جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "religion" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

As one of the key countries in the Middle East and home to two of the most important cities in the Islamic world, developments in Saudi Arabia inevitably impact the broader Muslim world. However, the nature of political legitimacy, acceptance, and the challenges faced by the government remain uncertain. Moreover, understanding the relationship between the people, religion, and the state in this monarchy is crucial. Approximately 50% of Saudi Arabia's population consists of young people. Managing this segment of society presents a significant political, economic, social, and cultural challenge for the Al Saud regime. If the government fails to control the energy and frustration of these youths, it seems likely that the foundations of the regime could become unstable. This could potentially lead to the rise of social movements in Saudi Arabia. As witnessed during the Arab uprisings of 2011, the possibility of a domino effect in the region exists. Additionally, given the secular behaviors the government is employing to manage this situation, it appears that the relationship between religion and the state in Saudi Arabia is changing. Should this phenomenon continue, the social contract itself may also evolve. Even if social movements emerge in the country, analyzing and predicting their nature from local, national, regional, and even global perspectives is of great importance.

The present research adopts a qualitative methodology with a descriptive-analytical and historical approach. Data collection involved documentary-library research and interviews. The study also utilizes books, academic and research articles, both domestic and international, as well as online resources to answer the research questions. The data analysis strategy is inductive.

The government of Saudi Arabia was established in 1932 based on the ideology of Wahhabism and the Al Saud tribe, and these two pillars have remained the foundation of the state until today. The rise to power of Mohammad bin Salman can be seen as the pinnacle of the liberal movement's ascension against the Wahhabis and the Muslim Brotherhood. With the changes introduced by Mohammad bin Salman in recent years, it appears that Wahhabism and the monarchy may no longer continue. The alteration of this alliance poses a significant threat to the future of the Al Saud regime. Therefore, these changes are being implemented cautiously and gradually. Distancing from religion is a major risk that could lead to challenges for the future of Saudi Arabia. The underlying framework of Saudi Arabia's political and social order is based on Sharia, specifically Wahhabism. This is an inseparable part of the country's character and the foundation of the legitimacy of its political and social order. The Saudi government neither created nor inherited religious institutions. In this country, religious elites and politicians have cooperated for many years to establish and protect the state. This explains the overlap between religious and political discourses and also highlights the reason behind the opposition of religious clerics to certain secular actions taken by the government. The Saudi regime derives its legitimacy from Islam.The king, as the ruler, is responsible for enforcing Islamic laws, and the constitution repeatedly emphasizes the implementation of Islam. Saudi Arabia is known for three things: its unique position in the Middle East, being the world's largest oil exporter, and hosting pilgrims to the Holy Kaaba and the Prophet's Mosque. The religious role remains a high priority for the people. However, with the rise of bin Salman, Wahhabi institutions and movements have become isolated, gradually losing their power, and government policies have leaned towards secularism. Examples of this include the decline of the religious police, changes in the role of women in society, shifts in academic institutions, and the organization of events and festivals where Islamic symbols are absent, such as the Riyadh Season.

Iconography, as a spiritual factor and a force gravitating toward the center, is most prominently represented in Saudi Arabia by religion (Wahhabism), which has solidified the state's current structure. However, the government, through its recent actions, has sought to change its relationship with religion, opting for a different narrative of Wahhabism, which it refers to as "moderate Islam." Given the historical background of the Saudi people and the importance of religion and tradition in this country, this shift will likely lead to centrifugal tendencies among the citizens. Initially, it will create dissatisfaction among the people, and secondly, it will integrate citizens into the global context. This will result in a form of dislocation that has not been experienced in Saudi Arabia until now. With the new policies adopted by the Al Saud regime, religion's ability to serve as a unifying force is weakened, turning it into a centrifugal factor. In reality, the iconographic factor has transformed into circulation. Now, with the new religious policies, the government intends to no longer accept Wahhabism as the source of its legitimacy and instead seeks to adopt moderate Islam as its legitimacy factor. Until now, Saudi Arabia has positioned itself as the standard-bearer of Islam, as evidenced by the first article of the country's constitution. Therefore, neither bin Salman nor any other ruler in this country can govern outside the framework of Islamic laws or norms. Bin Salman is aware that he cannot change the country's constitution, or if such a change were to occur, it would come at a high cost with an uncertain future. Therefore, he is seeking to construct a new narrative of Islam, called moderate Islam, to govern based on the same Islamic laws created by himself and his allies. It seems that if bin Salman fails in this endeavor, the legitimacy of the state will face challenges, particularly in the eyes of various social groups and especially the religious elite.

The importance of knowing the foreign policy of the United States of America has been at the top of the world because of its breadth and scope, and its unique role in conflicts, conflicts, alliances, coalitions, wars, etc. The rulers of society and religious beliefs are the legislators and interest groups. The purpose of this research is to examine the place of religion in the formulation of effective laws in the field of foreign policy of the United States of America. The research method is descriptive-analytical using library data to examine the background of the research on the topic. The findings of the research indicate the study of the role of religion in the drafting of the laws of different American states, religious interpretation of the constitution, the strategy of the American government regarding religious leaders, the vision of Zionist Christianity in the United States of America, the nation-building of the American government in Islamic countries, the abuse of religion in the field of foreign policy of the American government, assimilation and increase The activities of American Muslims in Islamic countries, then the victory of the Islamic Revolution of Iran has been considered as a turning point for the countries of the world. The conclusion of this research shows that religion has the most prominent and influential role in the drafting of laws with regard to their interpretation and implementation in the field of American foreign policy.

Production of science in today's world, multicultural societies exist widely. One of the most important issues of such societies is how they should deal with the phenomenon of their multiculturalism. The reason for the existence of such a problem is that in many cases one of the existing cultures in this society prevails over other cultures and the cultures kept in the minority engage in various types of behaviors and actions to eliminate themselves, which may even endanger the security of such a country. throw Iran is also known as a multicultural country and it is necessary to pay attention to the interaction between these cultures. In this research, the researchers seek to investigate how the social functions of religion affect cultural adaptation. This issue can be raised because, on the one hand, Iran's society is a religious society, and on the other hand, the existence of different ethnic groups and cultures necessitates the need to create cultural compatibility. In this research, after examining the functional view of religion based on the opinions of sociologists such as Durkheim, Simmel, Berger, etc., the theoretical views related to compatibility have been examined. In total, variables such as social cohesion, identity, legitimacy, social control and religious social relations were selected as the functions of religion, and normative, willing, compulsory and habitual variables are the main variables of cultural adaptation. This research was carried out with a survey method and a researcher-made questionnaire as a tool for collecting information and in areas with immigrant

This research is aimed at investigating the religious differences between the Ottomans and Iran during the Safavid period in the years 907-1003 AH/1501-1594 AD, and it tries to investigate the religious differences between the two governments in the years 1501-1594 AD, i.e., the interval of governance ( Shah Ismail Safavi - Shah Abbas I) has been examined and for this purpose, by using the historical method with the focus on library documents, aspects taken from books and references, etc., it shows that the origin of religious wars in These eras were mostly to prevent further expansion of the country by the Safavids and to prevent the spread of the Shia religion, which with its tact and religion-oriented presentation of a government was able to attract many scholars and followers in the East and the West with an incredible speed of Islamic power. and the great Islamic Ottomans will be overtaken by all these things that caused the Safavids to prevent the Ottomans from generating more income and endanger the position of Sunnis as the first rank in the Islamic world It has been seen and in fact, religion is an excuse, and power and maintaining positions and material things and earning money under the pretext of religion, which is obtained from pilgrims, has been and still is the real reason for wars and religious differences.

The incidence of crime and social harm has also increased with the influence of urban cultures and abuses in rural areas of the country. The best way to deal with these social harms is to use Islamic teachings to deal with these social problems, and religion and its prevention strategies can also be used to prevent crime and social harms. The dissemination and propagation of Islamic teachings is important because Islam is the religion of guidance, and Islamic teachings can, as a beacon for the people of society, determine the right path from the wrong paths and deviant paths, and lead people from the paths leading to sin and Destroy to the right path. This research is applied in terms of nature and descriptive-analytical method that has been used to collect information from library resources and fieldwork is a questionnaire. The sample size of this study was determined using Cochran's formula of 320 people. Finally, the obtained data were analyzed using SPSS software and Friedman test. The results show that Islamic religion and teachings reduce social harm and are effective in reducing crime in rural areas. Using Islamic teachings and its proposed solutions, he took steps to reduce social harm, which brings security and peace to the people of society.

Religion has played an important role in the formation of Iranian cities during the Islamic era, so it is necessary to reconsider in development planning, among other factors, to achieve more sustainable development. The present study has studied the background of the influence of Islamic culture on the growth and development of cities in the Islamic period by examining documents and libraries. The present study then presents a conceptual framework of urban development of the Islamic era and extracts the elements and principles of the physical fabric of cities in Muslim-inhabited lands. Then, by using interviews, observing and carefully examining historical documents and information about Sagharisazan neighborhood, the role of religion in the development of Sagharisazan neighborhood, based on the four components of physical texture, bazaar, mosques and shrines, has been studied and analyzed. The analysis of the research shows that religion and religious elements have played an important role in shaping the development of Rasht and Sagharisazan neighborhood of Rasht has been affected by these factors and elements has found an important place in Rasht. Sagharisazan neighborhood is affected by the tombs in it and the numerous mosques in it, have a great impact on the physical fabric of the neighborhood and are located in the focal points of the neighborhood. Also, this neighborhood, like other Islamic cities, has a compact texture, high density and organic texture and winding, and the market as the backbone of this neighborhood, has had a great impact on its growth and development.

Traces of the ‘halal issue’ can be found in most of today’s industry including food, cosmetics, transportation, and other related productions. Muslim tourists are paying more attention to tourism markets than ever before. Since Iran is an Islamic country and its laws are in accordance with the standards of Islam, halal tourism can be flourished in this country according to the background of Islamic culture. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the importance of paying attention to the cultural and religious policies of Iran to develop halal tourism. The purpose of this article is to evaluate the contribution of the cultural and religious policies of Iran to the improvement and development of halal tourism. To this purpose, the relationship between religious and cultural indicators affecting the development of this type of tourism was examined using the interpretive structural modeling (ISM) technique. This method is a system analysis that examines the interactions between its elements and is based on the opinion of experts. The group of experts in the field of religious tourism and cultural heritage, tourism stakeholders, and managers of accommodation centers have received foreign Muslim tourists. The findings showed that Islamic branding indicators focusing on Iranian culture, marketing, and advertising can introduce the Islamic religious culture of Iran to Muslim tourists and create a good image of the cultural situation in Iran. As a result, Muslim tourists can be attracted to Iran by the most basic religious and cultural indicators affecting tourism development. This strategy should be incorporated into the executive policies of the country as a priority.

The establishment of the safavid dynasty in Iran, in the form of Davazdah Emami Shia state, is one of the longest and most fascinating chapters on the Islam and Iran history. Because the follower of this religion continued to the struggle for nine centuries until was declared Shia as official religion of Iran. Since the Safavid dynasty is a turning point in the history of Iran, many phenomena of political geography evaluated in Iran. So, in this study have been tried to investigate how religious identity affected objectivity of Iran’s geographical boundaries and also investigate interaction of the political boundaries with religious identity. This paper seeks to explore and answer to questions like these that what had different political boundaries of Iran before the Sfavid with the boundaries of the Safavid dynasty? What religious identity has made substantive changes in political-geographical boundaries of Iran that many of Iranian history researchers know this period of Iran’s history as began the political-geographical integrity of Iran? The results show that it is in this period that for the first time a cultural-political factor called religious identity has been able to separate the borders and peripheral areas of Iran from non-Iranians and more or less guarantee their existence until the formation of a modern state in Iran.

The emergence of society at risk represents a stage in the development of modern society, in which the political, social, ecological and individual dangers that arise with the process of innovation constantly escape the protective and controlling institutions of the industrial society. Our country has always been exposed to many different dangers. In this study, we seek to study the factors affecting the perception and understanding of the risk among younger generation in Tehran. The statistical population of this research includes all young people in Tehran. The research method of this paper is quantitative method with survey technique and questionnaire tool. The sample size was 384 people. Findings of the research show that the most important risks from the perspective of young people are political-economic risks, then health-environmental, security-security and, finally, socio-cultural risks. The correlation test shows that between the trust in the future and all the components of risk, the variable of lifestyle and the components of the risk of political-economic, industrial-technological and socio-cultural risks, the variable of knowledge with the political-economic, health-environmental components And socio-cultural and variables of religiosity with political-economic, security-law, industrial-technological and socio-cultural risks. the results of regression analysis show that 38% of the changes in the dependent variable of risk can be explained by independent variables. Regression coefficients show that the confidence variable in the future has the greatest impact on the risk variable. After that, the knowledge variable, then the risky life style, and, the religiosity variable, have the most impact on the risk.

Iran has always been referred to as a community with a wide variety of social cleavages, with a mosaic structure. Over the past decade, four generational, gender, ethnic, and religious social cleavages have been of great importance in Iran. One of the relatives who is a good subject for studying within the framework of ethnic and religious cleavages is the Turkmen people. Most Turkmens of Iran live in Golestan province, namely the cities of Gonbad, Bandar Turkmen and Marahteph. Turkmens are Sunni and Hanafi Muslims. The topic that is very important in this regard and the concern of this treatise is the effect of ethnic and religious cleavages on political participation in Golestan province. According to this introduction, the purpose of this essay is to explain and analyze the impact of ethnic and religious cleavages on political participation in Golestan province. The main question of the thesis is that what affects ethnicity and religion as two important cleavages in the whole of Iran, and in particular the Golestan province, on the level of political participation in the province as well as its orientations towards political parties and parties, as well as electoral slogans has it? The present research is a descriptive-survey method of correlational type in terms of type of target. The library method was mainly used to study the literature of the subject and to study the history of research and to learn about the experiences and understand the political participation as well as social gaps inside and outside Iran. Data were collected through a questionnaire and multi-stage cluster sampling. We use the Morgan table to estimate sample size. The sample size was 150 people. The data collection tool was a questionnaire with a reliability of 0.88. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used to analyze the data. The results of this thesis indicate that among the strengths of the ethnic and religious identity of the community studied, their interactions with other ethnic groups and religions, the feeling of less or more social inequality, and the sense of legitimacy of a stronger or weaker political system, and the level and type of political participation in there is a positive and significant relationship between the studied population.

Tourism as a phenomenon is constantly pushing its frontier forward, expanding its importance and involving more people globally. It is now world’s largest industry and as a multifaceted industry, it consists of various components and types. Before the First World War, and according to social class, there was no possibility of separating its different types. But nowadays, due to such various factors as time, place, motive and purpose, its different segmentations are also taken into consideration. The factors just made mention of are defined and classified in terms of time, place, citizenship, and especially incentive travel. Among all the forms of tourism, religious tourism in some countries is more important. This type of tourism is one of the most common forms of tourism around the world and its history is linked to centuries ago; it generally consists of travels and visits in which the main purpose is religious experience. Based on Iran's capabilities in tourist attractions and especially religious tourist attractions and because of its cultural and economic importance there is a huge potential for religious tourism. Hence, the current paper intends to study the consequences and functions of this phenomenon. In this research, which has been based on library and analytical studies We tried to analysis of the role of religious places in attracting tourist. and this research seeks to answer that question religious places What role in attracting tourist?

Electoral geography discusses "the geographical aspects of elections and referendums, the organization of such events (particularly their results), and the cultural and economic conditions at different local, regional, and national levels" (Moyer, 2000, p. 225). The Elections are one of the main manifestations of democracy in the modern era, and it has become more important than ever with respect to the role of people in determining rulers. Democracy is known as the lawful management of a political society which is executed through the mechanism of transferring the population's will to governance for the administration of countries; thus, elections are indeed considered as the most significant manifestation of democracy. An extensive spectrum of situational and geographical factors influences electoral decisions, and, in general, each study discusses only one aspect of this spectrum. In fact, the outcome of various elections is influenced by spatial and geographical variables at individual and social levels. Additionally, there are factors and actors at local, regional, national, and even international levels which affect the outcome of elections. The geography of election is one of the branches of political geography focusing on geographical regions as the platform for electing representatives at local, regional, and national levels. The most important electoral geography constituencies are comprised of factors such as "the spatial organization of elections, the spatial diversity of voting patterns, and the relationship with the demographical indexes, the effect of environmental and spatial factors on the voters’ decisions, the spatial patterns of representation, and the role of components such as power and politics in voting patterns" (Kavianirad, 2013, p. 34). In fact, the geography of election focuses on various geographical aspects of elections, and referendums and their organization and results in particular while considering the cultural, economic, and other conditions influential at various local, regional, and national levels. the spatial analysis of election results can offer a specific spatial perspective to determine the approach of each constituency for the candidates, as well as the elections, and also to better identify the factors affecting the voting process (Zarghani & Razavinejad, 2013). The present study is considered as a descriptive-analytical research. Data collection was carried out using library and document studies. The geographic, economic, political, cultural, and social variables are considered to affect the people's vote and the voting pattern of candidates. The neighborhood, as well as the ethnic and religious characteristics, is one of the most important factors affecting the candidates' voting pattern. This study analyzes the role of the three variables of neighborhood, religion and the rural and urban ​​residence on the voting pattern of candidates of the tenth parliamentary election based on authoritative library resources and statistical data in Qayenat and Zirkouh electoral areas. There are various factors and variables involved in people’s decision for voting in favor of one or more candidates from among a number of candidates. In fact, during the process of elections, voting patterns for candidate in elections are a function of components such as the candidates’ characteristics and individual features, as well as political, economic, and sociocultural macro variables and finally the characteristics and personal features of voters. For example, personal characteristics such as age, gender, education, religious beliefs, ethnicity, and spatial attachment might play a role in the person’s decision for voting in favor of a certain candidate. Other effective variables are dependent on the personal characteristics of the candidate, and finally the political, economic, ideological, cultural, and social variables – in both macro and micro scales – can influence citizens’ electoral behaviors. In fact, variables such as age, gender, degree of education, ethnicity and religion, economic status of voters, and the individual and personality characteristics of the candidates including gender, educational level, power of expression, background and social status, executive and management background, ethnic ties and economic base have a significant influence on the number of people voting for candidates. Finally, more general economic, social and political variables such as governments and other policies and actions of actors, religious leaders and ethnic groups are also influential in this regard. The results of this study as well as other similar studies on the spatial analysis of parliamentary votes in Iran show that the following factors influence Iranian people’s electoral behavior, ultimately leading to the formation of different voting patterns for the candidates, including ethnicity and ethnic groups’ behavior, religious and ideological variables, the neighborhood variable and the effect of birthplace, the economic variable and the type of economic base, and personal and personality traits of both the voters and the candidates. The research results in the form of tables and maps indicate that the neighborhood variable plays an effective role in the voting pattern of candidates. In addition, the religion factor and Sunni religious minority have also been effective in their voting pattern so that Sunnis are more likely to welcome the reformist candidates similar to presidential elections. Finally, despite the difference in the number of candidates’ votes in urban and rural areas, voters' residency in urban and rural areas has no significant effect on the voting pattern independently, and this variable is influenced by other factors, including the neighborhood, ethnic, regional, and religious variables.

Administrative divisions are a clear indication of the role played by states in managing the territorial space, which is being discussed in many disciplines, especially in geopolitics. By pursuing country-specific divisions and territorial targeting, governments pursue specific goals and, according to specific rules and regulations, apply their own management in territorial territory. In the process of changing the level of political-administrative units, there are several factors that make up one of the most important ones, such as population, size, culture and ethnicity, age, security, access, etc. However, in some cases, it can be seen that the existence of a series of political and geopolitical considerations or religious or religious characteristics imposes these criteria on the sidelines and alone plays a key role in promoting the level of division of the state. One of these cases in Iran is the conversion of Qom county to Qom province. This article explores why and how it is influenced by it. This research has been done by descriptive-analytical method and its data and data have been collected through library resources, electronics and referring to relevant documents. The results of the research showed that political and religious factor played a major role in promoting the political level of Qom and forming Qom province, and had a greater impact than other factors.

Study and Survey culture geographic field and factors- and study their roles in the creation and stabilization of state has always attracted the attention of researchers. With pay attention to cultural context, each nation based on their specific cultural geography defines and pursue their ideology, religion and ideology. so, the study of spatial differences Geographical culture factors indifferent states and regions are important. In Iran so far, doesn’t study suggestibility the Shiite from environmental and human characteristics of Iran plateau. So, In this study, is explained the suggestibility of shiism religion cultural component in Iran from geographical factors, such as the interaction between rise the shiism in Iran and natural sites on the; and natural defenses and physical spaces as well as the impact of geographical distance. This research reveals that, in the study of culture, historical geography, political and intellectual movement should be take consider the impacts of the physical geography areas and components. Particularly, environmental and physical of Iran plateau have play direct role in the rise cultural landscape of Iran, particularly in shiism religion.

Political power’s structure and its spatial distribution is one of the most important issues in political geography. Iran, with thousand years of civilization, has a centralized state and its causes must be seek in ancient Iran and the roots of the formation of the first Iranian government (Medes) and the trend to centralizethe power. This paper deals with the exploration of reasons that influenced the power structure in ancient Iran by investigating the structure and spatial distribution of power in ancient Iran in the Median, Achaemenid, Parthian and Sassanid eras. Researchers claim Iran's geographical location and the existence of a powerful foreign enemy named Assyria were the reason of formation of the first centralized government of Iran named Medes. In the beginning, the power structure was not centralized, but was more like an Oligarchy and this structure gradually and in particular in the Sassanid era turned into a centralized and unitary system, and one of the most important reasons was the influence of missionaries in the power structure. It is also necessary to mention that other factors like geographic area and ripples have been effective in the pattern of spatial distribution of political power in Iran.

Iran People struggle to sit through the forties and fifties solar and the Islamic Revolution led by Imam Khomeini (ra), in addition to important developments in domestic Iranian influence well beyond the borders of his left. Particularly, this has been influential in the cultural field. Religion and culture has been the main approach of this revolution, Of course, one of the revolution factors causing has been cultural and religious background. Therefore its role in the region and the world began and continued in this aspect and not limited to the political dimension. This paper is doneby Descriptive – analytic method. Data and information gathered through books, documents and websites. Research Results showed that Iran's most important religious and cultural practices embodied in the Establishment Institutions such as “Culture and Islamic Relations organization (ICRO)”, “World Forum for Proximity of Islamic Schools”, “The Ahlal-Bayt W0rld Assembly” and etc.

Iraq is the country formed by various tribal-religious groups among which are Kurds and Shiites that have deep-seated cultural, tribal, religious, and historic similarities with Iran. Now the question is how the tribal-religious gaps in Iraq might influence the national security of Islamic Republic of Iran? What are the opportunities and threats of Iran in Iraq’s tribal-religious geopolitics extent? According to the research, the heterogeneous society combination-existence of various population groups which are potentially crisis-rising- as the factor of geopolitical transitive has the most influence on political, security, military, and economic dimensions of Islamic Republic of Iran. Therefore, Iran, by close observation of the international mutation and political, security, economic, social and cultural changes of Iraq and its relations with America and neighboring countries, should tighten its relations with Iraq’s Shiites and minority Kurds which can help to gain more convergence in Iran-Iraq cooperation and create the grounds for convergent economic, political and military cooperation between two countries that seems to be expanding through true realization of the current geopolitical realities. At the end, there has been proposed some suggestions to reduce the pellicle dangers and threats of Iraq’s tribal-religious problems affecting Iran’s interests and national security.

The Islamic World covers a wide range, extending from western Atlantic coast in South America to the western coasts of the Pacific Ocean on the Asian continent. An area that accounts for more than 22 percent of the world's drylands and includes vast sections of two continents, Asia and Africa, and small parts of the continents of Europe and America. The latent capacities of the value-centered environment of the Islamic religion provide the context for connecting the fate of each Islamic country to other nations. The connection of the destiny of Islamic countries to each other creates relative advantages, opportunities and clear horizons for the growth, development and authority of each Islamic country. The demographic characteristics of the Islamic world are one of the most important factors enabling the achievement of unity. The population of Islamic countries is 725,015,426.1. The average relative density of population in Islamic countries is about 114 people per square kilometer. Due to climatic conditions and geographical position, the concentration of the population is almost homogenous, and most people are concentrated in wet coastal areas and fertile lands.