جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « entropy » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

the present study investigates mixed land use to investigate the effect of mixed land use and land use planning on energy consumption. According to the latest general census, the population of Tabriz is 1558693 people and it is the largest city in the northwestern region of Iran. Amount of mixed landuse in Tabriz is moderate, so that this mixed is equal to 0.6 in the drop method, approximately 0.72 in the mixed land use method and 0.61 in the HHI method. The range of focal statistics in different urban areas of Tabriz (0.5) indicates the inappropriate distribution of land uses in the city of Tabriz. In terms of multiplicity index, 6 land uses are at a very suitable level, 6 land uses are at a moderate and appropriate level and 6 land uses are at an inappropriate level in terms of density. The results of Pearson correlation with an intensity of 0.712, at a significance level of 95%, there is a very strong correlation between mixed landuse and energy consumption in Tabriz transportation. Among the transportation indices, the highest correlations with energy consumption were the indices of production and travel absorption, per capita pedestrian travel, per capita passenger travel, length of roads and car ownership coefficient with correlation coefficients of 0.649, 0.632, / 621, respectively. 0, 0.425 and 0.293.

Cities, as the most complex man-made structures, face a wide range of risks, both due to a wide range of hazards and due to their multiple vulnerabilities. Urban vulnerabilities are felt everywhere, from infrastructure and buildings to telecommunications, transportation and energy lines, and it should be kept in mind that reducing vulnerabilities on the scale of a city is not simply reinforcing buildings and single buildings. The disasters that have happened in recent years show that societies and individuals have become more and more vulnerable, and the risks and hazards have also increased. Risk is a combination of danger and vulnerability. However, reducing risk and vulnerability is often ignored until after accidents occur. Based on the predictions made, by 2030, about 6 billion people out of the 8.1 billion population of the planet will live in cities, and about two-thirds of them will live in metropolises.

The current research is applied and is descriptive-analytic in terms of implementation method. The statistical population of this research consists of experts and professors according to the subject, 30 people among them have been selected as the sample size using the personal estimation method. It was done in the 8th region by using some models (Topsis, Shannon Entropy) and finally GIS software was used to draw the maps. Statistical sources and documents were prepared for this purpose, and required maps were collected from related organizations and departments. In general, maps: 1. Map of municipal areas 2. Periodic development 3. Earthquake lines 4. Rivers, etc. were used in the analysis of this article. It should be noted that many of the maps were incomplete, and the authors completed and edited them. After editing the required maps, a new output was obtained, which was considered the final urban development map of Kermanshah metropolis.This article is trying to explain and use the integration of physical, social and natural components by using quantitative models and also considering the necessary indexing (fundamental studies). Also, solutions that can be implemented (operational methods) have been considered. In this article, purposes such as providing the zoning of vulnerability and the risk map for facilitating the identification of the critical regions of the Kermanshah metropolis, etc., according to the data and results of this research and determining the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of the Kermanshah metropolis in the future with consideration of the earthquake risk zone and compliance with Passive defense considerations are followed. The results of the research and the favorite directions for the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah metropolis in the future, taking into account the earthquake risk zone, are followed. This process is displayed in the TOPSIS model by using the opinions of the respondents and the physical and spatial development of the city. According to the principles of Passive defense and research objectives, the research method has become operational. The article is practical in terms of its purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of its application. To conduct this research, 4 economic, social, physical and natural components were chosen, along with their indicators.

The process of periodical development can be defined as the physical expansion of settlements (both urban and rural) that are registered in approved urban development plans or managed under the political-administrative rule of a specific organization, such as the municipality, at different historical periods. Also, from the digitization of aerial and satellite images, etc., by identifying the trends and mentioning the time of physical expansion, their authority depends on the continuous growth (interlacing or joining) of each period of time in a circular or sectional manner to the period before it (none from special exceptions, such as municipal management of a specific town in its immediate territory). Considering the map of the physical development of the metropolis of Kermanshah, it can be acknowledged in the historical ages that the periodic development process of Kermanshah was intertwined with the urban defense system, and in a way, the physical growth of Kermanshah was also a product of the defense factor. Also, the cause of the imposed war and the migration of provincial war veterans, etc., have been among the factors in this unbridled growth. This unbridled population pressure is so evident that the informal settlements and the injection of residential settlements outside the pre-planned development plans have broken the scope of the plan, and these factors, together with economic poverty and a lack of strict monitoring, have made many of the topics of meaningful Vulnerability according to the 45 components and indicators to such an extent that a meaningful relationship between the socio-economic base, like many of Iran's cities have a physical-spatial structure, gave the City a shape in the form of a socio-economic base. The socio-economic base, special neighborhoods and areas were chosen for settlement and the horizontal and scattered development of the City due to these separations spread beyond the original borders (before 1330) and areas 7 and 5 are near and along the mountain. Taq Bostan, and regions 8 and 4 in the heights and Mahor hills of Koh Sefid and regions 3, 2, 6 and 1 in the Kermanshah plain and parallel to the river continued to expand. Undoubtedly, this process of physical development and growth is inevitable in opposition to the scattered fault lines on the surface. The City is located, and it should be considered and paid attention by city managers by creating multipurpose uses and increasing open and green spaces per capita, preventing desertification, emphasizing strengthening, etc., the balanced and horizontal growth of the City in development plans. In the present article, with basic studies and theoretical foundations related to the subject and the study area, the required database in the ArcGIS software environment was formed, and then the vulnerability of the areas was assessed according to the conditions of the study area. Finally, the vulnerability of Kermanshah metropolis according to the principles of Passive defense and quantitative and qualitative criteria using ArcGIS software and the TOPSIS model in the form of a vulnerable zone map and the periodic development of the City and City development directions based on the location of Passive defense.

Cities are moving towards becoming networked and systemic, and the systemic approach is manifested in the system of cities, which contains all the localities and regions of the urban system. Therefore, we should not forget that threats are a living and serious element that has always existed in all human activities and man-made infrastructures. What is taken from the article as results is certain: this is that the distinction between the base and the socio-economic position in the analysis of urban vulnerability has shown its real expression in the more vulnerable zones 5, 7 and 6 and the zones 8, 4, 1, 2 and 3 with less vulnerability, which have emerged from the heart of the metropolis of Kermanshah. Because informal settlements, hieratical, inefficient and worn-out urban neighborhoods are generally located in areas with high Vulnerability (except for the historical context of the City on the border of zones 8, 4, 3 and 2), skeletal, resistant, open-space buildings, etc. are located in areas with less vulnerability. In conclusion, what is evident is that the circular growth and development of the City until 1330 and after that, the linear growth of the City from Sarab Taq Bostan in the northern side to Sarab Qanbar in the southern side was dominant until 1350, and the City, from this date until now, has spread all over and the physical growth of the City has dominated on the western and eastern sides of the City by the construction of industrial towns and the creation of residential areas in these sides with the aim of development programs and helping development and construction. The aspects of physical-spatial development will face problems practically in some regions. This requires concentration and attention to the various faults in the north and south of the city, along with the Qarasu river, which apply principles and considerations of Passive defense in urban development, increasing per capita green uses, relief, etc., using resistant materials, preventing desertification, and creating new multipurpose uses.

Landslide risk zoning is one of the basic measures to deal with and reduce the effects of landslides. Vernesara watershed is one of the areas where many landslides have been observed in different parts of it. In this research, in order to zone the risk of landslides using the entropy index, first the ranges of landslides were determined, then the effective factors in the occurrence of range movements were prepared in the ArcGIS software environment, and a landslide susceptibility map of the studied area was prepared. . The prioritization of effective factors using Shannon's entropy index showed that the slope layers, land use, surface curvature, topographic humidity index and topographic position index had the greatest effect on the occurrence of landslides in the region. Also, zoning landslide sensitivity with the mentioned model and evaluating its accuracy using the ROC curve shows the very good accuracy of the model (79.6 percent) with a standard deviation of 0.0228 for the studied area. The zoning map shows that the low-risk areas cover only 13% of the area and more than 56% of the area is in the area with high risk of landslides, which indicates the high potential of the area in the occurrence of landslides. . Construction at a distance from fault lines, waterways and the steep Asmari Formation and safety of communication routes are the most important measures to reduce the amount of damage caused by landslides in Vernesara watershed.

Urbanization, the second revolution in human history has led to the formation of cities that today, as the main causes of instability in the world have been profoundly affected by the development process and environmental challenges, with this having had many negative effects on the efficiency and performance of their development. The metropolis of Tehran, as the capital and largest city of the country, in recent decades has witnessed many changes, especially in the field of environment, and the pattern of urban development and its trend in this metropolis, more than the result of a cohesive management, has been mostly the result of the continuous increasing pressure of various factors that have shaped the current urban pattern. Therefore, in order to get out of the destructive consequences of traditional and different development patterns and approaches in Tehran, using environmentally friendly approaches such as the green city approach, has a very significant role in the process of development and achievement of sustainable urban development in this metropolis. The present research is theoretical- applied in type, descriptive-analytical in terms of study method and survey-library in terms of data collection method, which was done through administering a questionnaire. The statistical population includes 50 professors and urban planning specialists. The purpose of this study is to investigate the environmental performance of the 22 metropolitan areas of Tehran and ranking the mentioned areas based on the green city approach, its criteria and indicators, and finally to provide effective solutions to achieve sustainable urban development in these areas. Therefore, using entropy method, 32 quantitative indicators were weighed in the form of 6 criteria and then, using TOPSIS technique, the environmental performance of 22 regions was determined by ranking them. Accordingly, areas 22, 8 and 12 were the most favorable and areas 6, 17 and 10 had the most unfavorable environmental performance, respectively, based on the green city approach.

Prioritization of Flood Risk in Ganjvan Watershed of Ilam Province Using ELECTRE MODELToday, environmental hazards and dealing with them is one of the most important concerns of researchers in the field of environmental planning and crisis management. Among these hazards, the phenomenon of flood is one of the most dangerous natural disasters that should be given special attention in crisis management. Therefore, prioritizing sub-basins for watershed management operations with a view to flood control and control seems necessary. In this research, an attempt has been made to prioritize the Ganjvan watershed basins in Ilam province to implement flood control management plans against floods using the multi-criteria Electre decision-making method. For this purpose, the studied watershed was divided into five sub-basins of Rizevand, Sarcham Deh Haroon, Sarpetak, Sartang Bijar and Ganjvan. Criteria for prioritization include lithology, slope, height, precipitation, land use and drainage density. The weights of the criteria were obtained based on their entropy model and using the Electre model of watershed sub-basins in the prioritization area, the study and then the prioritization map of these sub-basins was prepared. Flood risk prioritization map in the study area shows that Ganjvan sub-basin with the highest flood potential has the first priority and Sartang Bijar sub-basin in the second priority to implement flood control watershed management plans.The method used in this research can be a practical method to study and implement watershed management operations and flood control in the studied watershed and similar to this basin can be used. By performing watershed management and flood control operations in sub-basins located at the mentioned levels, in accordance with the priorities set by this method, while achieving the desired goals, it can have a direct impact on reducing the executive costs of projects.

Sprawl is the process of rapid population growth and spreading of urban developments on undeveloped land near a city with a direct impact on the spatial development which in recent years has become one of the major challenges of cities around the world. Growing population trend and substantial changes in land use have made scientific and accurate planning a vital requirement for the management of this phenomenon. Accurate planning can help managers and spatial planners achieve sustainable urban and rural development. The present study seeks to enhance understanding about spatio-temporal processes of urban growth and development in Babolsar, identify general factors affecting the formation and spatio-temporal changes of the city and also inform managers and decision makers of the trends and growth patterns to help them in accurate planning, designing and managing. In order to achieve these goals, detailed information about the physical structure of the region in different time periods are collected, changes and spatial dispersion of the study area are observed, and information about the physical growth of the city is also obtained.

The present study applies descriptive-analytical method to examine population growth and physical expansion of the city. After selecting the geographical area, satellite images captured in 1990, 2000, 2010 and 2020 were obtained from the US Geological Survey (USGS) web site. To calculate Shannon's entropy, the study area was divided into 25 regions based on the distance from central core of the city. Then, total area of each region and each zone (marked in each region for each period) were calculated. Thus, the necessary information was prepared to determine the trend of physical expansion and development of Babolsar city from 1990 to 2020. Shannon's entropy model not only has no limitation regarding the number of areas, but also has a high level of flexibility regarding the types of divisions used for the study area.

These maps show that Babolsar has always grown both spatially and demographically from 1990 to 2020. The relative entropy of Shannon was calculated for each period and each region, and resulting coefficients show that not only is the rate of sprawl high in Babolsar, but it has always exhibited a sharply increasing trend during the last three decades especially from 2010 to 2020. Since examining expansion and dispersion require a careful consideration of population changes and trends, population of the study area was calculated for each year and its relationship with sprawl was examined. Findings indicate that sprawl has increased along with population increase. According to Holdern model and results obtained in the present study, population is the most important factor affecting physical growth of Babolsar city. It has played an especially powerful role from 1990 to 2000. Three main patterns of spatial development and sprawl can be identified in Babolsar: 1) strip or linear growth pattern spreading the city along the main transportation artery further away from the urban core. 2) Leapfrog development pattern which occurs when developers skip over land to obtain cheaper land further away from cities and thus create separately, singularly, discontinuously developed settlements. 3) Continuous low-density pattern developed due to excessive use of land for urban purposes along the outskirts surrounding the city. Gradual development in this pattern support infrastructure such as water, and energy and road network.

Studies indicate that sprawl in Babolsar city has had destructive effects on the environment and high quality agricultural lands around urban and rural settlements. Especial attention of Iranian society to its northern culture and the concept of "pleasure utopia" which has been assigned to the Southern Coast of the Caspian Sea are considered to be the most important reasons for urban sprawl in this city and other similar cities. Rapid increase in the number of villas built by indigenous and non-indigenous people has resulted in the destruction of high quality agricultural land and irreparable socio-economic damages. Currently, real estate trading, even in the villages of northern region, has not only intensified the sprawl, but also has changed and dissolved the traditional land use systems turning previous land owners into janitors. Other influential factors affecting sprawl in Babolsar and similar cities in the northern region of Iran include inefficient government policies in land and housing section, failure to meet the goals of urban and rural projects, population growth, real estate trade, development and construction codes incompatible with the realities of society, ambiguity in the laws and regulations governing construction within the legal limits of cities, lack of protection for government-owned land and properties, lack of proper supervision in construction projects.

The present article presents a part of detailed studies and research conducted in the field of architectural programming and related concepts in the field of physical planning and planning theories. It is known that the product of architecture is the result of the interaction of multilayered and multiple variables that in general or in part of the analysis include basic studies and architectural planning or belong to the composition of design process including ideation and shaping the product. Therefore, recognizing and refining the concepts related to architectural programming is essential in identifying the design process and is of great importance. In this article, It will try to recognize architectural planning and explain its role and position and its effectiveness by examining the links and relationship with physical planning, which itself forms a systematic whole. In this regard, in order to remove the ambiguity in the concepts, the definitions of planning as a whole have been refined and while paying attention to the concepts of entropy and neg-entropy in planning, in the next step, the historical evolution of planning theories and comparative study of planning types Is followed and finally by explaining the physical planning process, the position of architectural programming as well as its types and characteristics of each is determined. The purpose of this study is to determining the programmatic nature of the architectural product, which is possible and proven by identifying architectural programming as the smallest scale of the physical planning system.

The purpose of present study is seismicity analysis of Lorestan folded arc and its adjacent thrust belt using quantitative methods. To reach this aim we performed analysis of seismicity using quantitative methods to find possible vertical and horizontal changes in seismic activity across the main Zagros faults of the northwestern part of Zagros. Firstly, we used fractal geometry and frequency-magnitude distribution of earthquakes by using FD and b-value parameters, respectively. Here b-value is the main factor in Gutenberg-Richter empirical relation which indicates the exponential distribution of earthquake magnitudes (Godano et al, 2014; 1765). This parameter also is known as fractal dimension (Mirabedini & aghatabay,2015: 60). FD is fractal dimension of earthquake epicenters distribution which has been calculated by box-counting method (Turcotte 1997). On the other hand Entropy model has been applied to specify potential of seismicity by using effective factors and 30 points of earthquake concentration. The study area in northwestern part of Zagros was divided to the simply folded arc of Lorestan and faulted-folded belt of high Zagros. Several main faults pass through the area from NW to SE and divide its main morphotectonic units as High, folded and foredeep parts of Zagros (Berberian, 1995: 193).

Data in this research can be divided to two part: parameters of earthquakes (magnitude, depth, location of epicenter) and linear data of faults and anticline/syncline axes. These data have been changed into new layers by GIS software extensions (density of epicenter and depth of earthquakes, density of faults and anticline/syncline axes, distance of fault and epicenter of earthquakes, interpolation of epicenter of earthquakes) to be applied in Entropy model, in other hand frequency of magnitude clusters and surface distribution of earthquakes are main data in Gutenberg–Richter relation and Fractal methods respectively. Numerical results of mentioned methods have been calculated and drawn in excel software. Gutenberg–Richter relation (Gutenberg & Richter 1944) is defined as Log N(m)= a-bm, where N is the cumulative number of earthquakes with magnitude larger or equal to m, a is a constant (seismicity level) and b is the slope of frequency-magnitude (size distribution) (Godano, 2014). To calculate fractal dimension of distribution of earthquake epicenters, box counting method suggested by Turcotte (1997) were applied by using Hausdorff dimension, which in two quantity of size (side length of grids) and number (number of grid boxes containing earthquake) are used to calculate FD value (Schuller et al, 2001: 3). In the other section, earthquake epicenters are divided to several clusters with different magnitude, then kernel density of each cluster was applied and subsequently, the maximum concentration of each magnitude cluster was determined as a point layer. Followingly, by overlaying these point layer with effective layers in seismicity analysis, their characteristics was extracted. Finally, an Entropy matrix was calculated and using experts rating and computing the layer’s weight, seismic zones were identified (Zonggi, et al, 2010).

Estimated b-value indicates approximately reciprocal values compared with FD values. Decrease in b-value reveals that stress level and probability of large magnitude earthquakes occurrence is quite high and increase in FD shows that earthquakes are not clustered and are distributed homogeneously along a line in understudy area. Calculated number-size values for earthquakes represent both partial and popular FD changes. Based on partial FD, three populations can be classified: (a) Background with FD larger than popular FD; (b) Threshold with FD lower than 0.7: and (c) Anomaly with FD more than two. Based on popular FD, distribution of earthquakes is linear and transition to chaos phase is not predicted. Comparison between maximum values of Entropy zoning and FD values for each box indicates that these two values show 93% correlation (regardless of the C box values due to incompatibility with value of other boxes).

Areas with high FD value and low b-value are more tectonically active. The box labeled A which represent western parts of Kermanshah in folded Zagros, has the highest FD value (1.02) and lowest b-value (0.78). The box labeled F in southern east part is in contrast with it (highest b value:1.02 and one of the lowest FD value: 0.89) in understudy areas. E (Balarud fault) and D (High and folded Zagros) parts have almost the same FD and b values. FD and b values in B (high Zagros) are equal and less than the aforementioned areas. C (that contains a part of mountain front fault) has the lowest value of FD and same b-value as B and the changes of Entropy max values are same as FD values.

State as a political system has political behavior. Its elements and components are interconnected and work towards a common goal. The output of government as a political system can be examined in both internal and external dimensions. In other words, the positive output of the political system inside the country will increase citizens' satisfaction, strengthen their political legitimacy, increase public welfare, domestic security, and so on. In the outside, it also strengthens authority and sovereignty, enhances competence in regional and even global games, and continues to interact with the international community and to secure national interests. If a political system does not have these outputs and its energy and capital is spent on other affairs, then it will face complicated issues. The state is constantly confronted with evolutions in the economic, social, political, and technical spheres, and as the sole power in a country, it must have the will to continue the system and resolve the problems. The existence of a modifiable capacity in a system makes it viable. Any political system embedded in a totalitarian or similar ideology that faces social, economic, and political problems, if it fails to resolve the issues, it will lead the system to critical situation. The present study revolves around the fundamental question of what are the most important problems that can cause the collapse of a political system.

This is a causal-analytical study. The research data and materials have been collected in a library-based manner with emphasis on rich and first-hand sources. This study attempts to explain the systematic attitude in political geography, to describe the important entropies in political systems and their role in the collapse and diminution of such systems.

One of the most important human systems that faces entropies, is political system. The loss of energy in political systems is obvious, but it is very high in some political systems. Although a political system may have certain characteristics, entropy is mentioned in their joint evaluation. The entropy in political systems is disorder. The higher the entropy in a political system, the more disorder it will be cause.The most important entropies of the political system are as follows:Political-administrative corruptionThere is no standard or specific standard for measuring corruption, but Transparency International as an international institution defines and applies some indicators to measure corruption. The latest report emphasizes that Denmark is the healthiest country among 180 countries surveyed. Based on this report two-thirds of countries have high level of corruption.

Social capital depletion:

Social capital emerges as a result of trust between the state and citizens. The greater confidence, the stronger social capital. Social capital does not have a financial form but can produce asset. The London-based Legatum is one of the international organizations that measure the level of social capital in different countries. The institute released its latest annual report at the end of 2019, which examined 167 countries worldwide. The findings of the annual report emphasize that Denmark is the country with the highest level of social capital among all the countries surveyed, while the African country of Gabon has the lowest level of social capital.

Geopolitical Challenge:

Geopolitical challenge is another important entropy in political systems that will cause the system collapse if it continues. In recent years, some countries have been trapped in geopolitical challenges, and as a result, their entropy has reached a dangerous stage. Syria is one of these countries.

Restriction of human rights and freedom:

Another important entropy is the restriction of freedoms. Human rights and freedom are recognized as the most obvious and first rights of citizens in the world. Democracy and freedom are among the most controversial rights in the world. After the end of the Cold War, the process of democratization in the world increased, the fall of the Berlin Wall in 1989 and the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 paved the way for the emergence of civil society institutions in the countries. Between 1988 and 2005, non-free countries fell from 37 percent to 23 percent, while free countries rose from 36 percent of the world's total to 46 percent. This upward trend is now reversed. Between 2005 and 2018, non-free countries increased by 26 percent and free countries decreased by 44 percent. The collapse of the Soviet Union as a super eastern power which occurred due to the emergence of destructive entropies, is a great experience for all countries which their political system avoids defective structures and mismanagement and constructive interaction. The Soviet Union spent between $ 3.5 billion and $ 5 billion annually on ideological propaganda. The Soviet army at that time had 4.5 million troops. Part of the Soviet Army's equipment included 50,000 tanks and 20,000 cannon, more than 5,200 helicopters, more than 3,500 fighters, more than 250 nuclear bombs, 7,000 nuclear warheads, 156 strategic bombers, but ultimately was collapsed.

Every state, as a political system, always faces two groups of entropies. The first group, which has an internal origin and appears in a national scale can be explained from the perspective of political geography, and the second group, which is transnational and can be explained from a geopolitical point of view. The emergence of entropies is related to the functioning of political systems. A faulty political system with poor performance provides the platform for entropy. In such systems, the internal entropic state gives rise to the external entropic state, which is the same as geopolitical challenges. In other words, the geopolitical challenges that turn into entropy are the result of an inefficient political structure. The future of countries that are in an entropic situation does not have a clear horizon. A clear example of such countries is the collapse of the Soviet Union which was a military super power. The leaders of the Soviet Union did not claim to be constantly evolving and in addition to this widespread propaganda, the tyranny repressive machine of the Soviet Union suffocated every voice and could not tolerate any dissenting voice, so it did not believe in reforming the political system in any way. Inside of the Soviet Union was depicted for others like a paradise without shortages, but the reality was quite different. With all its authority, ambition, and austerity, the Soviet political system gradually became entrenched, and since its leaders did not believe in reforming the political system and resolving the problems, the political and geopolitical entropies of this powerful regime became entangled and eventually collapsed the Union.

Land hazards and Geomorphic hazards are ones of the most important natural hazards that annually cause financial looses and health damages in all countries of the world, especially in Iran. These disasters damage infrastructures, important roads and facilities and cause asset losses, disrupting planning, increasing fatalites and injuries. Therefore, rating the vulnerability of habitats is very important for managing  risks and reducing damages that caused by it, so this issue is one of the priorities of each country. In this study, 3 geomorphical hazards that are including Landslide (using Entropy model), Earthquack (using AHP model) and Flood are considered. Finally by using Taxonomic model the townsips of Fars province basis of vulnerability are ranked and Kazeroon, Lar, Shiraz and Neiriz, respectively, are at the greater risks, also there is a relationship between geomorphic charactristics and geomorphic hazards that it could damage these regions so according to the results all Landslides are occurred in convex regions and 80 percent of Earthquackes are occurred in convex regions. A bout Flood hazard, 90 percent of Flood zones are overlayed on concave. so it can be concluded that the convex domains are more vulnerable to earthquake and landslide and concave slopes are more vulnerable for floods.

Full polarimetric SAR sensors can capture full polarimetric characteristics of targets. Therefore, in comparison with single and dual polarimetric sensors they offer more capabilities in target detection. However, operation in full polarimetric mode increases complexity, data volume and need more power. Full polarimetric sensors acquire images with less swath compared to dual mode. As a result, most of SAR sensors operate in dual mode and provide dual polarimetric images. Due to high availability, dual polarimetric images are increasingly being used in many researches. In this research, the efficiency of dual polarimetric images is compared with full polarimetric mode. The main goal is to find the best combination of two polarimetric bands which has the nearest results to full polarimetric mode. One Advanced Land Observing Satellite / Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar scene had been processed. The scene was multi-looked and converted to the backscattering coefficient (sigma nought, dB). The image was decomposed by cluode-pottier method into alpha and entropy components. Three different combination of two polarimetric bands were considered; HH-HV; HH-VV and HV-VV. Alpha and entropy of each dual polarimetric mode were also computed. Then alpha and entropy driven from full-polarimetric mode were separately compared with alpha and entropy of each dual mode. Since different land cover types (i.e. built-up, cropland, bare land and water) exist in the scene, the computations were done separately for each land cover type. The comparison among alpha values from full polarimetric mode and dual polarimetric mode reveals that HH-HV combination shows the best conformity with full polarimetric mode. HH-VV dual mode has the poorest results. Entropy values of HH-HV mode had the least difference with full polarimetric mode. Entropy values of HH-VV shows the weakest similarity. The MAE values of HH-HV, HH-VV and HV-VV were 0.06, 0.22 and 0.17, respectively. The findings of this research shows that polarimetric features driven from HH-HV combination are more compatible with full-polarimetric mode. In case, no full polarimetric image is available, this dual combination can be substituted. Based on quantitative results, HH-HV combination is recommended to be used in case no full polarimetric image is availableOne Advanced Land Observing Satellite / Phased Array L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar scene had been processed. The scene was multi-looked and converted to the backscattering coefficient (sigma nought, dB). The image was decomposed by cluode-pottier method into alpha and entropy components. Three different combination of two polarimetric bands were considered; HH-HV; HH-VV and HV-VV. Alpha and entropy of each dual polarimetric mode were also computed. Then alpha and entropy driven from full-polarimetric mode were separately compared with alpha and entropy of each dual mode. Since different land cover types (i.e. built-up, cropland, bare land and water) exist in the scene, the computations were done separately for each land cover type. The comparison among alpha values from full polarimetric mode and dual polarimetric mode reveals that HH-HV combination shows the best conformity with full polarimetric mode. HH-VV dual mode has the poorest results. Entropy values of HH-HV mode had the least difference with full polarimetric mode. Entropy values of HH-VV shows the weakest similarity. The MAE values of HH-HV, HH-VV and HV-VV were 0.06, 0.22 and 0.17, respectively. The findings of this research shows that polarimetric features driven from HH-HV combination are more compatible with full-polarimetric mode. In case, no full polarimetric image is available, this dual combination can be substituted. Based on quantitative results, HH-HV combination is recommended to be used in case no full polarimetric image is available.

The consequences of climate change, changes in precipitation characters, including the amount, time and it’s duration are expected. Considering that the rain provides the water resources on the planet, change in regime, amount and duration of rainfall, caused a disturbance in the ecosystem of the Earth. It also affects the environmental conditions. Kurdistan province has an agricultural economy, thus variation in the rainfall duration can affect agricultural activity and other activities. To achieve success in the environmental management planning and efficient use of water resources over an area, it is essential to have information about rainfall variation.An important parameter of atmospher is precipitation.It has a lot of changes over the time and space. It is a basic element in the formation of the activities and prospects of the environment. Several studies have done by researchers on the properties of precipitation in the different regions of the world and also in Iran. In general, precipitation showed a negative trend in many regions (Gorgio,2002: 675). For example, an assessment of summer rainfall in eastern China showed a positive and a negative trend in the north (Gemmer et al, 2004: 39; Gong et al, 2004: 771).Annual rainfall has decreased in southern parts of Italy and the decrease in winter precipitation was larger (Marco et al, 2004: 907). An increase in summer rainfall, especially, in June and July has been reported in the Yangtze River basin (Tong et al, 2007: 1016). A decrease in winter rainfall and an increas for other seasons has been showed in Turkey (Kahya and Partal, 2007: 43). Evaluation of maximum daily rainfall at the global scale showed an increasing trend in rainfall (Sethwestra et al. 2013: 3904). Negative anomalies of precipitation was reported for the most stations in southern west Ethiopia (Girma et al. 2016: 3037). Based on Iran's annual rainfall, positive and negative trends in annual rainfall have been showed (Asgari and Rahimzadeh, 2006: 67). A decrease in rainfall, especially in the decade of 1995-2005 revealed in Iran using annual rainfall (Asakereh and Razmi,2012: 159). Assessment of changes in seasonal patterns of rainfall in Hamedan, showed that the beginning of the rain tend to the summer and the end of winter (Movahedi et al.,2013: 23). The results of precipitation extreme indices on Iran showed a positive trend in  the west and the south west and a negative trend in the north (Masoodian and Darand, 2013: 239).

For this study, the daily precipitation obseravtions obtained from synoptic stations in Kurdistan province during 01.01.1989 to 31.12.2014 were anlayzed. A database with dimensions of 9526 * 8 was created. The time was set on rows (9526 days) and the rainfall was set on columns. Homogeneous and heterogeneous monthly rainfall data were assessed by apply cumulative deviations test and Vercelli maximum of likness. Mann-Kendall approach was implemented to extraxt the trend at the significant level of 90%, 95%, and 99 %. The significant differences in the mean of time series data before and after a mutation year by Mann-Whitney test were evaluated. The statistical calculations were done in the Matlab software.       

The results showed that during the study period, duration of rainfall for autumn, winter and spring, in most of the stations, has been reduced. The results indicated that the rainfall duration for summer showes an increases in rainfall.Which is in line with the result of many previous studies.The reduction in the rainfall in the rainy season and an increase in rainfall in summer were obsorved. As a result the duration rainfall also has been  changed. Annual rainfall has decreased in southern Italy and decrease in precipitation in winter is more (Marco et al, 2004: 907). Movahedi et al. 2013, By studying the seasonal rainfall in Hamadan, They found that the rainfall began to ward the winter and their end to the summer have changed.

 Evaluation of duration time series of rainfall over different months of the year showed that in the rainy months of autumn, winter and spring rainfall duration has decreased. For example, Baneh station showed a decline of 0.3 day in December, and Marivan showed a decline of 0.6 day in January. The average rate of decline in rainfall duration in March for the Qorveh station was 0.4 day per decade. In addition, a decline in spring rainfall duration was observed as well. Bijar station showed a decline of 0.2 day in May. However the rainfall duration in summer showed an increase. For example, Zarinah station obtained an increase of 0.2 day per decade in August.

Evaluation of entropy model efficiency in erosion zoning of kand watershed with geomorphologic approachThe occurrence of erosion in varying areas causes the loss of fertile soils and the destruction of natural ecosystems. This requires the identification, prioritization of sensitive areas and the formulation of special spatial plans to reduce erosion and land management in prone areas. Therefore, considering the high potential of kand(sub basin in Latiyan watershed) for sediment production (20413.46 tons per year) and the location of this basin in the upstream of the Latiyan Dam, effective factors were studied by entropy model based on geomorphologic facies map and entropy matrix and then erosion zoning map were prepared. The results show that slope, litology, vegetation percentage, average annual rainfall, type of use and soil texture have been effective in creating erosion facies of the area Respectively; 27.81, 16.51, 15.74, 15.52, 14.41, 10.01 percent. Zoning map by entropy model revealed that throughout all over the understudy area35.5 % of it is low and very low risk zone, 64.5 of it is moderate and high risk zone which it considers this area as vulnerable to erosion. Because the stream and rill facies (partially) are present in all low, moderate and severe erosion zones, it should be prevented from extending of the stream and rill facies and converting them to badland and landslide facies which has considerable potential by vegetation protection and not applying inappropriate applications on steep slopes. entropy, erosion, geomorphology, zoning, kand watershed.Key words: entropy, erosion, geomorphology, zoning, kand watershed

Landslide Susceptibility Mapping, a background on factors affecting the landslide, its occurrence, risk management and risk prevention. The aim of this study is to prioritize the factors affecting landslide susceptibility mapping and basin load it using the Shannon entropy index. To achieve this goal were taken into account 12 factors affecting the landslide was prepared to study and map the factors mentioned in the GIS. Prioritize the factors identified by the use of Shannon entropy index layer, which had a role in the occurrence of landslides. The landslide susceptibility zoning map was prepared using Shannon Entropy Index and evaluated with ROC And obtained accuracy of the model as well (24/81%) with a standard deviation of 0389/0.

Due to the important role Of the Police Stations in Conserving and maintaining order and security during and after the crisis, these centers, should minimize casualties and losses to play the most effective performance After the crisis. The main purpose of this research is to identify and evaluate the planning and Design criteria of the Pardis Police centers with the passive defense approach. The method used in this study due to combined use of quantitative and qualitative methods is considered as a combination method. In order to extract the criteria and valuation of effective indicators in the research, the documentary and library methods were used and the entropy and topsis methods were used to evaluate and weight the indicators. Among the four police centers in the city of Pardis, the Shahid Hojaji Station located in the first phase, scored the highest score, and Shahid Abbas Duran Station, located in the eighth phase, received the last rating. Among the 23 indicators used in the model, the highest weight belongs to the distance from the fire stations, the distance from the Sensitive centers and the distance from the economic centers, the least weight dedicated to the ratio of height to width, the ratio of length to the width and material of the facade of the buildings.

This study examines two important geographic footprint in layer management and sustainable urban development and urban planning.Methods of collecting and gathering information from the library, field work and questionnaires were used. This descriptive study, explain and through the geography footprint (ecological) for determining the safety of the urban population ) District 13 ( . The results show that the ecological footprint area of 1.913 hectares per person per year, This means that this area 1.376 times more than their share of ecologically sustainable capacity allocated The results of this study corroborates the notion that their needs for sustainable security in the region 13 to meet the needs of other regions is Tehran And the other regional development patterns, according to calculations by Gini coefficients of inequality and relative entropy and Shannon somewhat scattered and uneven distribution of population in urban areas it is evident.

Polarimetric Interferometric SAR (POLINSAR) data by providing wealth of information containing intensity, polarimetric and interferometric measurements, have shown many capability of mentioned data in the land cover classification. These three componentes of POLINSAR data could be found independently in the Shannon entropy of POLINSAR data. These components play a complementary role in the classification where the presence of interferometric information improves the classification results. As well as the data acquired form the real world has spatial connectivity so considering the neighboring and spatial connectivity in the classification process is essential and useful. So in this paper Markov Random Field segmentation algorithm has been used for classification of Shannon Entropies of POLINSAR data. In order to provide a Markovian field for the MRF classification, an initialization method has been proposed where classifies the image into 16 classes according to the polarimetric and interferometric entropy and anisotropy and merges the clusters obtained to 4 clusters using equality test of coherency matrices. . The purity indices (PI) of the clusters obtained over the POLINSAR data acquired by DLR (German Aerospace center) E-SAR have been used to evaluate the effectiveness of the Entropy based MRF classification. The proposed method has been compared with the 𝐻/𝐴/𝛼 –Wishart (𝑇3), 𝐻𝑃𝑜𝑙−𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑙,𝐻𝐼𝑛𝑡−𝐴𝐼𝑛𝑡-Wishart (𝑇6 ), 𝐻𝑃𝑜𝑙−𝐴𝑃𝑜𝑙,𝐻𝐼𝑛𝑡−𝐴𝐼𝑛𝑡-FCM (𝑇6 ) and FCM clustering using Shannon Entropy parameters where this comparisons show approximately 242, 112, 172 and 202 increasing in the Purity Indices respectively.

Landslide is one of the catastrophic hazards which occurs in many parts of the world, causing hundreds of billions of dollars of economic damage and hundreds of thousands of deaths and injuries each year (Aleotti & Chowdhur, 1999). Landslide susceptibility assessment can be tricky, because the evaluation of both the spatial and temporal distribution of past events for large areas is difficult mainly due to the limitations and gaps of historical records and geographic information (Leonardia et al., 2016). Therefore, the identification of susceptible areas plays an important role in the assessment of environmental hazards and management of the catchment area (Sakar et al., 1995). Latian Dam is located in the northeastern of Tehran; this basin is naturally susceptible to landslide due to topographic topography, tectonic activity and seismicity, various geological, and climatic conditions. On the other hand, the dangers caused by landslide and the filling of the dam caused by sliding movements make it clear that it is necessary to study the landslide in this area. Therefore, this area was selected as the study area, and damage zoning was determined through the entropy and the fuzzy model.

The study area is located in the northeastern of Tehran, the capital of Iran. It is 192.52. The coordinates are '29 ° 51 'to 51 ° 51' eastern longitude and '47 ° 35 'to 56 ° 35' north latitude (see pic. 1). Latian Dam lies in the southern end of the basin. Latian basin is placed in the southern slopes of Central Alborz which its main river is Jayrud. It matches with Mosha-Fasham which is located in the zone of earthquake risk in a severely degraded area. Geologically, it belongs to the first, the second and the third era. The petrographic composition of this area is mainly shale-sandstone-basalt-tuff-marl and alluvial deposits. Geomorphologically, it is mainly in the form of rock mass - stone outcrop. The rainfall is more than 500 mm per year in the study area. That is more than half of the precipitations in the form of snow.
Figure 1. Case study: Latian basin in in the upstream of the Latian Dam.

To begin with, the landslide area was prepared through the map of geomorphologic faces, Google earth images, and geological map. Next, the factors affecting the slip were identified according to the region conditions, and the expert scores were given to the classes of each level, which indicated its importance in creating a slide. Then, each map was analyzed using the ARC GIS 10 software. Finally, the entropy and fuzzy methods were used to assess the risk of slid in the area, It (risk area map obtaining from fuzzy and entropy model) was overlaid with landslides occurred. Fuzzy logic was first introduced by Lotfi Zadeh (1965), an Iranian scientist at the University of California in 1965 (as cited in Amini Feshoody, 2005).

The regional model of erosion occurrence in the Latian basin is depicted in the following:

The abbreviations used here include: T: texture, Df: distance from fault, V: vegetation, DR: distance from river, LU: land use, S: slope, I: lithology, A: Aspect, E: Elevation, and R: rainfall.
High-risk regions include the following features: texture as an effective factor in the landslide occurrence in the region under study shares 17.65 %, distance from fault shares 14.42 %, vegetation 13.35 %, distance from river11.73 %, land use 11.53 %, and etc. The aspect, elevation and rainfall are the lowest impact percentage and their scores are equal. That is, most of the slides are in the same aspect, elevation, and rainfall. Base on entropy model, about 107 square kilometers, which is equivalent to 53.87 percent of the study area is situated at a higher than average risk. Only one landslide in the medium-range range has occurred. Based on the fuzzy model, landslides are distributed throughout the entire range of danger zones from very little to very large. The distribution of landslides in relation to hazard limits is not logical and It has not been concentrated in a particular area.

Landslide is one of the catastrophic hazards occurring in many parts of the world and causing hundreds of billions of dollars of economic damages and hundreds of thousands of deaths and injuries each year. Latian Dam lies in the southern end of the Latian basin. And more than ten landslides with a total area of 2.53 square kilometers were identified on top of Latian Dam. They could be considered as threatening factor for Latian Dam by increasing sediment load entering the dam. In this research, ten factors affecting landslides were identified. They were prioritized with the entropy model after the matrix was prepared. Then, using this model and the fuzzy method, high risk areas were identified. The map of landslide distribution overlapped with the hazard map and the contribution of each of the risk areas was evaluated for the occurrence of landslide. The results indicated that texture as an effective factor in landslide occurrence in the investigated region shares 17.65 %, distance from fault shares 14.42 %, vegetation 13.35 %, distance from river11.73 %, land use 11.53 %, and etc. Furthermore, in the entropy model the number of landslide incidents is more reasonable than the risk zones as compared with the fuzzy model.

Landslide, as one of the natural disasters, has had many dangers especially in mountainous areas, causing many mortal and financial losses throughout the world. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the occurrence of landslide and to prepare its susceptibility map in part of the Binalood heights (Torghabeh-Drood). In order to zoning the risk of landslide using the entropy index, landslide lands were first determined, Then, the factors affecting the occurrence of slopes such as slope, elevation, gradient direction, tilt type, land use layers, distance from faults, distance from the road, distance from, Stream power index, sediment transport index and precipitation in GIS were prepared and then An estimation of the weight of the landslide sensitivity map was prepared by entropy method. The results showed that land use factors, slope type and rainfall were the most important factors in the landslide occurrence and stream power index and sediment transport index were the least factors in the landslide occurrence in region. The map was divided into four classes of low, moderate, high and very high sensitivity. More than 50% of the area has high and very high slip sensitivity indicating the potential for landslide in the area. The map was evaluated using the ROC curve and the under curve and it was determined that the accuracy of the prediction is very good in the occurrence of landslide occurrence.

Nowdays the cities, with service imbalances, so that the instability resulting from this uneven development growth as a spatial-social imbalances manifestations of urban poverty, housing and informal employment, poor local governance and pollution has been appeared. Therefore, according to the concepts of spatial and social justice and resolve social inequalities, economic, reducing the vulnerability of low-income classes, the optimal distribution services, according to the basic needs of citizens in urban areas is vital issue and inevitable. urban land use items that their optimal performance through meet the needs of the population and rising public interest, role and status plays an important part in establishment of social justice and spatial. For this purpose this research, with review and evaluation of urban land use with spatial justice Approach in the city of Zanjan, is seeks to identify the status quo. This article, in terms of purpose, practical approach and concerning the method is descriptive- analytical. After describing the concepts with methodology of library, by taking two most important indicators in land and by using software ArcGIS, on the average nearest neighbor model framework,entropi and per capita and optimal area, urban land use in city of Zanjan is to evaluate qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the research show that the distribution and organization of service utilities in city are concentrated and with spatial imbalance.The Analysis of Urban Landuse with capacity index and social justice index there is a great deal of quantitative and qualitative disparity in the three regions of Zanjan City.