جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "fault" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

The new city of Hashtgerd is located in the west of Alborz province and on the southern slope of the Alborz mountain range on alluvial sediments. The occurrence of earthquakes indicates a high seismicity rate in the region. The main purpose of this study is to pay attention to the fact that the new city of Hashtgerd is a developing city, therefore, paying attention to seismic conditions and seismic parameters will play an important role in the proper expansion and stability of engineering structures during future seismic events. In this study, based on the catalog of earthquakes and the location of active faults as primary data, seismic sources in the region have been identified. In the next step, seismic parameters are determined. Then, based on risk analysis studies, probabilities for the return period of 475 years for the city of Hashtgerd have been prepared using earthquake risk analysis software, ground acceleration zoning maps and uniform risk curves. According to the existing boreholes in the area, the influence of the soil magnification factor on the acceleration has been considered. The earthquake risk analysis in the new city of Hashtgerd possibly indicates a very high acceleration in a wide part of the city. With the influence of the magnification factor on the acceleration of the bedrock, the acceleration rate on the ground surface is estimated to be equal to (0.40 g). The extent of the new city of Hashtgerd has different accelerations and requires different designs for engineering structures in different areas.

In geosciences, morphotectonic indicators are used to investigate the effectiveness of land surfaces from neotectonic activities. In this article, the results of morphotectonic indices by tectonic zones of Iran, according to the energy released from the earthquake of 1900-2009 and the position of the basins relative to the types of faults (young seismic faults), Quaternary and pre-Quaternary) were analyzed. For this purpose, 110 years old Iran seismic data was extracted from the geodatabase, and during the programming process in MATLAB, it was converted from point-vector to surface-raster. In addition the results of the evaluation of morphotectonic indices of 142 basins of different zones were used; 8 inactive basins, 40 semi- active basins, and 94 active basins. Inactive basins are located in Alborz, Zagros, and Central Iran. . The results indicate that the amount of energy released can't examine a significant role in evaluating the morphotectonic indices of the basins. Basin’s location in the area of Quaternary faults and young seismic is of great value in the tectonically active basin. The lie of semi-active basins adjacent to active basins, or the lie of inactive basins adjacent to semi-active and active basins; and it should be borne in mind that the thresholds used to estimate the tectonic activity status of basins cannot be used as a definite and mathematical criterion in estimating the tectonic status of basins.

Badakhshan region, located in the northeast of Afghanistan, has a complex geology. A catalog from 2011-2021 was prepared using the data of the Middle Asia seismic catalog with updates (1909-2011) from the website of the American Geological Survey. Considering the last earthquake with a magnitude of 7.2 in 2015, the coefficients of b were calculated to the maximum value of 1.0 and the value of 7.9 on the surface and in the depth, the increase in the numerical values of a and b in the central half has been completely evident. The results indicated that the current trend is opposite to the direction of the main fault in North Badakhshan (north-south direction). The most frequent earthquakes M≥4 occurs at a depth of 150-70 km, earthquakes M≥5 at a depth of 150-300 km, and earthquakes ≥6 at a depth of 150-300 km occur in the east-west direction. This area is exactly where the Pamir Corridor plate meets the center of Badakhshan. This shows that at the end of the Pamir Corridor from east to west, ruptures are being created at depths of 0-150 km. Two east-west and east-south trends are evident. Regarding the shallow earthquakes related to the upper 50 km of the crust, the dominant mechanism is of the normal type, which indicates the stretching of the crust in this section. According to the deep mechanism of earthquakes, the direction of the tensile force is in the east-west direction. This issue further confirms the issue of continental collision and then subduction towards the south of Badakhshan. The innovation of this research is the identification of seismic trends that have rarely been researched in the studied area, and its application is identifying high-risk areas for construction.

One of the main pollutants of the environment is oil and oil products, which are of special importance; Because oil pollution, even in small scale and quantities, can cause great and irreparable damage to the environment. In this research, which was carried out in a descriptive-analytical method, the three main and basic points of view regarding the foundations of civil liability for damages caused by oil pollution were explained and analyzed, and it was concluded that although the basis of liability in the relevant laws of the country, It is based on fault based on which the victim is required to prove the fault of the perpetrator; However, such a view cannot be taken in the environmental damage caused by oil pollution; Because proving the guilt of the perpetrator is difficult and impossible in most cases. Therefore, it seems that by accepting the system of pure responsibility and changing the approach, the aforementioned damages can be compensated on the basis of no-fault liability, regardless of whether the main cause of oil pollution and damages is the government or private individuals. Based on this, it is necessary to design such a system to compensate for the damages caused by oil pollution.

Faults in volcanic regions play an important role in the emergence of hot springs. In this research, due to the abundance of tectonic structures in the Sabalan volcanic mass, the relationship between faults and hot water springs and the flow rate and temperature of these springs were evaluated. For this purpose, in the beginning, the location layers of 11 hot springs in the northern and southern slopes, fault, slope, the direction of slope, layer of elevation, geology, and topography were prepared and the rose diagram of the faults was drawn in Rockwork17 software and by the method Weighted evidence was considered. The location of the faults showed that the faults had an important effect on the origin and establishment of the springs. In the investigation of the relationship between the slope and the abundance of springs, it was observed that 4 springs were located at a slope between 0 and 5 degrees, and 5 springs were located at an altitude of less than 2100 meters. It was also observed that the highest amount of discharge is located in the northeast and northwest parts of the volcano. Finally, the relationships between the faults and the hot springs were investigated using the surface temperature index. For this purpose, maps of spectral radiation, black body temperature, NDVI, vegetation ratio, and surface emissivity were drawn and an LST map was drawn using these maps. The results showed that the highest temperatures of the earth's surface are located in the area of spa springs.

Tectonic geomorphology studies levy -based landfalls and interaction between tectonics and geomorphic processes. Neutactonic studies the shapes on the ground caused by earthquake mechanisms. In order to investigate active neotectonic, neutactonic indicators of the catchment and seismic power are used. In this study, neutactonic activities of the Nir Watershed Basin have been analyzed using geomorphic indicators. Initially, using the GIS10.3 software and the Archydro plugin were extracted under the study of the study area. To accurately calculate any 26 subsidiaries, 1: 25000 topographic maps, 1: 100000 geological maps, 12 meters high height model. Finally, for each of the indicators, the basin zoning map was prepared in five categories. Finally, given the calculated values of each of the indices, the active relative landfill index was extracted for the basin. Due to the index of the relatively active landing index of the study area, it was divided into five high, high, medium, low and very low neutactonic. Based on the results, the highest technical activity is related to subsurfaces 9, 11, 17, 18, 22. Based on the evaluation of seismic power, this concluded that the farmer's relationship with the zareh of 5.98 Richter, Norouzi and Ashjaei with a value of 6.5 and Norouzi was 2.63. The results of this study show that moderate neottonic activity in most of the subsidiaries shows that fault activity is not intensified in these areas and therefore do not pose many risks in residential areas. Will be risky if activated.

 According to the results of this study, Tabriz metropolis does not have a favorable situation in terms of earthquake risk, and most densely populated parts of the city, especially the northern and central parts, are in very high and high vulnerability zones. Milani and Nemati (2015), studied the geological indices, tectonics and seismicity of faults in Lut and Jazmourian basins. Their work’s results showed that both basins have active tectonics, but the western margin of Shahdad basin has high to medium activity and Jazmourian basin has little activity. Shayan and Zare (2013) investigated and determined the seismic hazard ranges in active alluvial fans by barbarian spatial analysis method, and the results of their research showed that Garmsar and Sorkh Sokoot faults have the highest seismic potential and Lalehzar and lower Qaleh mountain faults have the lowest. Rajabi and Aghajani (2010) investigated faults and seismicity and seismic hazard in the northeast of Lake Urmia. Their studies in the region led to three important classifications. Rabati et al. (2015) studied active tectonics using geomorphological indices in the Sefidrud basin of western Alborz and their results indicated that sub-basins corresponding to dense fault zones show high measurement indices.

 In order to achieve the objectives of this study, the data of topographic map 1: 25000 of the surveying organization, region’s geological map of 1: 100000, region’s aerial photographs of 1: 50000, 1: 20000 and 1: 40000, Landsat 8 satellite images related to the year 2020, as well as digital elevation model map were used. Using the existing relationships, geomorphological indices were calculated and necessary analyses were performed. The seismic potential of active faults in the region was calculated using the formulas of Zare (1995), Ashjaei and Vorozi (1978), and Wells and Coopersmith (1994). In addition, the spatial analysis method was used to analyse and determine the seismic risk. In this study, the method proposed by Barbarian et al. in spatial analysis was used. The steps of this method are as follows: first, faults with a length of more than 10 km are identified. Then, faults with a length of 5 to 10 km are identified and added to the first category of faults, and configuration operations are applied based on the distances to the source of the earthquake and the faults. Then, the extracted map is overlapped with the land use map to determine the location of human settlements in the danger zones of fault lines, and the map resulting from the sensitivity of the region's formations from the point of view of resistance, and finally the final map of earthquake danger configuration and the position of highly populated centres is obtained based on the level of risk-taking.

 The most important factor in the structural development of Alborz is the existence of driven and inverted faults that are located along this mountain range. Astara fault is one of Alborz’s most important faults. This fault is one of the most important geological structures in the northwest of the country, and the occurrence of destructive historical earthquakes has increased its importance. In this regard, the activities of major and minor faults of this region and the resulting seismic potential were investigated and analysed in this study. In the present work, based on the analyses performed by remote sensing of satellite and GIS and the implementation of processes such as principal component analysis, band composition, Hillshid and filtering of satellite images indicating structures, there are definite line structures in the study area. In this regard, 25 fault lines were identified in the study area. The presence of fault lines in the study area indicates tectonic activities there. In fact, the fault lines extracted from the satellite image show different faults, especially in the north-eastern, north-western, western and south-eastern parts of the study area. Yamani and Alizadeh (2016) also achieved similar results in the study of tectonic activities of the Karaj watershed using satellite imagery and geomorphological indicators. Also, based on the results of the study, among the methods used to identify faults in the study area, the methods of applying directional filters, principal component analysis and Hilshid have had a great impact on the proper identification of faults. This can be due to the feature of edge highlighting in directional filters, and also the presence of more than 80% of the information in the first band of the principal component analysis. In addition, fault lines that were not identified by the above two methods were extracted using the Hillshid method. Based on the results of the used indicators, most of the basins have high tectonic activities in the study area, and the morphological characteristics of the studied catchments are under the influence of fault lines in the area.

The results of the relatively active tectonic index showed that basins 1 and 2 in the eastern parts of the study area had the highest tectonic activities. In the present study, the calculations performed in GIS and Excel software were calculated using the equations provided by Norouzi and Ashjaei, Zare, and Wells and Coopersmith, and the average seismic power of Astara fault was equal to 6.9 Richter, Neur fault equal to 7 Richter, Hir fault equal to 6.2 Richter, and Sangour fault equal to 4.8 Richter. In general, the average seismic power for the main and secondary faults in the study area based on Nowruz and Ashjaei, Nowruzi, and Wells and Coopersmith equations was estimated to be 5.844, 5.710 and 6.517, respectively. Also, in addition to calculating the seismicity, spatial analysis method was used to determine the risk of faults. The results showed that most of the settlements in the study area are located at a distance of 3000 to 10,000 meters from the fault lines. The results indicate three hazardous zones in the study area. Shayan et al. (2013), in a similar study, determined the earthquake risk zones in the Garmsar alluvial fan using the GIS and concluded that most of the residential centres in their investigated study area are located at a distance of 3000 to 7000 meters from the fault lines.

Iran is located on the seismic belt of the Alps-Himalayas and with specific geological settings, is one of the countries that generally face the event of earthquake. Earthquake occurrence is considered as one of the most destructive and harmful phenomena in any country. Occurrence of any earthquake is a special and important event that by understanding its various dimensions and identifying the seismic potential of an area, appropriate immunization methods can be adopted to deal with this natural phenomenon. Examining the seismic hazard of Iran, which is one of the ten seismic countries in the world, is the most important to encounter with that event. Occurrence of an earthquake is a sign of the existence of neo-tectonic activities. Talesh region, located in the west of Gilan province, has been active region in point of seismicity and several earthquakes have occurred so far.

In this research, first, the geological map of the area was drawn. The lines and fractures of the target area have been extracted using remote sensing methods. For this purpose, using the five-band image of Landsat 8 satellites, in the Geometica software, the lines are extracted and the density map of the lines is prepared, then the extracted lines are entered into the Rockwork software and drown Rose diagram.The seismic data used in the region are instrumental data. Due to the importance of this data in conducting seismic studies and hazard analysis, catalogs of various instrumental seismic databases such as: IIEES, ISC, USGS and the Institute of Geophysics, University of Tehran were used. Each earthquake in this database contains details about the source, such as: date, time, latitude, longitude, and related seismic information. To study instrumental earthquakes, after collecting data and modifying and editing them, various diagrams were drawn for statistical analysis. In order to study the focal depth of systemic earthquakes, a graph is drawn related the depth of all earthquakes to determine the depth or absence of earthquakes at what depth. The magnitude-year and magnitude-depth graphs are used to determine at what years and at what depths the largest earthquakes occurred, respectively.

In the study area, we used various morphotectonic indices and also seismotectonic analysis for determination of rate of activity of Talesh fault and seismic hazards to encounter that.The numerical value of the hypsometric integral for 9 basins within the Talesh fault was calculated. The numerical value of the hypsometric integral and the shape of the hypsometric diagrams of the basins show that basins one, four and seven are in themiddle stage of maturity and are relatively mature, and basins two, three, six and eight are mature basins with erosion. They show high maturity.Considering the amount of elongation of the basins with tectonic activity, it can be concluded that, in the basins where the Re and Bs curves are separated from each other, it indicates the active areas and the basins where this curve are closer and get to each other, indicates the less activity. Basins one, five, seven and nine can be considered elongated basins with high tectonic activity and basins three and eight can also be considered as round basins with low tectonic activity. Among these, basins two, four and six are also introduced as relatively active basins.The most basins of the area have a Vf value of less than one, or close to one, which indicates the vertical digging of waterways in the basins and the low amount of erosion in the basins. Among these, basins two, four, five and seven are active basins and other basins are relatively active.Values greater than 50 for asymmetry, indicate an elevation to the right of the basin and values less than 50 indicate an elevation to the left of the main drainage. Thus, basins two, five, and seven uplifts to the right of the basin, and basins one, four, six, and nine rise to the left.According to diagram, the amount of linearity in basins six, seven, eight and nine is more than other basins. Meanwhile, basins one, four and five have more mazes in the mountain front, which indicates less activity of tectonic factors, including the activity of Talesh fault. Basins two and three can also be considered relatively active basins.

Examination of morphometric indices in the basins of the study area shows that the amount of tectonic activity along the Talesh fault is not the same and constant. Some indicators evaluate the northern regions of Talesh fault as active areas and others more active in the southern parts, but the number of indicators that refer to the southern parts is more. Among these, Vf, Smf, AF, SL, Re, Bs indices show more activity in the southern basins of Talesh fault. Finally, the study area can be considered as active areas in view of tectonic activity.The probability of an event for earthquakes of less than 3.5 magnitude in 1 year is 99.99%. In 50 years, earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 2.4 Richter occur 99.99%. Earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 7.4 on the Richter scale and earthquakes with a magnitude of less than 7.5 on the Richter scale have a 99.99% probability of occurring in 100 years.The seismicity coefficient of the region is equal to 3.73 and the b-value which is the structural geology coefficient of the region is equal to 0.594. This means that normally the number of earthquakes in the region will be high and the magnitude of earthquakes will be low.Calculations of the maximum possible acceleration of faults in the study area show that Talesh fault with an approximate length of 82 km and less than 7 km from the center of the study area, has the highest horizontal acceleration of 0.63 m/s2.

The phenomenon of land subsidence is one of the most important environmental hazards that have affected many plains of the country today. Jiroft Plain located in Kerman Province is also one of the areas where subsidence effects are evident. In this research, besides analyzing the spatial subsidence of Jiroft Plain and determining the extent and trend of its spread over a period of time, the effective factors in this phenomenon were investigated. For this purpose, the Sentinel-1 radar images related to the years of 2014-2022 were used. The Coherence Pixel Technique (CPT) was utilized to map the affected areas and determine the subsidence rate. The results of this method showed that the subsidence rate in Jiroft Plain had increased from 11 cm in 2014 to 13 cm in 2022. In addition, its area had increased during this period and the expansion trend had moved towards the northern areas of the plain. To analyze the causative factors of this phenomenon, in addition to studying the changes in the groundwater level of the plain and its relationship with subsidence, the roles of faults and soil thickness in creating or intensifying this phenomenon were investigated. The results showed that in addition to the uncontrolled abstraction from the aquifer, the subsidence of Jiroft Plain was affected by Sabzevaran Fault, while subsidence intensity was higher in the areas with higher soil thickness.

Due to the location of Kerman city on the border of mountains and plains, there are several faults in its vicinity, some of which can cause very destructive earthquakes. The city has a very old central core in terms of architecture and is mainly made of brick and mud buildings that have a high level of vulnerability. Based on this, detailed and scientific studies of seismic vulnerability are among the necessities of Kerman urban management. Therefore, this city was chosen as the study area in this study. The information research and analysis methods were database-based methods and ELECTRE FUZZY model. In this study, quality of buildings, household density in a residential unit, width of passages, distance from the faults, distance from medical centers, access to the fire-fighting station, access to green space, access to temporary accommodation centers, and land use were examined. The results indicated that the 4th and 5th urban areas of Kerman City were the most vulnerable areas against earthquakes. The vulnerability zoning of earthquake risk in this city revealed that the areas of high vulnerability were 28 and 23% in Zones 4 and 5, respectively. More than 50% of the area with high vulnerability rating was located in these areas. Also, Urban Areas 1, 3, and 2 were in the next ranks of high vulnerability zone, respectively.

Complexity of natural processes especially tectonic processes that shape landscapes cannot be evaluated by classic geometry. In comparison with integer dimension of Euclidean space, fractal geometry can analyze features with non-integer dimension (Turcotte, 1977:121). Fractal behavior in such features shows self-similarity that this component is independent of the accuracy of investigation (Baas, 2002, 311). In fact, fractal dimension, is scale-invariant (Phillips, 2002, 144). Spatial variations of fractal parameters are an important factor in studying the tectonic state of regions. By determining the fractal dimension of Linear structures such as faults, it is possible to compare their geometry disorder (Suk moon et al, 1996:5). This parameter affects seismic behavior of fault because earthquake is an event related to faulting (Bachmanov, et al, 2012: 221) and Their concentration in an area indicates tectonic activity. In this research we performed fractal analysis using box counting method on fault and seismic data of northwest of Zagros about different scales of fault and different time periods of earthquake epicenters of two organizations with various detail to find and examine their fractal behavior by fractal dimension.

Data in this research can be divided to three clusters: 1. Fault lines of two scales of geology maps (1:100000 and 1:250000), 2. Earthquake epicenters of two periods of times prepared by two organizations (20 century data of Institute of Geophysics and 1900-2020 data of International Institute of Earthquake Engineering and Seismology) and 3. The second cluster with exert of Magnitude of completeness of earthquakes that show the minimum magnitude above which the data in the earthquake catalog is complete. Fractal analysis applied on these data by box counting method. To achieve this goal firstly, under study area divided to 6 boxes that contain main fault trends horizontally and vertically (A: folded Zagros in west of Kermanshah, B: faulted Zagros around Kermansha and east of kermansha, C: folded Zagros near mountain front fault, D: An area between faulted and folded Zagros near Khoramabad, E: Area around Balarud fault and F: An area between Balarud and mountain front fault to faulted Zagros). To calculate fractal dimension of fault lines and distribution of earthquake epicenters, box counting method suggested by Turcotte (1997) were applied by using Hausdorff dimension, which in two quantity of size (side length of grids) and number (number of grid boxes containing earthquake epicenter or fault) are used to calculate FD (total fractal dimension) value (Schuller et al, 2001: 3). Relation between reciprocal of side length (quantity of size) and number of boxes containing point and linear features (quantity of Number) was drawn Logarithmically as a linear regression in Excel that shows fractal dimension.

Larger values of fractal dimension indicate greater geometric disorder (Sukmono et al., 1996: 5). Analysis of faults of two scales represent that faults geometry is fractal and the amount of FD for scale of 1:100000 compared with scale of 1:250,000 is larger but their result approximately is same. The FD values for both scales are locate between 1 and 2 that expresses development of the fractal community of faults has a linear trend. On the other hand, for earthquakes, increase in FD values shows that earthquakes are not clustered and are distributed homogeneously (Oncel & Wilson, 2002: 339) along a line in understudy area. Calculated number-size values for faults and earthquakes represent both partial and popular FD changes. Based on partial FD, two populations can be classified: (a) Background with FD larger than popular FD; (b) Threshold with FD lower than popular FD.

Fractal analysis of faults of two scales of geology maps reveals that the order of active areas with high FD values in both scales are same but due to different details of faults in geology maps of geology survey and oil company, in scale of 1:100000 area labeled B and in scales of 1:250000 area labeled A is the most tectonically active region, however, area labeled E in both scales has lowest value. The order of active areas based on FD values for earthquake epicenters of 1900-2021 data of geophysics institute do not support other results because area labeled C with low density of faults and earthquake epicenters is in the first order and area labeled A is on the contrary of it. However, FD results of 20 century earthquake epicenters with exert of magnitude of completeness are reliable and higher magnitude of earthquakes spatially recent Ezgeleh earthquake in area labeled A is its evidence.

The study area is located in the western and central Alborz and includes the Taleghan- Alamut and the part of Astaneh and Manjil Basins. There are important fault zones in the area including the Manjil, Jirandeh, Rudbar, Taleghan, Deylaman and Angol. Usually, deformations of the surface of the earth occur slowly about more than a thousand years. Then, in order to detect the activities that cause deformation, we need to look at landforms that have kept the changes over the years. Geomorphic indices are useful for tectonic studies, and these indicators are used for the rapid evaluation of tectonic activity in a particular region. Morphometry and morphology are defined as quantitative measurements and descriptions of shapes and specimens of the landscapes. Morphotectonic is an invaluable instrument in the study of active tectonic. Morphometry is described as quantitative measurements of morphology shapes. Simply, morphologies are described in terms of height and gradient. The study of the tectonic geomorphology of the drainage area can provide important and valuable information about the tectonic conditions of the area and its recent activity. Quantitative measurements allow for the objective comparison of different morphologies and the calculation of less-understood variables and make identification of specific features, including the level of tectonic activity of an area possible. For example, survey of rivers, cutting, and diversion of the river provides important information on the development and evolution of folds and faults in the region. On the other hand, digging the bedrock river basin is mainly due to the tectonic activities that cause the change in the shape and topography of the rivers. The determination of anomalies resulted from active tectonics in the rivers using geomorphological indicators is very useful and can reveal active structures in the region. so, studying the drainage and river diversion pattern provides important information about the structural development of the area. Since detailed studies have not been conducted to investigate the relationship between active tectonic and geomorphology in the study area, a morphometric study to identify the effect of active tectonic on tectonic evolution of drainage basins and rivers is necessary. For this purpose, the active tectonics of Western and Central Alborz in the Shahrud, Taleghanrud and Alamutrud basins were evaluated by measuring seven geomorphologic indices of Hierarchical anomaly (a), Bifurcation (R), Hypsometric integral and curve (Hi), Relative relief (Bh), Drainage density (Dd), Form factor (Ff) and Stream-Length gradient (SL).

In order to determine the tectonic activity in the drainage area scale using morphometric indices for the study area, drainage area and streams were first used a digital elevation model (DEM) of 30 meters in Arc GIS software Extraction and after the required adjustments, 27 basins were determined. Finally, morphometric indices have been measured on the basins. Finally, the total tectonic activity level was determined based on the Relative active tectonics index (Iat) of the area and the study area was classified in terms of tectonic activity. In the next step, geological maps with 1: 100000 scale of geological survey and mineral exploration of Iran and satellite images were used to determine the main structures and geological units of the area from the field data.

In this section, the results of calculating the indicators with the structures of the region were analyzed and for each index the zoning map of tectonic activity in the study area was plotted. Each index was divided into three categories in terms of tectonic activity: Class 1 (high relative tectonic activity), Class 2 (moderate tectonic activity) and Class 3 (low tectonic activity). In the last step, in order to determine the level of total tectonic activity, a relative active tectonic index (Iat) was calculated and the zoning map of this index was plotted. According to the form factor index (Ff), the drainage basins are more elongated in geologically active areas. Therefore, basins with lower values of the form factor index are more active in terms of tectonics. The Hypsometric integral (Hi) describes the relative distribution of elevation in a drainage basin and the high rate of Relative relief index, represents the high level of uplift in the study area that is because of active tectonics. Stream gradient index (SL) shows the effect of environmental changes on river longitudinal profile.

In some areas, observed that there are several classes of tectonic activity during a fault, so the activity in several parts of the fault is different, and may also there was areas with a medium and low activity level in the along of an active fault. Finally, the main structures and geological units of the region were adapted to the results of measuring the morphometric indices and field observations and analyzed. Field studies document the accuracy of the results. The results of this research indicate that the most basins of the study area show the high and very high recent tectonic activity levels which Field evidences and existing earthquakes also confirm this. According to the values of morphometric indices, the zoning map of the tectonic activities of the study area was prepared. A survey of this map shows that about 35 percent (1748 square kilometers) of the study area has very high tectonic activity and about 53 percent (2684 square kilometers) represents relatively very high tectonic activity. Various geomorphic landforms were observed in the study area where fault scarp, deformed alluvial fan deposits, unpaired terraces, triangular facets, V-shape valleys and deep gorges incised near mountain fronts exist. In the study area the most activity is related to the Sefidkhani, Taleghan, Alamutrud-Shahrud, Khashchal, Angol faults, eastern segment of Manjil fault zone and also the faults in the east of the region. Also, the basins associated with Jirandeh, Rudbar, Bolukan and Kharkhon faults show high tectonic activity.

Tectonic geomorphology is the knowledge that can quantify the impact of active tectonics using geomorphic indices as quantitative measurements and descriptions of landforms and landscapes on rivers; thus, quantitative conditions measurements Provides them with the opportunity to identify the status of areas with active tectonic structure. Extraction of geomorphic indices using Digital Elevation Models (DEM) in GIS software environment in recent decades has been accurate and reliable method in drainage basin analysis, as one of these indices for rapid evaluation of activity. In order to study the active tectonics in the study area, the morphotectonic parameters of the rivers have been used. With the study of topographic landforms and the model of drainage systems by using geomorphic indices and the geological structure of each area, it is possible to evaluate the active tectonic performance and to determine the absence of active tectonic movements. The quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Along with the advancement of tectonic science of geomorphology, scientists have found that active tectonic processes can affect the shape and function of rivers being one of the most important observations that occur rapidly. And consistently respond to deformation caused by active tectonics at the surface reflecting minor changes in topography, thus examining drainage pattern and river diversion provides important information on structural expansion and evolution of the area. the Alborz orogenic belt is a part of the named area, and the placement of the studied area in the central Alborz has caused the area to be affected by this tectonic movements. This mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements, one of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that it happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. Firstly, Rivers and basins of the area were extracted using STRAHLER method using 30 m accuracy digital elevation model in Arc GIS software. Then the necessary modifications to the wells and extraction basins were carried out using topographic maps and satellite images and finally the study area was divided into 18 sub-basins. Finally, for the extracted basins, geomorphic indices including hierarchical anomaly indices (Δa), longitudinal river gradient (SL), basin shape (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and relative prominence (Bh) in 18 drainage basins were calculated and finally the relative active tectonic index (IAT) was measured. A tectonic activity zoning map was prepared for each indicator in the study area and the results of the indices were analyzed. Based on the calculations obtained from the hierarchical anomaly index, the index shows very high and high values in sub-basins 2, 6, 9, 10 and 13 along the Khazar, North Alborz and Azarak faults. The values obtained from the basin shape coefficient index calculations are also very high and high along the mentioned faults and in the aforementioned basins. In basins 12, 13 and 15 that lie along the Hassan Gile fault, the values obtained from the relative prominence indices and drainage basin density are very high and high. The extension of these faults in basins 12, 13 and 15 increases the longitudinal gradient index and thus indicates a high rate of morphotectonic anomalies in the area. Finally, by calculations with relative active tectonic person and comparing it with other calculated indices, it was found that sub-basins 12, 13 and 15 affected by Hassan Gil fault activity Very high and sub-basin 6, which is affected by the Azarak fault activity, shows high index. It should be noted that other minor faults formed due to high tectonic activity in the area have a significant impact on the increase of morphotectonic indices and have caused some sub-basins. High levels of indicators and sometimes very high. Studies in this part of central Alborz show that recent relative tectonic activity is high and very high due to the active faults in the region such as Azarak, Caspian and northern Alborz. About 66.5 percent of the area is dominated by these faults, as well as other minor faults formed by recent tectonic movements, suggesting moderate to high tectonic activity. So it can be understand that this area of Alborz totally having the high active tectonic based on morphometric indices.

Qeshm Island is located in the southeastern Zagros salt domes and salt domes in the Persian Gulf and near the Strait of Hormuz. Relative to the tectonic structure on the Arabian-Iranian border, the region has caused the tectonic dynamics of this region. In addition, salt tectonics has had a significant impact on the morphology of the folds of the island. In the present study, for the purpose of analyzing and recognizing the tectonic effects on morphotectonics of Anticline, 4 Anticline Salakh (in the west), Kavarzin (in the north), Souza (center and south), and Giahdan (in the east) of Qeshm Island, were selected based on geomorphologic and Morphotectonics has been investigated. Geologically, the outcropped formations in Qeshm Island include the evaporative series of Hormuz as salt domes or diopters and marl, sandstone and limestone deposits. The oldest known earthquake in the area near Qeshm is 1336 AD and then the earthquake of 1361 AD with a magnitude of 5.3 magnitudes, the destruction of which was reported on Qeshm Island.

The data used in this research include geological maps of the area in order to identify faults and altitudes, digital elevation data (30m DEM of the area) for preparing the location map and information map Google Earth images to measure indices and evaluate tectonic evidence of the region. With the help of the data mentioned and the GIS and Google Earth software, the morphotectonic indices of the Anticline, which include six indices, have been calculated.Also, for better visual perception, the topographic view of the study area, the presence of valleys and plains leading to the Gulf Coast, and the role of faults and lines in the prominences, the longitudinal profile of each of the 4 Anticline studied with a 3D model Each range of Anticline was drawn. To do this, the Global Mapper software has been used.

In Traingular facets surfaces used for the two Anticline of Salakh and Kavarzin, the two parameters, the mean of the area and the length of the base were higher in the kavarzin Anticline, due to the presence and superiority of the limestone in this alder, which has not been able to erosion The range of these rocks (east and south east of the anticline) is much affected, but for the average slope, which is more than 3 percent (kavarzin 17 salakh 20), there is more of the faults and parallel to the rise and rise of the earth In this area, the existence of Qeshm salt dome in the alder area and west of it is more tectonic activity and in Also confirms that effective outcome on the slope. The cause of the highest erosion in the souza Anticline is due to the loose formations (Marl and Gyps) and the presence of low faults in this area and the reason of the least erosion in the kavarzin altogether, on the contrary, is the presence of many faults and the existence of a hard limestone formation in the range To make In the case of the parameter O, which is related to the width of the valley output, the following points can be made: Any amount of this parameter is less, indicating tectonic activity and less erosion. Accordingly, the highest activity level respectively are related to the Anticline kavarzin (100), salakh (106), Giahdan (146) and Sousa (190). In the study of the index Stream Spacing ratio, the higher the R value, the more tectonic activity is observed. In areas with higher erosion, the waterways are wider and the main drains in the sub-basins are more spacious. However, in areas where tectonics are active, young and new areas with less erosion, and parallel and near-parallel drains in the sub-basins. Based on this, the highest tectonic activity among the Anticlines is based Stream Spacing ratio index Anticline kavarzin (3.62), Salakh (2.76), souza (2.26), and Giahdan (2.13). The results show that, based on each of the six indices, each of the 4 Anticline of Salakh, kavarzin, Souza and Giahdan is active in terms of tectonics, and it is important that wherever the density of the fault is greater, the rising of the snowfall is overcome, such as Anticline Salah and kavarzin, and Wherever the density of the fault is reduced, the erosion of the plain creates a uniformity, such as souza and Giahdan. Finally, on the basis of each of the 6 indicators, two Anticline Salakh and kavarzin are tectonically active in terms of tectonic activity and the dangers of Giahdan and Souza due to their tropical and erosion.

What is important is the condition of cities and metropolises that are located on faults or in the vicinity of them and are in danger of earthquakes. The main objective of this research is to analyze the spatial statistics of earthquakes in Khuzestan province and its adaptation to loose faults and sediments. Quaternary. In order to investigate earthquake clusters, the first step was to determine the best earthquake interpolation method from the kriging index. The results showed that the inverse weighing method with the coefficient of 0.75 is the best model for earthquake zoning. For the analysis and distribution of the earthquake spatial distribution, Hot applications using the ArcGIS 10 software and the very flexible Spatial Statistics Tools tool were used. The cluster analysis is a general trend and can be obtained by various algorithms. The largest earthquake cluster pattern is related to earthquakes larger than 6 magnitudes of 003665/1. The results of the total earthquake investigation in Khuzestan province during the statistical period of 2014-2019 showed that the magnitude of the earthquakes in this province is from the northwest to the south-east. The earthquake has a direct relationship with faults and quaternary formation

Tectonic geomorphology is a knowledge that can determine the effect of active tectonic using the geomorphic indices as a quantitative description of the rivers form. Accordingly, quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Active tectonic processes can affect the shape and performance of rivers. The extraction of geomorphic indices using digital elevation map (DEM) in the GIS in the past two decades has been a fast and accurate method for drainage basin analysis so that these indices are used for quick evaluation of recent tectonic activities in a particular region. Base on a natural theory, rivers are the first environmental forms that show a relatively rapid response to changes in the bedding or changes in the outflow of the bed. Regarding the proved reactions of rivers to the occurrence of normal changes, it is possible to analyze them by using geomorphic indices as the result of the effects of tectonic on the river's route. Geomorphic indices are especially used for active tectonic studies. With the study of topographic landforms and the model of drainage systems using geomorphic indices and the geological structure of each area, it is possible to evaluate the active tectonic performance and to determine the absence of active tectonic movements. The quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. Along with the advancement of tectonic science of geomorphology, scientists have found that active tectonic processes can affect the shape and function of rivers being one of the most important observations that occur rapidly. Consistently in respond to deformation caused by active tectonics at the surface reflecting minor changes in topography, thus examining drainage pattern and river diversion provides important information on structural expansion and evolution of the area. The study area is classified into four categories of very high, high, medium and low tectonic activities. Alborz mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements. One of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. 

In this research, with using the Arc GIS software and 1:100000 Geological maps, at first, rivers and basins shapes of the area were extracted using STRAHLER method using 30 m accuracy digital elevation model in Arc GIS software. Then the necessary modifications to the wells and extraction basins were carried out using topographic maps and satellite images and finally a part of central Alborz at Talar and BabolRud area was divided into 19 catchments. 5 morphotectonic indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) were calculated in drainage basins. Using the Relative Active Tectonic (IAT) index, the study area was classified into 4 categories. Category 1 indicates a very high tectonic activity. Category 2 is the high tectonic activity. Category 3 shows the average geological activity and category 4 activities are low relative construction. A tectonic activity zoning map was prepared for each indicator in the study area and the results of the indices were analyzed.

Based on studies of hierarchical anomaly indices in sub-basins associated with North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults, this index increases and shows very high and high rates. Intersection between these faults and the sub-basins waterway has caused anomalies in the connection of low-grade waterways to several degrees higher. In sub-basins 11, 12, 13 and 14 which are dominated by the above-mentioned faults, the bifurcation index and the elevation changes are due to the activity of these faults are high.

Studies in this section of the Alborz mountain range using morphometric indices such as hierarchical anomalies (Δa), Bifurcation (R), Form factor (Ff), drainage density (Dd) and Relative relief (Bh) and using the IAT Index in this area, shows that recent tectonic activity is generally due to the faults activity in the region such as North Alborz and Khatirkuh faults are in a high and very high categories. Based on these studies, it was found that some other minor faults formed due to high tectonic activity and caused by major faults such as North Alborz, Khatirkuh and other major faults in the area affect the indices numbers. Tectonic impacts show that about 33.3% of the sub-basins associated with the major and minor faults

Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank. Planning and related issues should be in a win-win situation between man and the environment. Unfortunately, this has been neglected in human environments, which has caused a lot of costs. The purpose of the research is "Investigating the manipulation on the water bodies (River and Qanat) and fault". The research is based on applied one. The research data, including the river route, were extracted by preparing the DEM and performing the necessary analyzes. The shapefile of Tabriz Qanats prepared by the Tabriz Regional Water Organization as well as Tabriz fault shapefile by the consultants of Padir. Road map of Tabriz downloaded from OSM. The analyzes done by applying standard rules for the river, Qanat and fault. Investigations on level two and three Streams showed that the residential, commercial and industrial uses are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use in the first place. Secondary Arterial Roads had the longest length in the level two and three frontages. In the three-level frontage of main Qanat and Qanat, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential uses have the highest extent. In the fault Frontage, residential use and commercial use are the most frequent, respectively. In terms of area, residential use has the first rank.

Morphotectonics is a knowledge that can determine the effect of active tectonic with using the geomorphic indices as a quantitative description of the Rivers form. The main objective of the morphotectonics is to extract the information on the rate and patterns of active deformation directly from the landscape topography. In the active areas of the land, the bedrock channel network has important connections between the length, height and pattern of the clay-shaped network of rocks, and; accordingly, quantitative measurements provide conditions that allow them to identify the status of active tectonics areas. The location of Iran in the Alpine-Himalayan folded belt has caused the most parts of Iran to be active in terms of tectonics; the Alborz orogenic belt is a part of the named area, and the placement of the studied area in the central Alborz has caused the area to be affected by this tectonic movements. This mountain range is the result of two orogenic movements, one of them is Precambrian ores (Acinitic), the course of which is essentially a metamorphism that leads to the interconnection and hardening of the paving stones in the Precambrian, The second one is the Alpine orogeny movements that it happens in Mesozoic and Cenozoic periods. This mountain range is approximately 600 kilometers long and 100 kilometers wide along the south side of the Caspian Sea. The northern margin of the Alborz line is usually sloping. General trend of study area is NE-SW. main faults of this study area is Khazar, North Great Alborz and Taleqan faults; which the Khazar fault is located on a structural boundary on the southern end of the Caspian Sea from Gorgan to Tonekabon cities and has a length of more than 600 kilometers. The north Alborz fault is a inverted-thrust fault and the general trend of this fault is parallel to the Khazar fault. Taleghan fault with approximate east-west orientation and approximate length of 64 km and has a slope to the south is located near Taleqan city in the central part of Alborz. According to the definition of “fault segments” which means the fragmentation of a fault along the length into smaller pieces due to the collision of other faults to it, the topographic changes or bending of the fault, can change the type of tectonic activity of this piece of the ratio fault To other parts. Therefore, studying the segments of large faults that located in the study area is important. In this research, the effect of active tectonic on the longitudinal profile of the river has been researched and studied with using of modern methods. Longitudinal profile was then obtained by using digital elevation method (DEM) in MATLAB and Arc GIS software environment and then the values of Ksn and θ indexes in central Alborz region between Chalous, Ramsar and Taleqan cities along each river were calculated and determine their relationship with the structures of the area. The rivers of the studied area were classified into 4 levels very high, high, medium and low according to the values of the Ksn. The results of this classification shows that the studied area has very high and high tectonic activity. Thus, The western part of the Caspian Sea with the Ksn index range of 298 and the western part of central Alborz in the Taleghan area with with the Ksn index range of 109 have the highest and lowest tectonic activity of the studied basin. After studying the effect of main areas fault such as Khazar fault, Great Alborz fault, Taleqan thrust it was determined that the recent tectonic activity due to the movements of these faults has been affected the rivers of the study area. Regarding the classification of the Ksn along named faults in the study area and the high values obtained, it was revealed that recent tectonic activity in this part of northern Iran was attributed not only by the activity of large faults such as Khazar and Alborz; but also from activity of Other minor faults, such as Azarak faults, south of Shirax village, Dezben, SiahBishe and Holoudaran village fault have caused changes in the rivers of the study area due to their movement and displacement.So that, Generally at the intersection of faults and rivers, longitudinal profiles undergo significant changes in gradients by activity of the named faults. Also, evidence of earthquakes and the geospatial evidence obtained from field observations such as the existence of deep and narrow gorges, alluvial terraces and Waterfalls is a proof of the results of this study.

The geological position and faults of Iran have caused earthquakes in the country throughout history. Assessing the seismic hazard of Tehran as the capital and its suburbs due to direct impact on the city of Tehran is very important from the viewpoint of earthquakes and the risks and possible damage caused by possible earthquakes to rehabilitate the more dangerous and vulnerable areas, as well as the creation of suitable facilities for the time of crisis... The hashtgerd range has high seismic activity due to its geographic proximity to Tehran. This is due to the construction of Hashtgerd new town, which has caused the extraordinary increase of human and urban densities in recent years to reduce the need of the region for more accurate and more rigorous surveying of seismicity. Risks make it special. In this research, using the conventional method of probabilistic seismic hazard analysis, the study area is located at 250 km radius of seismic studies and the estimated seismic riskiness of the area was estimated by analyzing the results. According to the study, the north and east of the region have higher fault densities. Also, according to the iso-acceleration map for a return period of 475 years, the maximum values are in the northern and northeastern strips as discrete zones and also in the southwest of Hashtgerd city in Najmabad area. The southern margin of the Alborz province generally has relatively less accelerated areas. The Hashtgerd city in the high danger zone ranges from 0.38 g to 46 g. Also, the map for the return period of 2475 years indicates that the maximum values are in the south of Hashtgerd, and Hashtgerd is in the range with an acceleration range greater than 0.68-0.85g.

Masal district, like other parts of western of Guilan, is exposed to a number of natural hazards, including landslides due to its special conditions. In this study 91 identified landslides indicate the high importance of this phenomenon and its associated risks to the Masal. Therefore, the present study was based on a descriptive and analytical method, based on library studies and the use of existing documents and articles and researches previously done. Topographic maps with scale of 1.25000 and 1.50000 and maps Geology was used on a scale of 1.000.000. The GPS was used as research tool and Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) as algorithm. Data were analyzed in AutoCAD environment using ArcGIS software. In AHP method dual comparison of factors and components as the best zoning method was selected. Data were combined by using ArcGIS software and extraction of restriction and vector models and three-dimensional models such as DAM and TIN models. As a result of the work, not only in the hierarchical analysis method but also in the frequency of each of the factors, slopes of 10 to 30 degrees had the highest percentage of landslide.