جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "geoeconomics" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

In order to achieve the goal and correctly formulate the current and future conditions of Southwest Asia, written university texts including books, articles, internet, etc. will be used. The findings of recent studies show the gradual decline of the economic position of the United States and the European Union and the emergence of new economic powers in the world, especially China and Russia, in the 21st century. Because the supply of its transmission energy guarantees the position of the hegemon on the world stage. Controlling the energy resources of the Greater Near East is considered one of the basic strategies of the United States to ensure the flow of energy to the West, curbing China as the most important energy consumer in the world, and curbing Russia with its presence in Central Asia and the Caucasus. In such a situation, the adoption of active and intelligent diplomacy in the field of energy by Iran will be very decisive and have numerous geopolitical and geo-economic effects at the regional and global levels. Therefore, national interests require that by maintaining the principles of honor, wisdom and expediency, Iran plays an effective and active role in the field of regional and global cooperation in terms of increasing production and trade.

Geopolitical is intrinsically linked with economy in two of its three constituent elements, i.e. geography and capabilities, so if economy is linked with power and politics and is mixed with geography, it is placed in the field of geopolitics, in which case geo-economy as an economic dimension Geoplotics is formed which is in the subcategory of political geography. In general, it can be said that the function of geoeconomics is the production of economic power by using space and geographical locations to increase the geopolitical weight of a country.

The research method is descriptive, analytical, with a survey approach. The statistical group of the research is formed by PhD students of Political Geography of Tehran University of Research Sciences in 2019.

The sampling method is purposive sampling. and to analyze the data and show the relationship between the meaning of the drug and the effectiveness of each of the components, the one-sample t-test, chi-square test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient have been used. There is a significant difference, therefore, among the zoo-economic components, cultural ideology component with an average of 3.20, population with an average of 3.18, and energy with an average of 3.15 have had the greatest impact on national power.

China is arguably the biggest phenomenon of the 21st century. A country that has overcome the other countries of the world in the amount of production of various industrial products, in the evolution of its territorial development, in the construction of infrastructures and super-projects in speed and breadth. China is now the first trading partner of more than 130 countries. In the Middle East, although some countries may be pro-Western and ally of the United States, they do have extensive trade with China. At present, the Middle East, and especially the Persian Gulf, is being considered by China and it is trying to enter this region in the form of a "belt and road initiative". Iran, as a strategic country in the Middle East, Asia and the world, is one of the most important geographical areas of interest to China.
After the Cold War, with the defeat of bipolar and ideological rivalries, economic relations developed. The end of the twentieth century and the beginning of the twenty-first century were the decades of the emergence of new economic powers in Asia. One of these powers was China, which achieved a major leap in its economy with extensive reforms since 1979 and the expansion of its relations with the West and the attraction of investment from developed countries. In the first two decades of the 21st century, no country has received as much attention from the world's superpower, the United States, as China; Because it has been the biggest challenge to American economic power. Therefore, China's containment policies have always been on the agenda of the United States and the West. To counter US-centered Western actions, China has taken extensive steps to partner with emerging economies such as the BRICS, the Eurasian Bank, and the Belt and Road Initiative, the latest of which is a global geo-economic mechanism. This super-project has annexes in the form of bilateral and multilateral cooperation agreements, such as the comprehensive cooperation agreement (25 years) between Iran and China, which is considered in this article.

This research has been done by analytical-descriptive method. Documentary and library studies and searches in international scientific databases as well as reputable websites have been used to collect information. The research question is as follows: According to the document of the Comprehensive Cooperation Program (25 years) between Iran and China, what are the most important geopolitical opportunities for Iran in this document?

Taking advantage of the comparative advantages and bilateral Geo-economic capacities and creating economic and territorial ties between the two countries will lead to the development of interdependence, which will create a network of Geo-economic links and increase the interests of Iran and major Asian countries, especially China. It also reduces the effect of sanctions pressures and geopolitical isolation, which, of course, depends on strict adherence to the principles of negotiation, concessions, balancing between economic rivals and Iran's withdrawal from current pressures. Therefore, Geo-economic contexts such as the Belt and Road Initiative in the form of subcontracts such as the 25-year Iran-China Cooperation Agreement, create interdependence between Iran and China and other countries involved in this super project, which automatically has a geo-economic structure with a high level of complex interdependence. It creates governments and companies and institutions involved in it and increases the cost of sanctions and geo-economic isolation of Iran to Western competitors.
China, with its large and expanding economy, is the world's second largest economy after the United States, and given the significant growth of this emerging economic power, it is expected to become the number one economic power in the coming decades during the 25-year agreement with Iran. The world is transformed. Naturally, a relationship with a country with such an economic volume is important and has positive results. A comprehensive cooperation agreement with the economic power, which bears the title of the world's factory and has a strong level of technology and manpower, can lead to economic mobilization in Iran and strengthen energy and communication infrastructure and other clauses in the agreement. The geo-economic link between the two world and regional powers in the two dimensions of economy, technology, energy and access can lead to interdependence between the two countries, which will affect both Iran's economic development and its geopolitical consequences.
The 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement between Iran and China is aimed at developing China's "Belt and Road Initiative". The initiative of the belt and the road and the adaptation of its land and sea routes to Iran's Geo-economic position have made this country an important element in the overall plan of the project, which makes the Chinese project dependent on Iran. In the long run, this will create interdependence between Iran and China, which will have positive consequences for Iran, including Iran's exit from Geo-economic-geopolitical isolation and the reduction of the effects of Western sanctions in the long run. Iran's involvement in the Belt and Road Initiative and its implementation in the process of a 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement will complicate Iran's economy and geo-economy with China, as well as other countries in this major Eurasian project.

Taking all the circumstances into consideration, the current situation of economic pressure and sanctions and Geo-economic isolation of Iran, the implementation of agreements such as the 25-year comprehensive cooperation agreement with China has a good perspective, which is based on mutual geo-economic and geopolitical realities. It also welcomed the Asian economic powers and placed Iran in a position above the chin and gain concessions to attract foreign capital and develop infrastructure and increase employment and national welfare and thus increase the geopolitical weight. But at the same time, with accurate calculation and monitoring of threats, emerging threats to the Geo-economic and geopolitical position of the country should be prevented.

The geography of transportation is to study the geographical areas on which transportation is done and includes water-based and land-based strips as the main routes. Although the history of the carriage dates back to "human antiquity", the most important documents in the field of transport go back to the Silk Road. This route, which dates back to the second century BC and was commercially viable for almost 1800 years until the sixteenth century, represents Marco Polo's long journey from Venice to China for decades on the trade route between Europe and Asia. In fact, the transportation and transit of goods and passengers was "land-based" in the past, but today independent political units to expand their economic power, in addition to the land-based view, put sea transportation on their agenda and international corridors by sea, land and combination of its results. So that today more than 80% of world trade is done through sea transport, and, this type of transport is the main axis of the global economy. Transportation corridors are physically defined as a combination of routes that connect economic activity centers in one or more neighboring countries. From the point of view of the Railway Cooperation Organization, an international corridor is the international transport network that uses railways, waterways and roads for the international transport and transit of goods. This type of transportation should be done with the least possible time and high economic efficiency. Today, international transport corridors connect countries on all four sides of the map, the most important of which are the North-South Corridor, the East-West Corridor or the New Silk Road (China's One Belt one Road Initiative) and the EU TRACECA Corridor. The main issue of the present study is the systematic study of Iran's role in international corridors from a geopolitical perspective, and since research in this area is poor, we decided to complete this study. Here we review the literature on the role of transit of Iran and related issues.

The present study is of a fundamental and theoretical type that, by presenting the Hypothesis of "Iran, the heartland of the world's corridors", tries to analyze the geopolitical role of Iran in international corridors. The method of data collection in this research is documentary and library, and the method of data analysis is descriptive-analytical.

Iran, with its geopolitical foundations that are influenced by its geography, has always been considered by the countries of the world, especially the world powers, and in terms of geographical location, it has been located in the connection of different civilizations, nations and ethnic groups and geographical regions, and has facilitated the interaction between the civilizations of Sindh and Punjab, Mesopotamia and Transoxiana. This country has been considered as a crossroads of civilizations since ancient times and has had a very good position in terms of sea and land. Iran was also at the heart of the ancient land Silk Road, linking Oriental civilization to Western civilization and being a communication route for extensive interactions on the one hand, and great wars on the other.Iran is located in a unique geographical position, acting as a bridge between Africa, Europe and Asia, connecting India and Russia in the north-south corridor; Connecting Asia and Europe in the East-West corridor; Connecting Central Asia, the Caucasus, Turkey and Western Europe in the TRACECA Corridor; Connecting Southeast Asia to northwestern Europe in the South Asian Corridor; The link between ECO members as well as Central Asian countries to the high seas and the Persian Gulf is considered in the Ashgabat agreement. In fact, Iran is in one of the best geographical locations in the world, playing a combination of geopolitical, geostrategic, geoeconomic and geotransit roles in Southwest Asia.Iran's geographical position Due to its connection with the high seas and its position between the two powers, naval and land, in other words, Riemland's position in the geopolitical theories of global strategy has created a transit position for Iran, These features make communicating with Iran and crossing its space inevitable. Communicating with Iran and crossing its space has been done mainly with two main goals: first, socio-economic goal to provide goods, materials, thoughts and ideas, people and means of transportation through Iran. This is what is being interpreted as "Iran's communication role" and has been stable from the past to the present. Second, the military goal that has been achieved with the aim of occupying Iran and occupying the territories beyond Iran.
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Iran, with its geopolitical foundations that are influenced by its geography, has always been considered by the countries of the world, especially the world powers. Today, the geographical-transit situation of Iran has not only not declined, but with the construction of international corridors and the revival of the Silk Road, and its location in the heart of the world's most vital corridors, it has become a special geopolitical situation. In fact, Iran, as the heartland of the world's corridors, is the axis of connection between East and West through the OBOR initiative (New Silk Road) and north and south through the connection of South Asia to the north of the Eurasia (INSTC). It also provides transit links between Russia, Eastern Europe, Central Europe, Northern Europe, the Caspian-Central Asia and the Caucasus on the one hand and South Asia, Southeast Asia, the Far East, Oceania and the Persian Gulf on the other. In addition to being located in the geographical center of the ECO member countries, it is also the shortest and most economical route for the landlocked states to reach the ocean waters, which is reflected in the Ashgabat Agreement. This geo-transit position of Iran in the 21st century global geopolinomical system, which relies on geographical-political-economic resources centered on ports and corridors, can provide Iran with many playing cards in regional and global power games. This will be achieved if attention to Iran's special role in international corridors is paid to it as a geopolitical code is on the agenda of Iran's foreign policy.

Energy security is an economic-political issue, so on the one hand, important parts of the economy talk about availability, scarcity, market performance and price formation, energy trade and economic development of countries, and On the other hand, energy security is determined by the geopolitical environment and international relations. This descriptive-analytical research seeks to evaluate the level of domestic energy availability, consumption levels and energy policies in an economic analysis and to prove with the relevant descriptions that the international economic order controls the energy market. This theoretical framework analyzes the interactions between economics and politics in the international system, and in particular between governments and markets. In order to explain, economic analysis, international political economy, and international relations will provide an ideal conceptual and theoretical basis for the subject under analysis. Was. For this reason, in order to explain the subject, questions are raised that the accuracy of their analysis can logically answer the impact and impressionability, the first question is how the economy affects political issues? And the second question in line with the first question is how the level of openness and integration in the international economy affects the national policies, interests and decisions of different actors?

Geopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts. The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature. The most important geopolitical contexts were identified based on the study of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Then, the most important contexts and areas of geopolitical relations are presented in five dimensions of "interaction, opposition, competition, influence and domination" and finally a model is proposed for the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations.IntroductionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits),fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors).One of the most important issues in geopolitics is "geopolitical relations". A geopolitical relation is the study and analysis of the effects of geographical components on the relations between states and international relations. Geopolitical relations are relationships between states and countries based on geographical contexts. In fact, the difference between geopolitical relations and political relations is the geographical background of geopolitical relations. In geopolitical relations, contexts are relationships based on geographical components and contexts.In general, geopolitical relations are those that are established between states and governments and political actors based on a combination of factors of politics, power and geography. Therefore, in order to understand the specific phenomena that occur in geopolitical relations between countries, geographical factors need to be taken into account. Geography plays a pivotal role in geopolitical relations and provides the impetus for shaping the political will of the relationship as well as influencing the level of actor power (Hafez Nia, 2006, 362). On the other hand, dominant ways of behavior between states, because of various types of relationships, vary in the range of patterns including 'interaction', 'domination', 'influence' and 'competition' and 'confrontation'. Today, geopolitics, geopolitical relations and their analysis are mostly done at the transnational scale.Therefore, the study of the pattern of geopolitical relations on three international, regional and global scales can be discussed. But what matters most is the context and of geopolitical relations. In this research, the most important contexts of geopolitical relations are studied based on the study of theories and approaches and finally the contexts for the dimensions of geopolitical relations as well as the proposed model for the fields of geopolitical relations between countries are presented.MethodologyThis research seeks to theoretically explain the contexts and fields of geopolitical relations between countries. From Newman's point of view, by referring to more general ideas and abstract principles in terms of cause and effect, theoretical explanations describe why a particular event occurs.The purpose of this study is to model the most important geopolitical contexts. The research method in this study is based on theoretical purpose and descriptive-analytical nature.In terms of the purpose, this research is basic. In basic research, the purpose is to discover the facts and to understand the phenomena that lead to the increasing human knowledge. In this research, identifying the components and areas that influence its geopolitical relations is known as a basic research. The components and contexts were identified based on the review of nineteen theories and approaches presented by theorists and scholars of political geography, geopolitics, political science, international relations, and the environment. Research method was descriptive-analytic and the data were collected through library resources. The data were also analyzed qualitatively. Qualitative research is introspective, political, subjective - reflective - interpretive, theory generating and human-centered. The main objective of the study is to explore the conceptual factors (backgrounds and contexts) that influence the formation of geopolitical relationships.Results and discussion On one hand, some theories and approaches have emphasized on one component in geopolitical formation and relationships, such as Huntington's Clash of Civilizations , Geo-economy's (Edward Lutwac's) theory, Muhammad Khatami's Civilization's Dialogue, and the theory of Louise Richardson. Some theories and approaches included several components, such as: Mackinder's Heartland Theory, Spykman's Rimland Theory, ‎Alfred Thayer Mahan's Maritime Power, Wallerstein's World System Theory, " Theory of Power Systems (Brzezinski), Kaplan's theory of the Chaos of the Future, Peter Hagget's Theory, Thomas Homer Dixon's Theory, Regional Conflict Theory (Jeffrey Camp and David Harvey), Theory of Conflict (John Robert Prescott), and the Approach to Geopolitical Conflict (John Collins).The study of theories and approaches shows that each of the theories emphasizes on one or more of the geopolitical, geo-economic, hydro-politics, and geo-cultural components, and no theory encompasses all four components together.Relations between countries took different forms along the temporal dimensions and geographical characteristics of countries. The dimensions of geopolitical relations between countries vary in terms of interaction, competition, domination, influence and opposition.ConclusionThe results show that the most important geopolitical contexts and fields include geo-cultural contexts (ethnic groups in neighboring countries, religious affiliation with peripheral countries, historical and civilization factor, ideological factor), contexts and fields of Geopolitics (territorial issues, geographic location, regional hegemony, security approach, geopolitical weight, alliances, regional geopolitical structure, geopolitical codes, neighborhoods and the number of neighbors), geo-economic contexts (Underground and fossil resources, international straits),fields and contexts of hydro-politics ( International rivers, common maritime boundaries and environmental factors).

One of the factors that can affect the growth and development of a region is migration, as one of the most important arguments that can be made about the authenticity and legitimacy of the growth and development of a region is its ability to control population displacement and migration. Migration is a process that changes the rate of population growth or the rate of growth of labor supply. Immigration itself has many social, cultural and economic implications in both migrant and migrant countries. Given the large volume of domestic and foreign migration in our country, which according to experts and officials of the Ministry of Interior has reached the point of crisis, the main question of the article is what effect this crisis has on the political, geographical and economic balance between geographical areas. Does Iran allow immigrant areas? The hypothesis that we are trying to examine in this article is that there seems to be a positive and significant relationship between the current migration crisis and the imbalance of political, geographical and economic balance between the geographical regions of Iran's first immigrant and non-migrant regions. has it. This article is done using explanatory analytical method and using library resources and articles and macro documents. The method of data collection is also library and also the use of scientific-research articles. The tool is data collection and the use of tables and graphs as well as maps.

Spatial Planing is a set of coordinated and coherent knowledge, techniques, principles, policies, programs, actions and operations aimed at eliminating inequalities, organizing and regulating biological and geographical spaces and places. Is used. Kermanshah province has always had special problems due to its location in the western border areas of the country and its proximity to Iraq and its long and complex borders. The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and library-survey collection method with the aim of identifying effective geopolitical and geoeconomic criteria for the realization of Kermanshah provincechr('39')s beauty programs using one-sample t-test and linear regression statistical methods. The results of one-sample t-test in the section of geopolitical indicators showed that proximity to the unstable and critical political realm of Iraq with an average score of 3.48 and in the discussion of geoeconomic indicators lack of proper economic development with a score of / 92. 3 Experts have been most concerned about the feasibility of beauty programs. Also, the results of regression test showed that geopolitical criteria had a greater impact on the feasibility of land management in Kermanshah province. Also, the results of regression test showed that geopolitical criteria had a greater impact on the feasibility of land management in Kermanshah province.

Middle Eastern countries face many internal problems such as terrorism, poverty and social inequality. A number of countries in the region have historically been at war with each other. The presence of supra-regional powers has also worsened the situation. In such an insecure environment, countries' military spending naturally increases. The situation is not normal in the Middle East, from Palestine to Syria, Egypt, Libya, Turkey, Iraq, Pakistan and Afghanistan. Iraq is involved in ISIS. Syria is embroiled in a civil war. Libya has stabilized despite removing Gaddafi.

Countries in the Middle East region include: Iran, Jordan, Occupied Palestine, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, Turkey, Palestine, Syria, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Oman, Qatar, Kuwait, Lebanon, Egypt, Yemen. The name of the Middle East region is one of those letters that has nothing to do with the history, culture and identity of the people and nations living in this part of the globe.This research is based on an applied purpose and a descriptive-survey method. The statistical population of the study was experts in the field of political geography that 220 people were selected as a statistical population by purposive sampling method and 140 people were selected as a sample using Morgan table. A questionnaire consisting of 24 questions was used to collect data. Cronbach's alpha method was used to assess the reliability and confirmatory factor analysis test using LISREL software was used for statistical analysis due to the normality of the data and TO software was used for their ranking by IS software. Took. The results of the article show that the reason for the divergence of the countries in the region in the face of regional crises is that the components that form these crises are rooted in the heterogeneous existence, identity and culture and economy of the countries in the region and thus divert convergence.

The structure of the Middle East is endogenous, conflicting and anarchic; As a result, crises are rapidly gaining military dimension and are spiraling out of government control; In a way, the governments of the region are not able to manage and control the crisis due to lack of consensus. The source of this unstable and unbalanced situation are various factors that increase and intensify the effect of each other in influencing and mutually influencing each other. These crises, which disrupt one or more sub-systems of the system, continue to put the entire social system at risk of inefficiency and collapse. The diffuse nature of the crises in the Middle East has led to the emergence of one crisis after another. Accordingly, as long as the roots of the crisis, or in other words, the super-crises, exist in the valley of the region, it will not be possible to achieve a crisis-free Middle East. Middle Eastern countries have characteristics that act as security interests in convergence, regionalism, and efforts to build a collective security system. Ethnic and tribal conflicts and divisions, religious differences and dissatisfaction with the imposed borders are among the factors that cause the emergence of regional crises. The imbalance of power, the intervention of great powers, and the existence of insurmountable conflicts in the interests of actors that arise from identity challenges, bring regional rivalries into confrontational arenas. The Middle East crises, in addition to their common roots, also have common features. In most of these crises, multiple actors intervene nationally, regionally and internationally, and this multiplicity of actors complicates the crisis and makes it more difficult to resolve. The acting of non-state actors, who are usually affiliated with one of the regional or international power poles and may have risen from the transnational to the transnational level in certain circumstances, is another feature of recent crises in the Middle East. Crises in the Middle East occur first in the social or economic spheres and then, turning into a political crisis, go through a transformation crisis into a security crisis, and ultimately end in war in most cases. The axis of resistance, which is considered to be the ally of the regions of Iran, has taken place and has targeted the power of the regions of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the axis of resistance. Also, all these crises were manifestations of civil war. This is more the case in Syria and less so in Iraq and Yemen; But in any case, the war between the parties involved in the crisis has spread to cities, streets and alleys.

The Middle East, as the center of the world's energy throughout the twentieth century, and doubly at the beginning of the new century, has been the site of numerous upheavals and crises, the effects of which have often transcended regional levels. The Middle East region, especially since the end of World War II, because of its importance in the world economy, became more and more interested in the great powers and forced them to participate in and influence the developments in the region through various tools. To use. In the twentieth century, the region was a major source of energy for the world, and on the other hand, it has been the center of some crises and tensions, mainly due to the presence of Israel and the greed of some major powers, especially the United States. For this reason, developments in the Middle East are tied to global security as well as the international political economy. That is why the Middle East has long been the focus of the great powers, which has led them to offer different definitions of the Middle East in accordance with their broad interests and needs.In addition to its strategic location, the Middle East region has the largest energy reserves, which shows the interdependence between the largest producers, industrialized and developed countries, and the governments of the region; Unfortunately, due to lack of self-awareness and lack of a common regional strategy, Middle Eastern countries have not been able to use their position and resources to advance and secure their national interests and independence, and remain dependent on the West and the hegemonic system. This region is the center of the main international conflicts in the decades (Israeli Arabs) and in recent years (Iraq and Afghanistan front). The terrorist attack on the United States prompted American experts and statesmen to seek out the main sources of terrorism. After the events of September, the Middle East was introduced to the world as an unprecedented source of terrorism; and this time the domination campaigns in the form of the US-led fight against terrorism began at the beginning of the 21st century with the invasion of Afghanistan and then Iraq. In 2010, the wave of Islamic awakening in the Arab world in the Middle East faced many changes and events that continue to this day (2014) and take many victims in Syria and Iraq. Countless terrorist and armed groups have emerged, and suicide and terrorist attacks are being transmitted daily in what is now called the Middle East, the most critical region in the world.

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, geopolitical relations centered on the geopolitical world scale, which means that the economic function of the places gives them geopolitical weight. Iran can use this capacity to organize. Regional and international institutions, particularly in the Indian Ocean region, thereby linking the interests of other countries with the Oman coast and, in addition to promoting its geopolitical status in the world and the region, by establishing a regional and global consensus, provide new opportunities for security And the Gulf of Chabahar, as the interconnecting space between the inner and outer space, can play a strategic role in the modern political economy of the international economy and the political economy of trade and transit of energy in the Indian Ocean region towards India and China plays a strategic role in shaping a regional cooperation organization.

The methodology governing the research is a mixed method. Through library studies and conducting exploratory interviews, the indicators have been considered and the questionnaire has been developed to verify the validity and reliability of the interviews.

The present study was conducted as a correlation research to explore the geopolitical influences of Chabahar Gulf on Indian Ocean developments, especially the rivalries between India and China. In the theoretical part of the research, the researcher examined and analyzed the various theories among political actors and selected the theories that could be used as the basis for the study and the conceptual framework of the research was based on it. Finally, a hybrid model was developed and It was used as a theoretical framework for research. Regarding the gender of the research method, first, a spectrum of elites and scholars in the Indian Ocean region was identified and conducted a deep and explicit interview. In the next step, after implementing and analyzing the results of the interviews, relevant indicators and concepts, the studied axis, the questionnaire was designed to assess the validity and reliability of the interviews. The questionnaires were compiled based on the indexes and distributed among the two spectrum of experts in the field of operations. Information collected through spss software was reviewed. After analyzing the findings of the analysis, it became clear that the Chabahar Gulf possesses the potential and actual capabilities that the powers of China and India can use in their power relations between competition and cooperation. In fact, the Chabahar Gulf is a coin that plays a role on the one hand of the coin (geospatial) and on the other, the competition and the conflict (geopolitics). Iran and other political actors, by adopting a geo-economic approach, will be able to forgive the developments in the Indian Ocean by sharing interests in the Chabahar Gulf. Therefore, two windows are open to Iran and other actors: the geopolitical window and the geo-spacTherefore, the Indian Ocean can be considered as a geopolitical region in which various local and global actors play a role in acquiring power resources, among which two main actors in this area are the cast of India and China, which are as active characters in the region And each attempt to turn to the hegemony of the Indian Ocean region dictates the requirements for the foreign policy instrument and the diplomacy of the two countries, India and China, which continues the geopolitical rivalry of both Indian and Chinese actors to adopt an effective and practical political and political strategy. In order to achieve its own benefits, it is unacceptable and deprived are off the opposite side. Therefore, politics and relations between powers and political actors have always been a rivalry and an endless struggle for gaining, preserving and upgrading power, because geographic spaces do not have the ability to meet all the needs of actors, and the principle of scarcity rests on such spatial domains And, accordingly, power is considered as the ultimate goal because of its fundamental role in providing other purposes. In other words, all human values and their realization depend on an element in the name of power, and this has dominated political life from the outset, because gaining power is equal to the survival, security and realization of the values that an actor seeks to bring to the cast India and China are no exception. But if we look out of the geo-economics window, we will encounter a geographic space in which actors with a positive perspective seek to gain in the shadow of collaboration with other actors; in other words, the logic of the non-zero algebraic summation is replaced by the logic of zero algebraic summation And actors will step in the direction of geopacific. So If you look at the geospatial and geospatial windows in the Indian Ocean, you will find a favorable atmosphere for the beginning of cooperation and convergence with the powers of China and India as well as other actors who can take this opportunity to increase their weight and improve their position in the first step and other Actors to use. In this regard, suggestions from research in three sections, economic, political and military-security, and three national, regional and international scales have been presented to enhance the role of the Chabahar Gulf in the Indian Ocean.

The result of the analysis showed that there is a significant relationship between the geopolitics of the Chabahar Gulf and the Indian Ocean and the Indian-Chinese rivalry in the alpha level of P = 0/00. As a result, there is a correlation between the two variables and it can be assured with 0.99% that each of the geopolitical capacities and capabilities of the Chabahar Gulf is properly used, the ratio of the Indian Ocean's ocean's role, especially the India-China rivalries, will increase. . It was inferred from the answers to the questionnaire that 82% of experts and experts believe that the geopolitics of the Chabahar Gulf has a great impact on Indian Ocean developments, especially between India and China.

Intrduction:
Geopolitics contains three elements of geography, politics and power. Economics on the one hand is one of the dimensions of the geographic space and on the other hand is one of the dimensions of power.Geopolitics is inherently linked to two elements of its three constituent elements, namely geography and power, with economics. Therefore, if the economics is tied up with power and politics, and with geography, it is placed in the sphere of geopolitics that in this case, geoeconomics is formed as economic dimension of geopolitics, which is located under Political Geography field. The research method is descriptive-analytic. Data collection is done in a library method and using internet resources, and the analysis has also been carried out qualitatively. Findings:
Although the use of economic instruments in politics has long history, but after the Cold War and globalization, economic approaches became more prominent and geoeconomic matters are highlighted day by day in both domestic and foreign policies and also as a new method of governance. Although, in terms of relationship, geoeconomics is a sub-branch of geopolitics, but there are differences in between them. In geoeconomics there are several involving actors which complicates this approach than geopolitics. The instruments used in geoeconomics, in addition to a great variety, are mostly soft-power tools that causes more complexity in the international system. Geoeconomics is a new approach to foreign and domestic policy and governance, which seeks to strengthen national infrastructure and infrastructure and help increase the geopolitical weight of the country which will change the country's position in the geopolitical system and consequently an increase in power to gain national interests. In the case of Iran, It seems that analyzing the country's problems from the point of view of geo-economics can open up a new and realistic perspective on issues. Also prescribed solutions and strategies from this point of view, are more accurate and useful.

The province of Kirkuk is considered as one of the most important controversial regions between Kurdish people and the central government that has overshadowed all peaceful negotiations among Kurdish parties and central government of Iraq from the foundation of this country up to now. The fate of this province has been one of the controversial issues between The Kurds and Iraqi central government. Iraqi Kurds have ever considered Kirkuk as inseparable land of Kurdistan and Iraqi Kurdish leaders have always called it “heart of Kurdistan” or “Qods of Kurdistan”. They have repeatedly claimed in their political position that they never compromise upon its fate. On the other hand, Iraqi central government does not regard this area as Kurdish habitats and so it has never accepted Kurdish requests claiming counting on Kirkuk as an incident annexation of Kurdistan. This research has assumed that Kirkuk’s geo-economic weight in the national and regional (international) scale is one of the barriers preventing the annexation of Kirkuk to Kurdistan region. This research with its geopolitical approach and with its descriptive-analytic method using library and field findings investigates the barriers preventing the joining of Kirkuk to Kurdistan regional government.In countries with heterogeneous racial - ethnic, the relation between the ruling race with other races is of very important issues which are studied by geo-political geographers. The country of Iraq is one of the numerical countries which compose of various heterogeneous races and religions and it is the very direct manufacture and creature of Britain’s Middle-East related politics in twentieth century. Kurds make the second big races in Iraq who have been engaged in struggle with Iraqi Regime from the foundation of this country until 1991 to obtain their political rights. In 1992, the first Kurdish regional government was established in a part of Kurdistan of Iraq which had been modified earlier as a safe area by the Western collation forces under the leadership of the United States. The area in which the Kurdish regional government was formed included three states of Erbil, Sulaimaniyah and Dahuk. The areas which the Kurds claim as being parts of Kurdistan are Kirkuk and a part of Mosul, Diyala, and Salah Al-Din. Kirkuk is the most controversial area between the Kurds and central government which has influenced all peaceful negotiations between Kurd parties and Iraqi central government. In scrutinizing the annexation of Kirkuk to Kurdistan, a very important question is raised: what is the most principal obstacle against the addendum of Kirkuk to Kurdish regional government? For getting the response to this question the null hypothesis of the research has been reviewed as follow: “It seems that geo-economic weight of Kirkuk, in national and international scale, is the most important obstacle in joining Kirkuk to Kurdistan region”. The research is descriptive- analytic in terms of nature and method. Data gathering procedure is based on library and field finding. Data analysis will be done using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and conclusion will be done using the two methods. The study and analysis of findings of the research lead to the following results, which are summarized as follows: The controversial problem of the fate of Kirkuk and the controversial areas between the Iraqi central government and the Kurdistan regional government had been rooted historical from the beginning of the government of Iraq in 1923. Kurdish people that is the inhabitants of the province of Mosul, Ottoman or Southern Kurdistan, continuously and without interruption in line with political demands with their ruling regimes are fighting battles on Iraq's sovereignty as well as the issue of Kirkuk is indeed the most important topics of negotiations between the Iraqi central government and the movement of Kurdish people. As mentioned earlier, determining the scope of administrative-political problem of Kurdistan Regional Government was the main reason for the failure of talks between Iraqi Kurds and the ruling leader of Baathist, Hassan al-Bakr and Mustafa Barzani in March 1970, which was not included the province of Kirkuk that caused the failure of negotiations in 1974, and the central government of Iraq was again at war with the Kurds in that country, and the main focus of negotiations between the Patriotic Union of Kurdistan led by Jalal Talabani, government central Iraq in 1984, and negotiations between the front of Kurdistan (consisting Kurdish political parties) with the Iraqi central government in 1991 to determine the extent of Kurdistan, has been especially the fate of Kirkuk province and the other controversial areas.After oversetting of Baath regime of Iraq in 2003 by the allies, led by the United States and returning Iraqi oppositionists groups and formation of the interimGoverning Council and transitional government, one of the most serious subjects between the Kurdistan Regional Government and political parties in Iraq (Sunni and Shiite), the peaceful settlement of the question was the fate of Kirkuk and Other controversial areas which it is reflected in Article (58) of the interim government Act at transitional stage, as well as Article 140 of the Iraqi Constitution can be find. As noted earlier, the leaders of political parties of Kurdistan, the Kirkuk province, historically and geographically consider as an integral part of Kurdistan and though focusing on this issue, don’t deny the existence of a genuine minorities such as the Turkmen, Assyrians, Kaldany and Arabs in this area. they are demanding for a peaceful resolution of the Kirkuk-determination within the framework of Article 140 of the Constitution in federal Iraq.In response to the main question it should be noted that according to investigations carried out in the findings, it is possible to achieve the following In historical study of the issue of Kirkuk and with regard to the provisions of negotiations between the Kurdish political movement and the governments on Iraq, the most reason disagreement of the Iraqi central government to juncture Kirkuk to Kurdistan, is the geopolitical weight and the geo-economic position of this region in Iraq. As being an important part of Iraq's oil reserves in the province of Kirkuk, the position relationship between the center and north, as well as the high potential agricultural and animal husbandry of this area cause to increase the geopolitical weight in the region compared to other regions of Iraq. Therefore, from the viewpoint of political rulers in Baghdad, the joining of Kirkuk to Kurdistan, Iraq is not only the central government's economic tightening will also provide suitable conditions for Kurdish independence and the territorial integrity of Iraq to be hazarded.In this study, by librarian resources and the Internet, as well as in the field of environment study was conducted, the results show that the most important obstacle to annexation of Kirkuk to the Kurdistan Regional Government, It is the weight of geopolitical and geo-economical of Kirkuk.The data analysis using SPSS software:The main hypothesis: It seems that the position of geo-economical of Kirkuk in scale of national and regional is one of the serious obstacles to annexation Kirkuk to Kurdistan. In order to prove the hypothesis of the study with regard to the obstacles in the field of (Kirkuk), by Delphi method, Results obtained are used faculty member looks out the survey questionnaire returned by the 25 individuals questioned the respondents, a total of 19 people have been considered the choices of too many and too much about the role of the hypothesis in lack of annexation of Kirkuk to the Kurdistan region. The main hypothesisThe chi-square: 20.600DOF: 3The significant level: 0.000Investigating the hypothesis of the chi-square test (chi-square) was used. The results indicate that the chi-square value to influence national and regional geo-economic position of the annexation of Kirkuk to the Kurdistan Regional Government (in federal Iraq) is 20.60 and Since this amount is larger than the critical value and significance level calculated sig = 0/000 smaller than alpha (a = 0/05) so H0 is rejected and H1 hypothesis is confirmed. That is the geo-economic position of Kirkuk at the national and regional level in joining of Kirkuk to Kurdistan region is one of the serious obstacles. Considering the above, the main hypothesis of this study is proved. The fate of Kirkuk and other controversial areas can be of the most serious problems between the Iraqi central government and the Kurdish regional government after the downfall of Iraqi Baath regime. From Kurdish point of view, the province of Kirkuk is an impartible part of Kurdistan. All negotiations between Iraqi central government and Kurdish movement in Kurdistan, Iraq, have been under or around this key issue affecting all circumstances between the Kurds and The central governments. All negotiations between Kurds and other previous Kingdom or Baath Regimes have been unsuccessful because of lack of understanding on the problem of Kirkuk’s final fate. The failure to solve Kirkuk’s problem in a peaceful way could create an explosive dangerous crisis between the Kurds and Iraqi central government which involves not only Iraq but also neighboring countries directly or indirectly. So, the importance of Kirkuk’s problem and inquiry in this regard could be of very fundamental and basic issues concerning geo-politic studies.The Kurdistan of Iraq, or in other words, Kurdish territory, includes Erbil, Sulaimaniyah, Dahuk and Kurdish settlers of the province of Mosul, Diyala, Salahuddin. From 1991, three provinces of Erbil, Dahuk and Solaimaniyah have been located under Kurdish government and in reality central government does not practically have any power in these areas.They are governed by Kurdish parties. After overthrowing Baath regime in Iraq, and at the same time with American military operations in the region, the Kurdish Peshmerga forces with international collation forces made Kirkuk free from Saddam’s power and the majority of Kurds deported from their own home by Saddam came back to Kirkuk once again. After formation the first government in Iraq after Saddam, the earliest and the most important Kurdish requests has been the interpolation of Kirkuk and other under dispute areas of Kurdistan with Iraqi central government which with the efforts of Kurdish parties this law was passed in the drafting of Iraqi constitution in the interim constitution by the legal principle named the law 58 and also in the main constitution of Iraq named 140. This issue was approved in continual and existing constitution of Iraq. This was a legal way towards solving the fate of Kirkuk and other under disputed areas.It is a long term period of 12 years form collapse of Saddam regime in 2003, and according to the Article number 140 of the Iraqi main constitution, although the fate of Kirkuk and other under dispute areas would have been supposed to be clarified by the end of 2007, the reality is that this problem has not still been solved and evidences show some barriers and some obstacles have been brought about by some groups related to central government against the implementation of this law.Paying attention to data analysis of findings in this research, in the present situation in Iraq, and according to the religious conflicts and also the extreme racial and religious convergence instead of national convergence, as well as problem making by different groups from Iraq in the implementation of the Article number 140 of basic constitution of Iraq, and regarding regional interference especially Turkey’s clear interference in the problem of Kirkuk and also the formation of Turkmen majority in Kirkuk in the frame of “Iraqi Turkmens Front” and more than this, the lack of adherence to Iraqi constitution by central government, particularly lack of effort to do the article 140 of the constitution, which clearly states the peaceful way to solve the problem of Kirkuk and other under dispute areas, the annexation of Kirkuk to Kurdistan seems out of expectation.

Aras Free Trade and Industrial Zone, known as one of the six vital gateways for Iran's domestic economy to link with global economy, is an output action of various systems in the various spatial scales. In other words, this trade and industrial unit as an economic and spatial structure has commanded by systems which organize it, intrinsically and extrinsically, and seems that the construction of Aras Free Trade Zone extrinsically is the output of specific interactions with the surrounding regions, especially the South Caucasus. Therefore, for this free trade and industrial zone the South Caucasus is one of the most important areas of influence and operation in the transit and trade relations. In particular, this free trade and industrial zone has very high potentials for strengthening cooperation with this region, because of its specific location in the vicinity of the South Caucasus. The research methodology adopted here is descriptive- analytic. Data gathering procedure is based on library findings and official data. Data analysis will be done using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, and conclusion will be done using the two methods. The geo-economic importance of the South Caucasus in economic development of Aras Free Zone refers to the strategic location of this region as a communicational axis. This position has a special strategic potential to link together Aras Free Zone and peripheral cultural- economic dynamics. Another issue related to the geo-economical importance of the South Caucasus in order to economic development of Aras Free Zone refers to geo-economic position of South Caucasus.South Caucasus, despite experiencing a period of economic instability after independence, because of quite specific geographical-political situation especially ethnic-territorial conflicts, has great economic potentials especially in the energy sector (Azerbaijan), energy transfer and dependence on energy resources, rich agricultural potential, rich potential for deepening tourism relations, industrial facilities (although old but restored) including petrochemical, chemical, machine building, The gradual eliminating the state-based economy, strengthening the economic activity of the private sector, joining to the free market economy, participating in international agreements of energy, becoming as the new center of foreign investment, economic recovery in the context of the international financial supports and support of European states, international competition in economy - trade market of the South Caucasus, South Caucasus’s new economic prestige in the financial markets, particularly the international energy markets, the clear economic outlook for the South Caucasus in case of withdrawal of geographic-economic isolation by deepening domestic and international economic integrations with the peripheral and abroad, neighboring spaces role as the most important communicational channel of the world economy with this region and geo-economic complementary in the trade ties are the advantages of this region which can easily be used in order to economic development of Aras trade-industrial zone. The research scope was to explain the geo-economic importance of the South Caucasus in promotion of economic development of Aras free Zone. Creation of Aras free Zone as a commercial and industrial structure is formed and developed significantly in the mutual interaction with the surrounding spaces, features, capabilities and spatial - economic potentials of the surrounding spaces and even the special nature of spatial interactions in surrounding spaces. So, the South Caucasus is the most strategic space around Aras Free Zone that its importance can be explained in the construction and economic development of Aras free Zone, clearly.Therefore, according to the results of this research, strengthening these collaborations can be considered as a good opportunity to improve the economy of Aras Free Trade and Industrial Zone, because of the following advantages: strategic location of the South Caucasus to link to the international trade markets, the opportunity of use of good potentials of the dynamic emerging economies of the South Caucasus.

The discrepancy between energy production and consumption sites is why there are various ways of energy transfer on different scales. Iran has always attempted to boost productivity both in consumption and in production via using piplines. Security issues should be taken into consideration when desgining these piplines. The present study tries to analyes the issue of implementing piplines in Iran in terms of security considerations. The method used here is a spatial-based one. Economic, social, environmental and geographical variations have been discussed in terms of security issue.

Middle East is one of the dispute and crisis core in the world. This region in the end years of 20th century and the beginning years of 21st century was involved in many crises. It is a fact that no region in the world like Middle East had been encountering with disputes. It, especially after the Second World War, was always the bed of political, martial and economical changes and never be decreased these changes intensity. But, some of these changes in the Middle East like war, disputes and conflicts always, reflexes in national, regional and international scales; whereas, the process of geoeconomical changes in the Middle East are less mentioned. In the present paper, in addition to qualify the geopolitical and geoeconomical structure of the middle east and its landscape, using descriptive-analytical method, it will be explained effective factors in the development certainty of this region according to the united nations standards of the millennium development goals. It is supposed that the population increasing process, shortage of resources in some countries of the Middle East and lake of democracy and legality make effects on the geopolitical and geoeconomical structure of the Middle East.Research findings indicate that the countries of Middle East and North Africa don’t have same and equal sources. These countries in the millennium development goals were studied geoeconomicaly as the countries of rich sources and labor forces, rich sources and poor labor forces and poor sources and poor labor forces. According to before mentioned contents, the purposes of this paper are:1. Explaining the geoeconomical place of Middle East between other regions that are classified in United Nation's millennium development goals, and2. Analyzing the out look of the geoeconomical place of Middle East and factors which influence that out look.In this way, in this article with a descriptive-analytical method and applying library sources, at first, related books, articles and specially UN's bulletins and printed information were studied and accessing some statistics creditable internet sites were used. In the first step, the lack of stable definition of Middle East makes difficulties. Then, we try to determine this region in the theoretical foundations. In the second step, we work out geoeconomical statistics and with a glance to existing situation of development in the countries of Middle East and North Africa it was cleared that there is a geoeconomical difference and this factor makes several problems between these countries in convergence process. The mentioned hypothesis were examined through the analysis of these countrie's gross income and existing situation of development, and also extraneous variables like the lack of democracy and legibility and low economical growth were theoretically studied. Finally, the unemployment growth arising from educated urban population growth is studied as an important factor in geoeconomical challenges of Middle East and North Africa which mentioned in the conclusions.

The border is the main factor in defining the country and is one of the cornerstones of the science of political geography, but following many discussions about open borders in the European Union, today we witness  border elimination issues within the framework of country elimination. Though globalists - which form a wide range - herald the existence of a steady process of border elimination in the future, but we can simultaneously witness the strengthening of the borders in some parts of the world.
In this regard, this article describes the reconciliation and geo-economic and geopolitical linkages on the northern borders of the United States with regard to the process of globalization based on a neorealist approach. This means that, with economic liberalization within NAFTA, security needs to address the various threats at the border have become more and more important. The satisfactory solution to this has been a technological one that has brought the geo-nuclear and geopolitical linkage and reconciliation along the border.