study is to develop factors affecting the ease of wayfinding children in urban spaces with emphasis on cognitive abilities. The research method is applied in the present study. In this regard, in order to collect data, field observations, questionnaires and site visits have been used. The sampling method is random using Cochran's formula and the questionnaire was completed by 106 children in the age range of 10-12 years and 106 children in the age range of 12-14 years. Data analysis to analyze the routing pattern of children affected by cognitive development in Lashgar neighborhood has been calculated quantitatively by factor analysis using LISREL software. In data analysis to evaluate the relationship between wayfinding and cognitive development after data collection, the data were analyzed by statistical methods of Ti-dependent test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov hypothesis test. Based on the analysis of cognitive abilities in the navigation process of children, the results indicate that the elements of the guide and used in navigation are different in two age groups, and the age group of 12-14 years has an analytical mind, and in contrast to the group of 10-12 years, it is searching and Paying attention to secrecy determines the path. Children in the second age range mostly mentioned the color of the facades, the shape of the building and the buildings that have a distinctive form and function, also the children in the first age range pointed to the distinctive signs that have a distinct body compared to other buildings in the neighborhood.

Among the most significant contemporary needs of societies is paying attention to children and their social needs in cities. Most urban spaces are not good enough to be used by children and adolescents. There are no cities that pay attention to children’s needs, their feelings, and psychological aspects of living in the cities. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate a child-friendly city indicators in Golbahar, Iran and to determine children’s needs. The statistical population of this applied and descriptive-analytical study includes children between 7 and 15. The sample consists of 312 children. Multi-stage cluster sampling method was used. Four blocks were selected from each neighborhood. The reliability coefficient was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha with a value of 0.8 and one-sample t-test, regression analysis, and children’s collaborative analysis (painting of favorite city). The results showed that the indicators of child-friendly city in Golbahar are not good. That is, the sense of belonging among the children is at low level, and participation willingness among children is at optimal level. The results of multivariate regression analysis showed that access indicator has the highest impact, followed by the design, social and environmental-physical indicators. The indicators will have an increasing impact on building child-friendly city. Moreover, the children’s paintings of their favorite city showed their tendency towards green spaces and facilities for play and entertainment.

Children are considered the creators of the next generations and urban spaces play a special role in socializing, realizing talents and meeting the social and individual needs of children. Therefore, safe urban environment and proper design of urban spaces in accordance with children's lives are very important in leading human society towards a healthy and desirable society. However, in the Iranian urban management and planning system, attention to the needs of children has been neglected. In this regard, the purpose of this study is to provide a model of management and planning of a safe urban environment with a child-friendly city approach in Tehran metropolis. Therefore, the research method is practical in terms of purpose and analytical-exploratory in nature, which in order to analyze the information, have been used of DEMATEL technique and network analysis model (ANP) in Super decision software. Also, the statistical population of the research included experts and specialists urban issues in Tehran, and using Delphi sampling, the sample size of 20 people has been determined. Findings show that in order to provide an appropriate management and planning model in order to achieve a safe urban environment with a child-friendly city approach in Tehran, socio-political-cultural criteria are the most effective and institutional and legal planning criteria are the most effective. Based on the special vector obtained from the network analysis model, the environmental-physical criterion with a normal weight of 0.205 has the highest priority and the security criterion with a normal weight of 0.199 is in the second priority. Also, the institutional planning criterion with a weight of 0.139 has the lowest priority.

The city is the largest human artificial environment and the result of human encounter as a creature full of belief and value with nature. The body of the city and its current spirit is a perfect representation of the cultural, political and economic relations of the inhabitants of a city.The lack of child discourse and their place in the city, the dominance of adult discourse, the powerlessness of children, the perception of the child as a person without purity and in need of guardianship, are just some of the reasons for not paying attention to children in urban life.In fact, because children make up a significant portion of the urban population, are in an important period of socialization, and will be citizens and future decision makers of the city, they need more attention in urban studies.

A child-friendly city is one of the theories of urban planning, in line with allocating citizenship rights to children and taking care of their wishes and needs, with the aim of creating an opportunity for children to shape or change their surroundings (Sardar Masri,897:2017). Many studies have been conducted in connection with child-friendly cities in recent years. For the first time in 2007, UNICEF introduced the city of Bendigo, Australia, as the first city to successfully implement child-friendly city projects. Bendigo was introduced as a city where attention to children's rights is the priority in solving urban problems (Kiani & esmailzade kavaki,2012:51). Examining cities' current situation indicates children's neglect in urban planning, especially in Iran (Ghaffari et al., 2014:27). This is even though children, in addition to being an essential part of society, are strongly influenced by the environment and space. One of the urban places that require special attention in this regard is parks and green spaces because they play an essential role in children's leisure time.The present article has examined the studies that have been conducted in the field of the child-friendly city since 1980. Since the 1920s, Western countries have shown early attention to children and their relationship with the environment, and since the 1990s, they have begun to build child-friendly cities, and currently, they have made positive achievements in both the theory and practical examples (Yao & Xiaoyan,2017:699). This research is more about assigning citizenship rights to children and providing for their needs. Today, the child-friendly city is at the top of decision-makers agenda in urban affairs.Therefore, this article examines children's chances to have a share in creating their environment and highlights their ideas, especially in green space design.

The main goal of this study is to identify the indicators of child-friendly green spaces and, in the next step, to measure the realization of child-oriented green spaces in Nazhvan in Isfahan. The method adopted to conduct the present research is descriptive, analytical, and based on the library method and field studies. For this purpose, using the library and documentary method and referring to the available sources in this field, this theory's intellectual and theoretical foundations were studied, and valuable indicators for creating child-friendly green spaces were identified. These indicators were extracted from different scientific sources (including books, articles, and scientific reports). The framework of indicators is produced by collecting all the indicators in a matrix and deducing the most frequent ones. As the main and most important indicators of children's green space, these indicators include security, participation, and sense of belonging, a healthy environment, creativity, interactive spaces, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services. Then, the necessary information was collected by using the field method, including observation, interview, and completing the researcher-made questionnaire. The study sample was selected due to the uncertainty of the community's population size, which included the number of visitors to the green space; based on Cochran's formula in communities of unknown size, 384 cases were selected, including 200 children and 184 adults. Finally, data analysis was done using SPSS software and a T-test.The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively. In order to improve the level of child-oriented in Nazhvan Park, measures such as: improving the level of services, increasing children's playgrounds suitable for different age groups with high safety, designing and implementing intellectual, group, and various games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park from Through public transportation, it is suggested to improve the safety of the environment and increase the participation of children.

The results of the research show that Nazhvan Park has nine defined components. Based on this, the criteria of a healthy environment, creativity, having interactive spaces, participation, and sense of belonging, security, accessibility, variety of spaces, safety, and services have obtained the highest to lowest points, respectively.

In order to improve the child-friendly approach in Nazhvan Park, some solutions were suggested, including the following: Improving the service level, increasing playgrounds suitable for children of different ages and groups and with high safety, applying and using all kinds of intellectual games in the park, improving the quality of access to the park through public transportation, improving environmental security and increasing Children's participation. Based on the obtained results, we can determine the score of Nazhvan Park in nine sections based on the opinions of children and adults. This result shows the strengths and weaknesses of the park in order to improve the situation according to the child-friendly approach.

Man is always in interaction with the environment of which he is a part, and usually social behavior needs a bedrock to occur, so the relationship between man and the environment is a reciprocal and interactive relationship. Human behaviors are the result of a person's motivations and needs, the ability of the environment, the mental image resulting from his perception of the outside world and the meaning that this image has for him; Therefore, each behavior under the influence of the above conditions can take different forms and create a variety of behaviors. Behavior is not just a function of activity; It is a combination of activity, time and environment. Humans always spend a significant part of their daily time in public spaces of the city and under the influence of these spaces, they show certain behavioral patterns. Among these, urban parks are one of the most important public spaces in cities that should be To be considered by planners and city managers. On the other hand, the subject of sciences such as urban planning and design is "creating quality public spaces" in the city. Therefore, one of the main purposes of this article is to explain the patterns of collective behavior and its effect on the growth and self-actualization of children in the use of various urban parks in the metropolis of Mashhad. This research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. Also, non-parametric statistical methods such as chi-square statistics have been used to measure and analyze 384 questionnaires designed using SPSS software. The results of this study show that the behavioral patterns of citizens in the studied parks in the four areas (one, nine, eleven and Samen) of Mashhad are influenced by the design quality and the desirability of the interior spaces of the parks, which is important for the growth index. And the flourishing of children has a great impact so that the higher the quality of public spaces, including urban parks where social interactions are, the more purposeful collective behaviors are formed in such spaces, and this issue affects the rate of learning, growth and flourishing of children. Coming to the park with their parents has a great impact.Man is always in interaction with the environment of which he is a part, and usually social behavior needs a bedrock to occur, so the relationship between man and the environment is a reciprocal and interactive relationship. Human behaviors are the result of a person's motivations and needs, the ability of the environment, the mental image resulting from his perception of the outside world and the meaning that this image has for him; Therefore, each behavior under the influence of the above conditions can take different forms and create a variety of behaviors. Behavior is not just a function of activity; It is a combination of activity, time and environment. Humans always spend a significant part of their daily time in public spaces of the city and under the influence of these spaces, they show certain behavioral patterns. Among these, urban parks are one of the most important public spaces in cities that should be To be considered by planners and city managers. On the other hand, the subject of sciences such as urban planning and design is "creating quality public spaces" in the city. Therefore, one of the main purposes of this article is to explain the patterns of collective behavior and its effect on the growth and self-actualization of children in the use of various urban parks in the metropolis of Mashhad. This research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical. Also, non-parametric statistical methods such as chi-square statistics have been used to measure and analyze 384 questionnaires designed using SPSS software. The results of this study show that the behavioral patterns of citizens in the studied parks in the four areas (one, nine, eleven and Samen) of Mashhad are influenced by the design quality and the desirability of the interior spaces of the parks, which is important for the growth index. And the flourishing of children has a great impact so that the higher the quality of public spaces, including urban parks where social interactions are, the more purposeful collective behaviors are formed in such spaces, and this issue affects the rate of learning, growth and flourishing of children. Coming to the park with their parents has a great impact.of children has a great impact so that the higher the quality of public spaces, including urban parks where social interactions are, the more purposeful collective behaviors are formed in such spaces, and this issue affects the rate of learning, growth and flourishing of children. Coming to the park with their parents has a great impact.

The importance of exploring growth in the field of child psychology is crystallized. On the other hand, cognitive development is an informative source of information on children's development and has an enormous impact on the routing process of children. Paying attention to this in urban spaces can make it easier for children to navigate successfully. The purpose of this study was to analyze routing patterns with emphasis on cognitive development in children 10-14 years oldThe research method is applied in the present study. For this purpose, field observations, questionnaires and site visits were used. The method of sampling was randomly using Cochran formula and questionnaire was completed by 106 children aged 10-12 years and 106 children aged 12-14 years. Data analysis was performed to analyze the routing patterns of children affected by cognitive development in the Lashkar neighborhood using factor analysis using LISREL software. Data analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between routing and cognitive development after data collection. Data were analyzed using dependent t-test, Kolmogorov-Smirnov hypothesis test.The results indicate that children in the age range of 10-12 years, mostly refer to the colors, forms of buildings and buildings that have a marked form and function, as well as children in the age range of 12-14 years to the indications that the body has They had a distinct advantage over other buildings in the neighborhood.

Paying attention to the needs and wants of children, as future-makers of society, is one of necessity that emphasized by international institutions and organizations as well as in the country’s legal, juridical and development texts. Child-friendly city is one of the key concepts that by evaluating and analyzing it, we can shows what extent of wishes and expectations of children had met. Status of the child-friendly city index and its relationship with children's access to their essential uses is main issue of present quantitative and applied research that had done as case-by-case in the JAHROM city. Statistical population of study consists of children aged 6 to 12 years living in JAHROM (11678 persons) which 372 persons are considered as statistical sample. Main tool of data collection is a researcher-made questionnaire that its validity and reliability confirmed during the research methods process. Results of research showed that nine indicators of child-friendly city have an average lower than the baseline (number 3) and general situation of child-friendly city with an average of 2.1 is in an unfavorable situation. In addition, results showed that there is a positive statistical relationship between child-friendly city and children's access to their essential uses, at the level of 99% confidence, with correlation rate of 0.428. Results of linear regression showed that the independent variable of study alone could explains 18.3% of child-friendly city variance. Therefore, it seems necessary to improve the quantitative-qualitative level of uses of children in different neighborhoods of AHROM city.

Today s city is an environment that in which adults should manage hereditary facilities and talents of children and this is planners who decide where and how to do that. But, managers and urban planners don’t pay enough attention to children and their needs. In this regard, when there is no attention to children, their software and hard ware needs, so the future of their lives is pndangered. In this regard, the present study aims to investigate the child s deprivation in shiraz and the impact of city building elements on moderating the effects of urban deprivation of children. The research methodology of this paper is descrivptive analytical in parallel.

Today, public spaces in cities are shaped by the standards and needs of adults. And these spaces often lack appropriate and safe standards for children, while measures such as the creation of the World Convention on the Rights of the Child, the project of child-friendly cities are underway. The aim of this study was to investigate the socio-cultural indicators affecting the presence of children in public spaces outside the service area of Shandiz Municipality. The statistical population of this study is children aged 0-14 years old living in Shandiz city based on the 2016 population and housing census and their parents. Using the Cochran's formula, the completed sample size of 350 children-parents were interviewed. This research is of applied type and its method is descriptive-analytical and non-parametric statistical methods have been used to measure and analyze the questionnaires using SPSS software. The results show that the value of correlation coefficient for the three factors of participation, security of social order is equal to 0.201, 0.247 and 0.116, respectively. Therefore, the quality of the above socio-cultural indicators is directly related to the presence of children in public spaces, which according to the citizens of public spaces in Shandiz, have a low and very low level of security, social order and participation in programs.

Given the importance of the issue of children in the city and their living context, it is necessary to plan and design healthy and safe urban environments for this future generation. According to the recent studies, it is needed to clarify the local criteria and indicators of a child-friendly city with a focus on the improvement of the environment and providing a conceptual framework to evaluate main priorities. This study aimed to explain the optimal local structure of a child-friendly city to improve the quality of urban spaces and to provide the needed criteria and indicators for evaluating the child-friendly cities in urban spaces by considering the concept of recreation and entertainment in District 2 of Tehran.

the current research is analytical-descriptive and is considered as a development-applied evaluation in terms of its purpose. The data were collected through desk studies and a survey. According to the type of the problem and the purpose of this study, the urban area scale was proposed. Considering the extracted dimensions and indicators, a questionnaire was handed out in a group of 384 households randomly using a researcher-made method with 95% confidence. SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis. Some variables and the research framework were explained by elites and experts in this field using the Delphi method. Then, they were analyzed to determine the level of criteria for weighting and the relative importance of the effective components. Finally, using GIS maps and geographical explanation, the final indicators were classified into four groups using the method of zoning of urban blocks, structural measurement, and the average of the whole city by natural failure method in each index of urban blocks.

The results show that there are child-unfriendly zones in the central, southern, and even northern parts of district 2 of Tehran that cover the main cores of activity.

the urban fabric, access, land use, and relevant layers are influential in the friendliness of the city for children and affect their life quality on small scale.

The concept of Child Friendly city is based on a sysem in which attention is paid too children s rights and polices and laws, programs and budget based on the needs of children cities reflect.Child-friendly design centers by the (UNICEF) human settlements program(HABITAT)was founded in 1996.The purpose of this plan, the implementtition of the(CRC) at a level where we had the greatest impact on children. The purpose of this research is aimed at the realization of child-friendly cities in shiraz accepted,The methodology of this paper is descriptive in parallel,data collection haar data using a questionnaire and the population of both city managers,specialists and experts in urban and parents living in shiraz.Based on pearson correlation, shiraz all components of defined showed none of the items participation of children, the legal framework prtner of the child, comprehensive strategy rights of the child yamkanysm coordinated, systematic evaluation and assessment of the impact of legislation on children budgets,report on the status of children in urban, independent of the rights of children and protect children 3 and older not mean this show partially in shiraz in terms of the principles of friendly child was not favorable, analysis was performed based on multivariate regression model, in the city shiraz, the indicators rights of children as the most important and effective variables prediction kntdh friendly city children coefficient of the highest rsnk 0.426.

With regard to the role of children in agricultural activities, the current study aimed at analyzing the attitudes of experts towards the advantages and disadvantages of rural child labor in agricultural activities. The study was conducted by Q-methodology; The study population included the experts of Sayed Yaqub Health Center of Mahidasht County, Iran, and the staff of Charity Committee of Kermanshah County. Totally, 16 experts were selected by the purposeful sampling method. Results showed that the first group believed that children labor deprives the children from childhood activities. The other group believed that child labor lessens the focus of children in the class; on the other hand, strengthens the culture of the region. The third group believed that agricultural activities are among the factors that cause responsibility in children. The fourth group believed that child labor, due to the independence of children, causes joint diseases. The fifth group had a different viewpoint about child labor; they believed that child labor makes the child more agile from the physical point of view, but causes emotional depression. It can be said that the child labor phenomenon in rural areas is associated with the nature of pastoralism. Child labor contributes to economic affairs, households, and family by cultural truism rural residents. But in Iran can be the valve kind of transfer, age of onset, the quantity and quality of work and children's rights into action.

Child-friendly city is a city where the wants and needs of children is important to designers and urban planners. Among the features of the city with regard to children's rights and their opinions. The present study aimed at children participating in the creation of the built environment around them and therefore their opinions are analyzed. Using descriptive and analytical method based on documentary research and field surveys such as questionnaires and interviews And their ideas about places of interest situation in the city who want to have been studied . The results show that the facilities were very poor city children And except for a few children's playground and parks and amusement, not intended for them is another special atmosphere. Played little role in their children and reach them home and school, parks and play spaces is limited . More than 50 percent of children in Ardabil do not take advantage of their neighborhood as a place to play That's why the neighborhood planning should be the child as the most important center where you spent your time special attention. A Case Study of Ardabil distance markers It is a child friendly city. Which requires careful planning to participate in the design of the city's children are In this regard, several proposals, including organizing public health services, Planning for beggars and street beggars, especially children, to address their climate and bad breath, Wall posts and appropriate attention to design and attention is given to the neighborhood in the city.

Today,with the increasing of development,cities are lacking in desirable urban spaces,adapting these spaces to the residents, experts have been in the spotlight. Urban spaces have a unique role to meet the needs of children in social and individual aspect. This places assign a major part of everyday's life and the environment into account residents, including children and from the perspective of the humanities and engineering,Quality improvement,these spaces can increase health and physical powers, strengthen social interactions and foster creativity in children can be effective.The method used in this research is descriptive and based on library studies and field investigations (in the form of questionnaires and interpretation of children's drawings and surveys of parents),At first, the child friendly features indicate in various resources and based on these indicators, the statements of the questionnaire form, then, according to the results of questionnaire, internal and external factors SWOT model has been extracted and weighted according to experts. The results showed that according to the criteria AHP model child-friendly city,safety and security standards in the first place and the criteria of creativity, sense of creativity criterion is ranked first.Based on the priorities and the role of Swat,QSPM model was used to derive strategies, addressing the high priority that children have in environment, that schemes such as children's participation and decision-making in the city of Yazd, Use signs to orient the children in the neighborhood, Use of small-scale furniture and the use of bright colors in urban areas can be effective in this matter.

This study sought to investigate the happening of injuries to rural child labor in agricultural activities in Mahidasht County. The study population comprised of 1. Children 5 to 18 years (N=934); 2. The parents of working children; and 3. The specialist who is familiar with rural work environment. In the first group (children)¡ a sample of 272 members were selected using Crecy and Morgan (1970) sampling table and the stratified by random sampling method with proportional allocation. In the second group (parents)¡ due to the lack of accurate statistics about the parents¡ purposeful sampling was used. In the third group (experts) the enumeration was done. Data were collected through structured questionnaire whose validity was confirmed by an expert’s panel and its reliability was assessed by Cronbach’s alpha (α=0.88). The data were analyzed in SPSS software¡ version 18. The results showed that all the three communities complained primarily of physical injuries (skin disease¡ back pain¡ and knee disorders) followed by psychological injuries (tension and rough temperament¡ and creative destruction)¡ socio-cultural injuries (continuance of child labor towards next generations¡ and learning bad language) and economical injuries (comprised of increased cost of child education¡ and increased health cost). Although the phenomenon of child labor cannot be eliminated in the rural environment¡ but observingergonomic principles in the workplace can substantially reduce the damage caused to children.

In many low-income countries, agriculture forms a large portion of economic activities and a high proportion of employment. Boys and girls throughout history have formed part of the agricultural workforce. Major part of the food and drink that we consume, are produced by child labor in agricultural activities, that this phenomenon is more common in developing and developed countries.
THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK: Child labor is a persistent problem worldwide, especially in developing countries. Children form over half the world's population and play a significant role in agriculture. Article I of the Convention on the Rights of the Child, "child" is to be defined: » A child is human beings under the age of eighteen years, unless according to the law applicable to the child, the age of Maturity is detected fewer «. The reasons why employers hire children in the agricultural sector can be divided into 5 categories, which include the following: 1- Lack or non-enforcement of regulations and laws; 2- Children as a cheap source of labour; 3- Rural development and employment; 4- Fair globalization and access to international markets; 5- The global agri-food industry and child labour, and the role of consumers. In general we can say that the main causes of child labor in agricultural activities, including economic factors (poverty, unemployment, the gap, children as cheap labor), social factors (lack of child protection laws, lack of child protection organizations, obedient children and their easy management), family factors (family size, parental awareness of children's needs), and cultural factors (false beliefs as children as a source of income, the need for participation of children in agriculture, keeping the family tradition and limited access to education).
Purpose of this research is contexts analysis and study of causes of the exploitation of children in agricultural activities in rural areas. The population included three groups. The first group includes children 5 to 18 years (N=934), the second group includes parents that their children work on farms, and the third group includes experts who are relevant to child labor (N=30). In the first group (children), a sample of 272 members was selected using Krejcie and Morgan (1970) sampling table and the stratified random sampling method with proportional allocation. In the second group (parents), due to the lack of accurate statistics about the parents, purposeful sampling was used. In the third group, (experts) the enumeration is done. Data were collected through structured questionnaire that its validity is confirmed by expert’s panel and its reliability was assessed by Cranach’s alpha (Causes α = 0/83 and children's activities α = 0/95). The collected data were analyzed through SPSS18.
Based on the results, girls most active in areas such as weeding out the field (average = 4/5), picking product (average= 4/1), water the animals (average= 3/96) and cleaning the place of animals (average= 3/5) and boys most active in areas such as picking product (average= 4), thrashing (average= 3/97), transferring product to the warehouse (average= 3/84). The reasons for employing children, according to research results, are expressed as creating accountability (average= 4/33), cheap use of children (average= 4/25), being clever and agile (average= 4/24). While parents noted factors such as lack of parent’s awareness of the dangers of child labor (average= 4/19), being cheap (average= 4/06) and being obedient (average= 3/94). The experts said that the main reason for using child labor such as being cheap use of family labor (average= 4/6), family poverty (average= 4/53) and the disabled their parents (average= 4/31). According to the results of research on the causes of exploitation of children in agricultural activities from the perspective of the three groups, it might be argued that similarities can be found at all three groups. Because all three groups believe that cheaper the use of children for parents, the main reason is their use of children. Because parents do not give to children money against what they do and this the cause is that more income Given the family. Results correlation analysis shows that there is a significant positive relationship among the children's activities with amount of irrigated land and their families light and heavy livestock; that's mean with increasing levels of irrigated land and having more light and heavy livestock, increase the children's activities that this is the logical because having irrigated land needs more work and this also applies about more livestock.
According to the results, the average income of rural households (Less than 100 million riyals in the year) on the other hand, lack a second job in the child custody case, recommend the diversification of sources of rural income with business education in rural areas has improved the income of rural households, that parent use of skilled workers instead the use of forced their child. in this way make less pressure to their children, escape from vicious trap and also increase productivity and performance in rural areas. It was observed that with the increase of age and the increase in their ability, Increased The volume of work assigned to them, As the ages of 15 to 17 years had most workloads. However, the continuing education is the only way out of the vicious circle and to academic success reduce the workload in this age, therefore it is suggested the action to alert parents in to preference children's education.