جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « justice » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

Introduction Equitable access for all citizens to public services is one of the basic principles of planning, which has become important in emerging justice-centric approaches in recent decades, and requires reaching out to the rural community to explore resources and facilities in these areas .Methodology The purpose of this study is to measure the amount of spatial justice in the distribution of sustainable development indicators in rural areas. This research is applied in terms of its purpose and based on the descriptive-analytical nature of which the approach is quantitative .Results and discussion In order to analyze the subject, a framework of eight indicators in 54 items was used based on the official statistics of the Population and Housing Censorship of 1395 that were weighed using the AHP method. To analyze the data and rank the villages, the method of decision making was used as a method for choosing VIKOR and TOPSIS. Finally, the rank average was used. Also, for analyzing the distribution of indices, the coefficient of dispersion was used. Conclusion The results of the dispersion coefficient also indicate inequality in the distribution of indicators, and the greatest inequality is in distributing indicators of health care centers, the representation of the kerosene and fuel location. In order to improve the development and achievement of spatial justice, it is suggested that health, infrastructure and . indicators be more appropriately distributed so that sustainable development in rural areas will lead to balanced growth.

The justice-oriented city has emerged with the rapid growth of urbanization, and its physical manifestations begin with the concepts of unequal access to urban services, social, cultural, political and economic capitals, etc. The emergence of risk-taking models with different natural and human contexts in cities has brought the discussion of resilience into the scope of urban concepts. The purpose of the current research is to explain spatial justice in physical resilience of District 6 of Karaj metropolis. The current research method is descriptive-analytical and using Smart PLS model and Spss software based on documentary-field data. The results show the fact that there is little relationship between the population dispersion and the distribution of urban services in the studied area. The results of the Kolmogrof-Smironov test and the normality of the data distribution, from the one-sample T-test (T-test) in Spss software, in improving the physical resilience of the area, considering the realization of spatial justice and considering that the coefficient The significance (sig) calculated for the research indicators at the confidence level of 95% (less than the permissible level) is -5%, it can be stated that these indicators are against the physical resilience of the range with the Realization of spatial justice is not at a suitable level. According to the result obtained from the Smart PLS model, the fit of this model is confirmed by using the SMRM test, and the research indicators are ranked and shows a suitable pattern for improving the current situation and reaching the desired situation.

This area of the city is critical because its structure is an indispensable system, consisting of several units, and of all the various elements, which make their inconsistency an impression on the whole system and the whole of a city's structure. The survey of inequality and its funds is located in different geographical borders in recent years of the work of Harriet and politicians. The existence of inequality and various dimensions has not been judged by the topography of an important development. The aim of this inquiry into alien inequality or other interpretation of the distribution of space is to maintain an economic, social, and domestic involvement.

The research method is descriptive-analytical and practical in terms of purpose. After theoretical investigations of population and housing census data for three consecutive periods (1385, 1390, 1395) and converting them into per capita and different ratios into indexes, to investigate the inequality situation, Also, the recognition of the spatial pattern of the expansion of inequality for the three extracted periods of the research implementation process based on these indicators and spatial statistics models, Spatial Statistics tools, Hot Spot Analysis and Moran's I spatial autocorrelation have been used in Arc/GIS software.

According to the numerical output, Moran's index is equal to 0.071892, 0.144981, 0.633505 for the years 1385, 1390, 1395, respectively, and since its value is positive and tends to one, and according to If the p-value is zero and the calculated Z value (its absolute value) is large, then it is within the confidence limit, and as a result, the data have spatial autocorrelation. Therefore, the distribution pattern of inequality is a cluster.

In general, the result shows that the situation arises from a class distance, a duality in the city, and that the difference between the sexes in the time of the observation, and that it is necessary to keep a town management for themselves, at least of the necessary.

The principle of equality of creditors in bankruptcy law means the equal and fair payment of creditors' claims, and it tries to apply a collective system to all creditors. In this research, which was carried out in a descriptive and analytical method, we tried to make a comparison between the mentioned principle in the laws of Iran and England and find out what position this principle has in the laws of the two countries? In English law, one of the aspects of the equality of creditors The legality of the debtor is non-discrimination between creditors by assigning more financial benefits or signing secret agreements. Bankruptcy laws in England are so strict about this issue that even third parties cannot sign such agreements with the connivance of the debtor. Such legal obligations are based on a set of judicial procedures that have been considered since the end of the last century. Although this matter has historical roots, this principle has been repeatedly emphasized by English judges in new cases. The duty and legal obligation to maintain equality between creditors is in complete accordance with the current concept of equality and fairness in English law, ethical principles in commercial law, and superior principles and consensus in the procedural law of this country.

 Governance is in fact a process based on the interaction between the official organizations and institutions of the city administration on the one hand and non-governmental organizations and civil society organizations on the other hand. The optimal urban governance system is based on seven principles: participation, legitimacy, accountability, consensus building, efficiency and effectiveness, transparency and justice.

This research is a survey type with a descriptive-analytical approach with the aim of practical adjustment and information in the field using a researcher-made questionnaire. The statistical population is the citizens of the Ghir city and the sample size is estimated 384 people based on Cochran's formula. One-way ANOVA and one-sample t-test were used for analysis. For this purpose، in this study، we have tried to examine indicators such as participation, responsibility, effectiveness, rule of law، transparency, central justice, consensus orientation and accountability. To measure each of the variables in the questionnaire, a 5-point Likert scale was used.

It shows that the average of all indicators of good governance from the perspective of citizens with a value of 2.66 out of 3 is in an unfavorable situation, which indicates the ineffective method of managers in the urban area and therefore to increase citizen participation in management Is that city officials provide the ground for citizen participation.

Indicates the dissatisfaction of citizens that in this regar, city officials should provide the basis for increasing satisfaction with life in the city by using the opinions of people in the field of management and policies.

During recent decades, fair urban planning has always been considered by urban thinkers, and urban development without justice has been discussed as a source of inequality and class differences. In this regard, one of the basic roots of the emergence of injustice in cities is considered to be the production and distribution of rent, rent seeking and rent generation of urban planning systems. In Iran, the existence of rent as one of the main factors causing inequality has been considered by urban experts. Although there have been many researches about rent in connection with urban issues in Iran, these researches have partially dealt with the issue of rent in cities and there is a need for a research to achieve a macro view in relation to rent in the urban planning system of Iran. Therefore, the present research has dealt with the qualitative meta-analysis of articles related to rent in Iran's urban planning system.

 The current research has analyzed the content of the rent issue in general by using qualitative research methods. In the present research, at first, by using documentary and library reviews and by using the meta-analysis method, it was tried to investigate the researches about rent in the urban planning system of Iran. To determine how much research has been done on rent and how it appears in the urban planning system of Iran, and also to determine what deficiencies and issues exist in this connection. To determine how much research has been done on rent and how it appears in the urban planning system of Iran, and also to determine what deficiencies and issues exist in this connection.In this regard, first, all the content of the articles was carefully read and coded in MAXQDA software with open coding method, which resulted in the extraction of more than 1300 codes related to rent in the urban planning system of Iran. Then, all thecodes were labeled and analyzed in relation to the urban planning system of Iran. Then, DPSIR method was used to analyze the codes and obtain the macro-components and mechanisms of rent-generating activities and the effects and consequences of rent-generating in Iran's urban planning system. In this regard, the open codes extracted in the first stage were analyzed with the axial coding method. Then, selective coding was done using MAXmap in MAXQDA software, and driving forces causing rents, pressures and currents arising from driving forces, situations created in rents and consequences affected by the situation were identified.

Examining the frequent codes of the studied articles shows that the most frequent codes are: The weakness of the tax system, the rentier government, the destruction of the incentive to produce, the sale of density, the class differences in the city, the sale of urban standards, land and housing speculation, injustice, rent in budgeting and legislation, effortless income, abundant natural resources, lack of Appropriate sources of income, distribution of government rent, weak institutional infrastructure, licensing of rent, government authoritarianism, weakening of civil society, weakening of democracy.The existence of the weakness of the tax system, along with issues such as the sale of density and urban regulations and lack of suitable sources of income, among the most frequent codes, shows that the weakness of institutional financing in Iran's urban planning system plays an important role in relation to rent. On the other hand, the existence of other frequent codes such as eliminating production motivation, land and housing speculation, effortless income, and increasing tendency to rent-seeking, indicates that the weakness of public financing also has an important effect on the rent generation of the urban development system. Also, the presence of frequent codes such as the authoritarianism of the government and the rentier government against the weakening of civil society and the weakening of democracy is also interesting.

The results of the present research show that the continuation of the production and distribution of rent in the society leads to the reduction of healthy competition in the society and increases the spirit of rent-seeking in the society, causes the weakening of democracy and spreads injustice. It also leads to the weakening of economic and political structures and leads to deviation in the allocation of resources. Also, the decrease in the quality of public institutions and the lack of formation of a proper tax system are other consequences of the continued production and distribution of rent in the country.

The political organization of any country is done in the form of civil divisions. Civil divisions of the country are a process in which the land is limited by borders and every government needs political division of space to better manage the land and facilitate services, create development and create a spatial justice in the country. Spatial justice through the mechanism of spatial organization or spatial planning leads to the balanced development of place and geographical space and provides citizens with satisfaction and trust in the management structure and the relevant political system, thus preventing the formation of mentality of being secondary citizenship among people. In this research, which is of a fundamental type, the required information is collected using the library method, and then this issue will be investigated using a descriptive-analytic method. The research question is that: “what relation do exist between the political organization of space and spatial justice?” The findings show that the main principles and criteria of political organization of space can be categorized into issues such as increasing the sense of satisfaction, ease of access to services and creating equal opportunities for citizens and regions. Since spatial justice as an output seeks the relative equality of power, opportunity and wealth in order to gain maximum benefits commensurate with the capacity to enhance the dignity of citizens, and also the principles and approaches of political organization of space and spatial justice show this issue, it can be claimed that interactive relation is between political organization of space and spatial justice.

With the formation of the pole of urban growth and centralism after the land reforms of the 1940s before the revolution, as well as the continuing population growth and rural migration to cities after the revolution, witnessed the concentration of investments, especially in large cities and neglect of equitable distribution of power. , Wealth, and facilities in other urban areas of the country. Accordingly, the purpose of this study is to identify key and effective variables and the prevailing relationships between variables in the Iranian urban system to achieve social justice in a short period of time on the horizon of 1410. Therefore, the present research process is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-exploratory in terms of the research approach. Data were collected using environmental scanning techniques and with the participation of 16 urban planning experts in universities and research centers as members of the panel of experts. The result is to identify 21 primary variables to examine the future status of social justice in Iranian cities. To identify the effective variables and the relationships between the variables with one of the most widely used methods in futures studies, the method of "structural analysis", the variables have been analyzed. The results of the research show that the variable "citizenship rights education" has very high stability and effectiveness in the system environment. Also, .

In the current era, justice and advancement are deemed as the two wings of sustainable development, with each being worthless without the other. As one of the main service systems in cities, public transportation has an important role in the realization of justice. As a result, the purpose of this article was to analyze and rank the 15 districts of Isfahan metropolis based on justice in accessing public transportation. In order to attain this goal, the required data was collected using document analysis and field study (through observation and questionnaire). The Best-Worst (BWM) and COCOSO methods were used to analyze the data. The results indicated that Districts 1 and 3 had the most and Districts 9, 11, and 14 the least public transportation facilities. Moreover, the need to public transportation – in terms of the number of users – was highest in Districts 8 and 10 and lowest in Districts 2, 9, and 11. The combination of these two factors also showed that Districts 1, 2, 3, and 15 had bigger facility to user ratios, while Districts 8, 10, 11, and 14 had smaller facility to user ratios. In the other districts, the facility to user ratio was mainly moderate. Therefore, it is necessary to pay more attention to this gap between facilities and users’ needs when planning for public transportation in future.

Certainly what the Quran says, God's Word by Amin Jibril on the Seal of the Prophets (PBUH) to human eternal guide, then have the book in all areas of human life, including aspects political, social, moral and how wisdom and statecraft, etc. general guidelines given situations. since the Quran for human society and the environment that Muslims worship the Lord their growth and development and is of great importance, in this study, we decided to urban management analyzed from the perspective of Islam's founder in this study the characteristics of the ideal city, a sustainable security, peace and confidence, a lot of sustenance, and ... And material characteristics such as roads and passages, environmental justice, location, etc. will be examined and we will conclude that he Holy Law of Islam for city administration as well as other social needs, human societies have sent orders and rules if these teachings are taken into account, the earthly saint of the human species will be guaranteed, the most important emphasis of the sacred Islamic law in this field are: security of citizens assuredly abundant voodoo in the context of the research, in addition to these, related verdicts and doctrines have also been evaluated. In this study, in addition to field research, the library method is used

Spatial organization of the city is influenced by the economic, social, and political functions of the community, if these structures lack a reliance-based ideology, its undesirable effects will be manifested in the urban environment. One of the important factors is planning, regardless of the cultural and ideological structure governing the lives of citizens, which has led to the weakening of the urban habitat conditions. This is despite the fact that Islamic political economy is one of the main forces in the formation and continuation of planning policies of Islamic cities.
This research, using descriptive-analytic method, investigates the effect of Islamic political economy on urban Livability. To collect data from field studies and library has been used. With Sampling method Morgan table 384 is selected. For data analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, path analysis and structural equation models with of SPSS and PLS has been used.
The results showed that status of Zanjan's Livability is 3.3 and Islamic political economy with average 3.54. Also, according to path analysis test, the total effect of the total component of Islamic political economy is 0.408. And it can be said that the effect of Islamic political economy on Zanjan's Livability is desirable and meaningful. Also, the component of Islamic political economy explains 33% of Zanjan's Livability change. Thus, respect for citizenship rights, efforts to protect the environment, preventing rentiers and land use change, and increasing knowledge and awareness of the people and insights of the authorities seems necessary.

Religion of Islam is considered a comprehensive religion in all fields whose purpose is the happiness of mankind and guiding him towards perfection. The school of Islam is a religion that links human material issues with spiritualties and has never separated these two categories from each other. Quran is the most important source for the inference of judgments, and the judgments of the new issues are inferred by using generalities and references of the verses, and the relevant hadiths mentioned some examples of them, and not allocated and limited them. In this article, by referring to the Qur'an and narratives, the manifestation of the principle of "no determinet and detrimental act" as the most important principle of rights in urban and residential architecture has been investigated. The research method used in this study is a qualitative content analysis method, and the analysis of the buildings has been done using rational reasoning method. In the collection of information, historical documents and texts, library and Internet resources have been used. In this paper, samples of traditional homes and textures have been selected by targeted sampling method to investigate the legal principles such as no determinet and detrimental act in Iranian-Islamic architecture and urban planning. The results indicate that this principle as the most important principle related to the rights has affected all aspects of the Iranian-Islamic home architecture. These influences are derived from the concept of Islamic law, including neighboring rights, women's rights, the rights of parents and children, rights of guest and the right of construction in the architecture of buildings. Other principles, such as the issue of privacy and publicity, and the confidentiality of respect for other people, such as neighbors and pedestrians, considering the rights of pre-emption, respect for the rights of neighbors in the use of public resources such as water, sunlight, etc., considering cleaning and not to harm neighbors and others in terms of visual, audio and ... all are principles that are necessary in Islamic jurisprudence, and all these issues are considered in the Iranian-Islamic homes and cities.

Inequality between urban and rural areas and also among different settlements across the country in terms of distribution of facilities and services, currently has been turned into an obstacle for integrated and sustainable Development, not only in our country, but also in all developing countries. So that most of the services and facilities are gathered in certain places, and in some areas particularly rural areas, lack of services has been caused more migration to the counties, evacuation of villages from population, unemployment and enormous problems for rural and urban areas as well as many problems in the planning for Sustainable development for planners and policy makers in the task of development. In this regard, in order to solve the problems of regional imbalances, the first step is the identification and ranking villages in terms of enjoyment from development indicators. In order to achieve this aim and also due to the process of rural depopulation in Kermanshah province from 44 percent based on the 1365 census to 30 percent in 1392, and the necessity of attention to this depopulation in villages and their migration to counties and urban overpopulation and problems regarding this evacuation of the villages, in this research the study and analysis of rural areas in the counties of Kermanshah province is discussed using multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, SAW and Numerical Taxonomy. In this regard, the questions which this study seeks to answer include:1. Is there any difference between rural areas of Kermanshah province in terms of development?
2. Which areas are most deprived and most developed rural areas in Kermanshah province in terms of development? In the process of planning and developing rural areas, identifying and analyzing the current status in the villages and studying facilities and their limitations in different fields is essential and helps planners to assign the goals of development and to specify policies and strategies of their achievement. In this process, determining development levels and developing rural areas and studying strengths and weaknesses of every area’s conditions in the fields of education, culture, health, infrastructure and services; provides the optimal allocation background of resources and facilities for the coordinated, integrated and balanced development of villages. In this regard, this study is prepared with the purpose of determining the levels of development in rural areas of counties in Kermanshah province. The method of study was based on descriptive-analytic method and the statistical population included rural areas of 14 counties in Kermanshah province according to statistical yearbook of 1392. Analysis of data accomplished using multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, SAW, and Numerical Taxonomy. After calculating multi-criteria decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS, and SAW for acquiring the amount of development and final ranking, the mean values obtained from three models are computed and rural areas of Kermanshah county ranked 1 and were known as most developed and rural areas of Salas-e Babajani in rank 14, were most deprived rural areas in this study. Also, in calculations accomplished in Numerical Taxonomy method, when the spatial distance between areas of study calculated, the results indicated a lack of homogeneity in studied counties. According to calculations, upper limit spatial distance is equal to 3/54 and lower limit spatial distance is equal to 2/08, in which counties placed between 2/08 till 3/54 (Sahne, Paveh, Dalahu, Sarpol-e Zahab, Kangavar, and Sonqor) are homogeneous together in a group, counties upper than 3/54 (Kermanshah) stood in a homogeneous group, and counties lower than 2/08 (Eslamabad-e Gharb, Gilan-e Gharb, Harsin, Qasr-e Shirin, Javanrud, Ravansar, and Salas-e Babajani) also stood together in a homogeneous group. The consequence of many of development strategies which emphasized only on the improvement of social and economic aspects and provision of facilities and services, was the appearance of inequality in the surface of different spaces and areas. In all theories of spatial development, which have been planned based on the pattern of economic growth, rural areas are considered as marginal and no significant areas in terms of creating growth process. In these patterns, based on top-down planning approach, strong focus in the planning and implementation of development projects is considered as a principle. In different countries, the beginning of rural planning goes back to 1940 and 1950 AD decades. But in Iran, according to composition of 6 construction programs before Islamic evolution and 5 development programs after revolution, we are still seeing inequality in the distribution of services and facilities in the country; which maybe the most important reasons are the dispersal of villages in the country, the focus of planning from top to down, Lack of public participation in plans and projects, lack of coordination between different organizations in providing services and less attention to local management in the areas. According to the foregoing subjects and in order to understand the way of distribution of services and facilities in order to help the planning from bottom and local management with respect to sustainable rural development, in this research it is proceeded to study rural areas of Kermanshah province in the case of its counties using decision-making models of TOPSIS, KOPRAS and SAW and Numerical Taxonomy with 54 variables and 5 educational and cultural, hygienic, institutional And infrastructural, services and communications and population indicators. results of study indicate imbalance in the distribution of services and facilities in the counties of Kermanshah province, so that 30 percent of the rural population in Kermanshah province are in the well-developed level, 36 percent of the population are in the half-developed level, and also 34 percent of the population are in the deprived level. The overall results of the analysis indicate regional inequalities in the province of Kermanshah. The overall results of the analysis indicate regional inequalities in the province of Kermanshah.

Welfare is the provision of a minimal level of well-being and social protection without current means to support basic needs, sometimes referred to as public aid. In most developed countries, is provided by the government from tax income, and to a lesser extent by charities, informal social groups, religious groups and inter-governmental organizations. Welfare and social plans supported by social justice can reduce poverty and social inequality in societies of towns and cities and. It is effective to resort to smaller-scale plans that aim to bring about justice in the cities in order to achieve social welfare supported by just affairs. Welfare can take a variety of forms, such as monetary payments, subsidies and vouchers, or housing assistance. Welfare systems differ from country to country, but are commonly provided to individuals who are unemployed, those with illness or disability, the elderly, those with dependent children, and veterans. A person's eligibility for welfare may also be constrained by means testing or other conditions.
According to the egalitarian, justice can exist within the parameters of equality. This basic view can be elaborated in many ways, according to what goods are to be distributed—wealth, respect, opportunity—and who or what they are to be distributed equally among—individuals, families, nations, species. Egalitarian theories are typically less concerned with discussing who exactly will do the distributing or what effects their recommended policies will have on the production of the goods, services, or resources they wish to distribute. In this paper, the term “Welfare” is mainly investigated in relation with the concept of “Justice”. This is an applied descriptive and static cross-sectional survey study due to the fact that it is focused on development of practical knowledge in a particular field. Temporally, this research is a Cross sectional one because it deals with the current status of the urban areas. At first, the Conceptual model of the research has been prepared. In this model, Welfare has been divided to four dimensions: Economic, Social, Sanitation and Physical.
The data is collected through field study and library survey methods. The level of social welfare is assessed using the T-Test and the indicators are prioritized using the Friedman Test in SPSS software. The social welfare indicators in the current study are divided into several dimensions: economic, social, sanitary, and physical aspects due to their extensity and the opinions of experts. The questionnaire results together with status quo indicated that in the economic aspect, the indicators such as unemployment, job satisfaction, per capita income, purchasing power, and housing value were affected by the employment index. In the social aspect of the areas, the largest share was allocated to the emigration of non-Iranian nationals and individuals with low income and cultural level. The factor of weakness was effective in reducing family stability as well as increasing the sense of class differences in most of the economic indicators. In the sanitary aspect, the accesses to health care centers as well as the personal, social, and environmental health are not very satisfactory which mostly affected the young and economically active individuals. In the physical aspect, the quality of housing in the areas indicated the maximum percentage of building restoration, and in the educational centers, the education and buildings were desirable in terms of quality; however, the job skills and the type of provided trainings were not very compatible. The leisure centers of the areas indicated a lack of equal access to sports facilities and green spaces. Furthermore, despite the focus on service and commercial uses, there was not a growing trend in the diversity of users according to the residents. People’s demands and needs are the main determinants of social welfare indicators; these indicators are introduced or dealt with according to the situations given the fact that there is not a fixed definition of them in terms of quantity. The current study aimed to assess and investigate the effect of these indicators in urban areas with an emphasis on the social justice approach in order to identify and benefit from the most important ones. In this study, the social welfare indicators establishing the social justice were determined in four aspects (economic, social, sanitary, and physical). The study hypotheses were tested after collecting the data from the status quo and questionnaires using the statistical Student’s T-Test and Friedman Test in SPSS software. In the first hypothesis, the unfair distribution of social welfare indicators in the areas of district one of Qazvin was accepted using the Single-Sample T-Test. It indicated the unwillingness of the respondents to the fair distribution of these indicators. In the second hypothesis, the Friedman Test indicated that employment is a determining factor in creating social justice for the welfare of the residents. The third hypothesis was rejected based on the favorable distribution of social welfare in the area of Imamzadeh Ali compared to Imamzadeh Hussein using two Independent Sample T-Test. Finally, according to the hypotheses test results and findings, the weaknesses of each index were separately shown. These could be used for taking necessary measures such as injecting or strengthening the indicators in order to reach a fair and suitable level of urban life on a micro level. In general, the unfair distribution of welfare in urban areas could be generalized due to the various perceptions of individuals regarding the favorable level of access to social welfare. Moreover, the economic aspect indicators, especially employment, significantly affected the indicators of other aspects which could be identified as the establishing indicators of social justice in the urban areas.

The ineffectiveness of policy space and urban management in urban and extra urban scale to the formation of spatial imbalance and inequality in cities. And the most important problem in today. Therefore, it is critical to spatial and geographical inequalities in order to create the ideal environment for a better life is a necessitate. Zoning of the structural divisions of the impact of the inefficiencies in the region and between regions of the finds. City areas are not separate from it. The purpose of this research is the analysis of spatial and social justice in urban areasy. The methodology is based on the nature of descriptive and analytical case and is based on the purpose of application. In order to collect data, document, library and field, and the tools of observation, interviews, questionnaires, data archives Isfahan, check maps, statistics, reports, and is used ..... In order to analyze data from models of the human development index (HDI, environment statistics, Moran index and the average nearest neighbor spatial correlation, and analysis ZONAL in geographic information system (GIS) is used in combination The results can be an imbalance in regional equity indices in Isfahan, the duality of space inside each area of the city, inequality in the area of the city and so on

Urban justice in cities as a means of urban planners has been dramatically declining and if this is The the necessary fields to the creation of social capital to be It's smaller surface areas of justice emerges. Participation and trust of citizens in urban management can be an important factor in the formation of social capital in neighborhoods stating.The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between social justice and social capital in the city is Ferdosiyeh.Type of this research and its applications descriptive and analytic And comparative relationship and for this purpose, the data obtained from questionnaires and interviews and field data Two methods of descriptive and inferential statistics (t-test, correlation, regression and ANOVA) was used on spss software. The population, including residents Ferdowsieh city with a population of 30577, of which 384 of them using Morgan table were considered in five quarters as an example. Based on the findings of social justice and social capital Relation to the 0/523 there or in other words we can say that in all neighborhoods other than Mahmoud Abad neighborhood with high Achtmay justice, social capital is low. Also, the dimensions of social capital, participation with the 0/778 greatest impact on social justice in neighborhoods.

In order to reach welfare and get rid of basic lifestyle's problems, human beings took actions for architectural and urban problems in different eras of modernism, new urbanization and post-modernism; even though the changes brought comforts in some aspects, they caused humanity to experience disasters, which led to cultural and religious losses. Living in apartments in high densities as well as high-rise towers are among such disasters and religious cities are not exceptions in this regard. The religious city of Mashhad follows this modern lifestyle and urban managers must arrange plans through which religious ideals are followed in the urban structure.
The aim of this study is to familiarize urban managers of Islamic cities, especially municipalities, with jurisprudential principles in managing urban affairs, architecture and urbanism, and other urban affairs. That is, those important issues that if consider jurisprudential teachings, the citizens will be capable of enjoying peace in addition to comfort.
Since the subject has two aspects, which studies both jurisprudential principles and conformity of such principles in Mashhad religious metropolis, the first section of this study focuses on a descriptive and explanatory research method through using library resources, quotations, narratives and valid jurisprudential books and jurist's opinions. In the second section, a field study approach is used through using statistics provided by the municipality, department of mosques affairs, department of sports and youths, Astan Quds Razavi's libraries and ministry of guidance. The statistical society consists of thirteen areas of Mashhad.
The present study is a supplementary for the previous studies in the field of architectural jurisprudence and urban planning or specific parts of jurisprudence which take urban requirements, namely roads, neighboring rights, the distance between cities and homes into consideration even though some unspoken angles are left which require more studies in the field.
Shia Jurisprudence (Fiqh), for the Islamic countries to get out of modern problems of urban communities has proposed some solutions such as specific Islamic construction principles (privacy and high buildings), governance over construction issues, observing justice in distribution of urban facilities, and disseminating Islamic culture. Besides, the present research studies the degree to which the city of Mashhad has conformed to these principles and the findings are as follows.
In construction principles, in order to respect individuals’ privacy, the distance between any two buildings, having determined the confines of the two passageways, is set to 5 cubits (equal to 2.31 meters); however, in the city of Mashhad, no specific rule except for “seamless disconnection”, which is a negligible distance, has been formulated. Regarding high-rise buildings in Shia jurisprudence, in line with accepted quotes, the basis is to construct structures horizontally, with stipulated heights of 7, 8, or 9 cubits (equal to 3.23 meters, 3.68 meters, 4.15 meters, respectively) which is the distance from the ceiling to the roof, and in the city of Mashhad, it is 7 cubits for every story. However, constructing other flours, unless necessary, is not lawful. According to the principle of Islamic rulers’ governance, an Islamic ruler can issue a verdict for construction violations or even demolish buildings with such violations. In the city of Mashhad, construction violations in 2015 were 31% lower than they were in 2014.
Regarding upholding justice in distribution of urban facilities, Islamic Jurisprudence (Fiqh) highly emphasizes on the fact that management might be even impaired if justice is not upheld. Investigations concerning public places with asphalt mat revealed that, in Mashhad, in poor neighborhoods, the ratio of asphalt-paved streets in the outskirt of the city to the entire city was 67% in the year 2014 and 53% in the year 2013, which is a considerable leap and seems that justice in this regard has been upheld, although the figures of the year 2015 are moderated. As for the urban fleet, the number of stations and the length of the city-bus routes have increased by 2.5% and 3.4% respectively, indicating a better distribution of resources.
In Islamic jurisprudence, dissemination of Islamic culture is an inseparable requirement of an Islamic city and in the city of Mashhad, considering the number of mosques per capita, 242 more mosques are required and city municipality's 110-mosque plan can, to some extent, close the gap. Similarly, in the case of libraries, taking all the libraries of the city into account, city's per capita library space is 2 square meters, which is a far from the objectives set in the Fifth Development Plan. An important point to bear in mind concerns urban elements and statues which are indicative of Islamic culture’s dissemination. City managers, in Mashhad, have been able to take effective steps toward religious culture, sacrifice, martyrdom and resistive economy; however human statues, are not fully compatible with Islamic jurisprudence.
Considering the importance and necessity of jurisprudence principles in architecture and urban spaces, it is suggested that the city municipality hold some sessions regarding urban architecture and planning, invite experts from universities and Hawzas(Islamic school of theology) so that new districts of the city are built in agreement with Islamic considerations and based on knowledge, with all necessities such as mosques and schools. It is also suggested that a division called “the division for tracking architectural jurisprudence principles and planning” is created in the municipality, and that their opinion is adopted in construction projects and in issuing certificates of construction completion.
Considering the breadth of the issue and other potential unobserved aspects, it is suggested that the present research is expanded in future studies, dissertations, and group works.

After a period of effort for controlling mongolians behavior and domesticating the majority tribe of Iranian statesmen, the ministers of Ilkhanid era by encouragement muslim Ilkhans to creat extend reformation,opened fields of prosperity in economic and urbanism . This essay has a question that Iranian thoughts in development approach of ministers of Muslim Ilkhanid era had what position. It is believed that information about the importance and security and justice, the harmony between society relation and government, the necessity of governor’s attention to peoples livelihood and effort of improvement and development in Iranian thoughts, made him do extensive reformation in Ilkhanid organization in Muslim era. Thus, Iranian ministers in this era by creating economic and social development in the field of entrepreneurship have opened a window into the structure of society to systematically lead the Ilkhanid era.

The appearance & developing of injustice between districts is the function of internal &external factors of geographical and spatial structure that evolve cities in social, economic and management challenges. khoramabad city is center of lurestan province that in last year's whit increment migration has a large of confliction districts symbols .Main goal in this research reconnaissance districts is in unsuitable situation and services until in urban planning take determine proportionate.
In this research by using cluster models and other methods and also by using economic, social and environmental frame work induces fundamental services. khoramabad,s districts evaluated.
The results show that 17 districts of khoramabad is in 4 homogeneous categories and in comparison to others 8 districts is in unsuitable situation and also results show that mean of numbers of districts is(150.9)and standard deviation is (32). The severity different between districts explanatory have inconsistency of geographical and spatial in khoramabad city.

A proper understanding of the field spatial justice depends on understanding the interrelationship between politics and space and their dynamic mechanism. The mutual mechanism underpins the subject-matter and also the philosophy of spatial justice scheme in political geography. In political geography, the concept of justice has moved away from its objective level and has been reach to its subjective level. In other words, the concept of justice becomes operational. From this perspective, geographical or spatial justice is the relative equality of comprehensive development indexes (Economic, Infrastructural, political, cultural, social, security and health care) in the geographical places and spaces (micro and macro) of a country with indexes corresponding with development at the national level based on principles of need and equality. The paper tries to conceptualize spatial justice in political-geography studies using descriptive- analytic method, and data gathering procedure is based on library findings.