جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "shannon entropy" در نشریات گروه "جغرافیا"

Landslides can occur due to human activities and environmental factors that have destructive effects. Reaching zoning of the risk of this phenomenon can help to make decisions to reduce losses and damages caused by this phenomenon. In this study, to prepare a landslide risk map, various natural factors including height, slope, slope direction, precipitation, soil type, distance from the waterway and distance from the fault have been used. Also, the historical information on the earthquake occurrence has been used to estimate the effect of each criterion and sub-criteria. For this purpose, by using the frequency ratio (FR) method, the impact of sub-criteria and by using Shannon's entropy method, the weight of each criterion has been calculated. Also, after calculating the weights of criteria and sub-criteria, VIKOR and weighted average (OWA) methods have been used to prepare a risk map. Based on the obtained results, the criterion of soil type with a weight value of 0.33 has the most effective weight. To compare different methods, the FR criterion has been used, which based on the results obtained, the OWA method has better results for α values ​​equal to 10 and 2.

Cities have always drawn their growth and development from the thoughts and ideas of their initial designers and urban planners who have undoubtedly tailored the city's construction pattern to suit the environmental geography. Kermanshah is no exception to this environmental geography and has its own model of environmental defense. As the largest city in western Iran, Kermanshah is considered the uncontested city of the region due to its unique location and extensive sphere of influence. Kermanshah has been an important center of trade and an urban hub for many centuries, and today it ranks ninth in terms of urban population in the country. Kermanshah's role as a strong defensive fortress in the west of the country has made it the focus of governments in different eras. This underscores the importance of the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah as a result of defense factors in various historical periods. In this article, the Shannon entropy model is used to examine the development process. The results show circular development of the city until 1951, and linear growth from Sarab Taq Bostan in the north to Sarab Qanbar in the south until 1971. From this date onwards, the city has seen physical growth in the western and eastern areas, with the construction of industrial zones and residential areas in these regions, aimed at development plans and urban development. Moreover, practical challenges in some areas have affected urban development, with the political-military factors playing an exceptional role in the physical-spatial development of Kermanshah's metropolis.

The location of the country on the earthquake belt and the issue of earthquake crisis control, by looking at the statistics and recorded records of past and contemporary environmental threats, the fact is revealed that the current crisis management cannot alone be able to deal with the destructive effects of disasters in order to prevent the effects are destructive to vital and sensitive centers and human resources, therefore, it is necessary to apply the principles and criteria of passive defense, which can help to complete the defense chain effectively and significantly. Earthquake is a natural and often destructive phenomenon and event which has received little attention in the urban planning of the country. Most existing studies on reducing damages caused by earthquakes have been around building construction methods to increase the building's resistance against earthquakes. The main focus of the present study is investigating passive earthquake defense in Kermanshah city. According to the goal and in order to identify vulnerable areas against earthquakes, 45 components were identified in the form of 4 natural, physical, social and economic indicators and were investigated with the Aras model. During this research, in parallel with the basic investigations and presentation of theoretical foundations related to the research topic, a panel of experts was formed, and their opinions were collected in the form of a database in Arc GIS software. In addition to earthquake risk zoning, vulnerable spatial and physical development periods were presented based on specific passive defense principles and appropriate solutions to improve the current situation. The research results showed that Regions 8, 4, 1, and 6 have the least vulnerability and Regions 7 and 5. Moreover, 3 and 2 are the most vulnerable.

Green city is one of the approaches to sustainable development. “green city” is an environmentally friendly city compatible with the concept of sustainable development and can be used for the welfare and security of its inhabitants. Based on the concept of a “green city,” urban managers try to have the least destructive effect on the ecosystems upon which cities rely. Green city is one of the sustainable development approaches that reduce the environmental footprint of cities. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the situation of Mashhad metropolis in terms of the objective characteristics of the green city. In this study, 14 indicators of electricity consumption per capita, green space per capita, population density, water availability, sewage availability, superior public transportation network, urban mass transportation, traffic reduction, annual production waste per capita, carbon monoxide, concentration nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide concentration, particulate matter concentration, and air quality were exerted. To determine the importance of research indicators, the Shannon entropy method, and the status of Mashhad city areas in terms of green city indicators, the VIKOR multi-criteria decision-making method has been applied. The results showed that most areas of Mashhad are average and below average in terms of green city characteristics, and only District 9 is in very good condition (0.636). Also, based on the results of this part of the research, District 5, with the value of VIKOR index of 0.969, is in the last rank in terms of objective characteristics of the green city

Mass movements of materials are divided into slip, flow and creep, among of which landslides always cause heavy financial and economic losses worldwide. In this study, based on the analysis of landslides in Shahroud Basin, effective vectors were rated. Using ArcGIS software, the spatial distribution of 183 landslides in Shahroud basin was analyzed and interpreted in fault, waterway, road, lithology, slope, aspect, precipitation amount and height. According to the effect of different vectors, and the spatial distribution of landslides in Shahroud basin, points were scored and entropy matrix was adjusted for them and landslide occurrence in Shahroud basin was zoned. Based on the results of applying Shannon entropy model in Shahroud basin for landslide zoning in terms of landslides, high-risk zones accounted for 41.79% and an average of 52.76% of the basin area. The adaptation of landslide risk zones of Shahroud basin shows the concentration of 74.86% of landslides on slopes of 10-40°, 64.97% in marl, conglomerate, and basalt lithologies, 87.97% at altitudes 2123-823m, 85.79% in semi-arid and temperate rainfall classes (685-315mm) on land surfaces with slope in the western direction, 55.74% at a distance of 0-300m from the river, a distance of 0-500m from the fault and at a distance of 1000-500m from the road. The concentration of danger and landslide zones in the two central parts of Taleghan subspecies and after the joining of Alamut and Taleghan rivers and the formation of Shahroud River is more than other areas. Such changes in landslide distribution due to nonlinear compliance of this geomorphological event are influential factors. The occurrence of landslides is a function of the interaction between factors rather than their abstract effects.

Today, despite all the activities that have been done for the residents of mountainous areas, facing a phenomenon called avalanche in mountainous areas is still a normal thing. For years, the people of mountainous areas have to deal with this natural threat. The manner and place of residence and the type of construction, forestry and land use plans in recent decades have minimized the risk of avalanches in mountainous areas. During the occurrence of natural crises that are associated with social anomalies, an efficient management plan must be prepared and adjusted in advance to firstly identify high-risk areas and secondly, the shortest and most reliable ways to access the centers and the best decision can be made in setting up relief centers. In Iran, studies on the phenomenon of snow and snow avalanches are more limited than other studies. In this study, the Absafid waterfall area of Aligudarz has been investigated in order to prepare an avalanche zoning map and the factors affecting the occurrence of this hazard.

In this research, the input data to the model was prepared first. The input data included sampling points that were from avalanche prone areas (dependent variable of the model) which were identified in order to identify avalanche prone spots through field visits, local inquiries and using the information of natural resources experts in the region. Of the 4 sampling methods used, the first method is to select points that were in the area of rocky outcrops (model 1), the second method is to select points that have slopes of more than 45 degrees (model 2), the third method is to select random points in the areas of snow accumulation (model 3), The fourth method of selecting points in a grid with a regular distance of 150 meters from each other in the area of snow accumulation (model 4). And the independent variables of the model, which include indices (Slope, Aspect, LS , TWI , Wind effect, VRM , MBI , profile and general curvature , NDVI ) were used for modeling.

AUC index values for each of the 4 models, respectively, in training and test mode for: the first model) 0.808 and 0.75, the second model) 0.885 and 0.868, the third model) 0.875 and 0.881, the fourth model) 0.947 and 0.94 and the results show that all models are in the category of excellent models. The results of the Jackknife statistics analysis show that in model 1, NDVI and Slope indices have the greatest impact, model number 2 relates to Slope and TWI indices, model 3 relates to NDVI and Slope indices, and in model number 4, NDVI and Slope indices have had the greatest impact on the output of the model. The results of matching the zoning maps with each other and the percentage difference between the maps obtained from the 4 models show that the lowest matching rate among the above maps is the result of the comparison between model 1 and 2, which is 53% and also the highest The compliance rate is related to model 3 and 4, and their lack of compliance is 9%. Also, comparing the results with field observations shows that model number 3 has predicted the best result in identifying avalanche spots in the evaluated area.

In recent decades, the use of different modeling algorithms has been developed. On the other hand, in all data-driven models, in order to initially train the model, it is necessary to introduce the points related to the place of occurrence of the desired phenomenon. Therefore, the type of distribution of input data can influence the output maps. The most important goal of this research is to evaluate the type of input data introduced in a data-oriented method (based on Shannon entropy and logistic regression, Max.Ent) in preparing a snow avalanche risk zoning map in the limits of the White Water waterfall in Aliguderz city. In order to prepare an avalanche risk zoning map, 10 geomorphometric factors were used, and based on the field survey, the area of avalanche occurrence was identified in the region, and snow avalanche prone points were introduced to the model in four different ways. The results of prediction models' accuracy (AUC), determining the importance and degree of sensitivity of each of the criteria used showed that the accuracy of the predicted maps varied between 0.81 and 0.95. Also, from the results of the most effective environmental indicators in the output of each of the models, it was evident that, in general, the criteria related to vegetation and slope were given the most weight. The results of the spatial evaluation of the prepared maps indicate a difference of 53%-9% between the avalanche prone areas among the four introduced methods. In general, the northwest to southwest regions are the most sensitive to the onset of avalanches in the study area, and this issue is evident in almost all models.

Today, the "smart growth" strategy has been proposed as a new and comprehensive pattern of urban planning in the world, in order to solve the problem of sprawl urban growth due to relentless urbanization. The metropolis of Ahvaz, which has always suffered from the consequences of such growth in recent years, can not be an exception to this pattern. Therefore, due to the importance of the subject, this study aimed to measure and rank the metropolitan regions of Ahvaz in terms of compliance with smart urban growth indicators. The type of research is applied with a descriptive-analytical method based on documentary studies and field observations. The statistical population of the study was Ahvaz metropolitan regions. As a result of documentary studies, 82 indicators were selected within the framework of 4 physical criteria - land use, socio-economic, access - transportation and environment and the data were extracted using available sources. The data were then analyzed using a combination of Shannon entropy weighting method and ELEKTRE technique. Based on the research results, there is a significant difference between Ahwaz metropolitan regions in terms of appropriateness to smart urban growth indicators; In this regard, District 5 of Ahvaz metropolis has poor conditions, so compared to other areas of the metropolis, it deserves more serious attention. Finally, based on the research findings, solutions were proposed.

Increasing population growth in urban areas has had adverse socio-economic, traffic and physical consequences for cities. So cities need to provide better places to live. One of these places is the creation of pedestrian zones or sidewalks. The aim of this study was to assess the factors affecting the quality of the two phases of the Rasht pedestrian zone from the citizens' point of view. The first phase of the pedestrian zone includes Alam al-Huda Street and the second phase includes Saadi, Imam Khomeini and Shahrdari squares. The method of the present research is applied based on the purpose and descriptive-analytical based on the method of implementation. In this research, in the first step, theoretical studies and research literature have been done and based on these studies, four criteria (physical-spatial, accessibility, socio-economic, micro-design) and 22 indicators have been selected. In the next step, by field studies and completion of 392 questionnaires by citizens, using the entropy method, the criteria and indicators of studies in two phases of pedestrian zones have been weighed and evaluated. The results show that the micro-design criteria and the three indicators "suitable design for the disabled and the elderly", "night lighting" and "urban facilities (trash and drinking water, etc.)" have the greatest weight and importance. Also, in ranking the two-phase pedestrian zones, citizens are more satisfied with the first phase with a normalization score of (0.52) than the second phase (0.47).

Cities to expand on their peripheral surroundings, regardless of the various physical, environmental, social and economic impacts. development is one of the new strategies to counter the physical development of cities. The main purpose of this strategy is to recapture lost or destroyed urban spaces. The type of research is applied -Practical and its method is analytical. Shannon and Holdern's entropy coefficient method to analyze the data and information for measuring the sprawl of the city, the nearest index for the model of infill development capacity distribution and the Vikor model for ranking the urban areas according to the studied land uses was used. According to the Shannon entropy coefficient calculations, the value of ln (n) is obtained at 1.38, which indicates that urban sprawl and physical development are sparse compared with the urban entropy coefficient of 1.37. Holderen's results also show that about 90 per cent of the city's growth was due to population growth, and only 0.09 per cent was to the city's horizontal and spiral growth. A comparative study of the proposed area and the urban area surveyed reveal that approximately 917 hectares of proposed landfill levels have not yet been met. While the city's infill capacity is 2408 hectares. By comparative comparison, the area is measured at a numerical average of the nearest-neighbour ratio of -27.58. Since this value is smaller than one, we, therefore, conclude that the inner city capacities are clustered throughout the city. Finally, according to the results of the Vikor method, region 3 has the highest infill development capacity with 36.15.

Viability is one of the approaches that seek to create a safe and healthy environment for human societies. Today, cities face many challenges in the economic, social, and environmental fields. At the same time, population growth, along with the growing proportion of urbanization, has had detrimental consequences for cities. Continuation of such urban growth with social, economic, and environmental problems is critical and warns against urban instability. Meanwhile, other problems drastically reduce the quality of life and, consequently, livability in cities. Therefore, today the necessity and importance of the discussion of viability and sustainable development in cities are quite obvious. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the viability of neighborhoods in Yasuj with emphasis on sustainable development. The research method is descriptive-analytical with an applied purpose. The data required for the analysis were collected through a questionnaire and then analyzed using SPSS, ArcMap, Excel, Shannon entropy model, and TOPSIS. The results of calculations and evaluation show that not all neighborhoods of Yasuj have the same viability. The neighborhood Zir-e Juma Bazaar has the highest level of viability whereas Eram neighborhood has the lowest level of viability.

Rockfall is one of the most important geomorphological hazards in mountainous areas, which always causes great financial and human losses, especially for communication lines (roads and railways). Zanjan - Teham and Tarem are also one of the most dangerous mountain roads in Ardabil province, where the risk of falling rocks seriously threatens the road. Therefore, the purpose of this research is to identify the danger zones along this road. For this purpose, in addition to a field visit to the desired area and using the 2021 Landsat OLI sensor satellite images, the layers and maps that are effective in rock fall, including: geology, slope, elevation levels, slope direction, land use and vegetation, fault, distance from Road, distance from watercourse, precipitation levels, isothermal, freezing data were used. The drop points collected with dual-frequency GPS (mapping tool) were checked in the ArcGis pro software environment with the aforementioned criteria. Then, using the statistical method of frequency ratio coefficient, information value method and Shannon's entropy, which uses environmental data, zoning of the risk of falling was carried out through combining and algebraic summing of the maps in five risk classes from very low to very high. According to the results obtained in the information value method, 64.23% of the area was assigned to high to very high risk areas. In the case of frequency ratio method, this number was 41.7% and Shannon's entropy method was 44.01%. In order to evaluate the zoning accuracy of the mentioned methods, two total quality indicators and accuracy index (experimental probability) were used. The evaluation of the models showed that, in the information value model, the mentioned indices were obtained as 0.34 and 0.95, respectively, which have higher quality and accuracy compared to the frequency ratio and Shannon entropy models.

Hospitals are among the most important service centers, and the selection of the optimal site for them is a very important (yet complex) undertaking, as it can bring about optimal spatial distribution of hospitals and can make them optimally accessible for citizens. In the present study, in order to optimally locate hospitals in District 5 of Tehran metropolis, a combination of the geographical information system, objective weighting methods, and multi-criteria decision making method was used. The geographical information system was used to analyze and manage the optimal hospital locating criteria, the CRITIC weighting method was implemented to account for the correlation between the criteria, and Shannon's entropy method was used to model the existing uncertainty in the criteria. CODAS multi-criteria decision making method was used due to its novelty and the evaluation of alternatives based on two criteria. Based on the results obtained from CRITIC weighting method, distance from health centers, and based on the results of Shannon's entropy method, distance from industrial areas were the most important optimal hospital locating criteria. The results of ranking the candidate sites using CRITIC-CODAS and Shannon’s entropy-CODAS were almost the same, and both methods identified the sites on the western side of the District (that did not have any hospital) as the appropriate sites. The results of the study indicated the high accuracy of combined objective weighting and multi-criteria decision making methods in optimal locating of the hospitals. It might be asserted that these methods can replace thematic weighting methods such as analytical hierarchy process.

In order to minimize the undesirable effects of unsteady growth of Urmia and to apply the smart-growth model for this city, recognizing the characteristics of different areas and their inequality in planning, is the basis of the work. Therefore, proper planning should be done to eliminate these inequalities and transform the optimal situation. Areas need to be categorized in terms of "development" in order to plan for whether or not they are developed. In measuring smart growth indices, there are different types of statistical methods and techniques. Using quantitative criteria and methods to classify the neighbourhoods and urban areas of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices not only recognizes the differences between areas, but also these criteria for determining the types. The services needed and the adjustment of inequality between areas of the city. The present study tries to study the spatial distribution of urban smart growth components in the five urban areas of Urmia and based on the obtained scores, the rate of urban smart growth indices in three levels of smart, semi-intelligent and less intelligent. Therefore, the following objectives were considered for the study: Identification of Smart Areas of Urmia, Prioritizing Urban Areas of Urmia for Future Planning in line with Urban Smart Growth Pattern and Identifying Homogeneous Neighborhoods of Urmia in terms of Urban Smart Growth Indicators.

The approach of the research method in this study is of applied type and it is descriptive-analytical and correlational. Spatial statistics tests were used to model the spatial pattern of smart neighbourhood distribution. To identify the spatial pattern of intelligent living spaces and finally to identify the desired zones. First, library studies were used to identify smart city indices from different sources and databases. Accordingly, six main indices (intelligent dynamics, intelligent people, intelligent living, intelligent environments, intelligent governance, and smart economics) with 91 items were used. The field was determined. Regarding the research subject, random sampling was used in order to obtain the maximum accuracy coefficient in obtaining samples with a high degree of characteristics of the statistical population and the results of which can be generalized to the whole population. According to Cochran's formula, 384 people were selected as the sample population. Simple random stratified sampling and distribution of samples for 30 neighbourhoods were done based on proportional allocation. Questionnaires were collected based on field method through direct interviews with residents of five districts. In this study, Cronbach's alpha coefficient was calculated using SPSS software. The reliability of the research is significant since the reliability of the questionnaire was assigned to each of the answers 1 to 5 with a Cronbach's alpha of 0.785. In order to complete the questionnaire, a questionnaire was distributed in each of the five urban areas. According to the objectives of the study, Shannon entropy (as a multi-criteria decision-making method) was used to evaluate and rank Urmia metropolitan areas in terms of smart growth indices. Regression analysis (Pearson function and linear regression) were used in SPSS software.

To achieve definitive ranking in terms of smart growth indices, all 91 variables were computed using Shannon entropy model and results were slightly different. In terms of integrated indices of Region 3, with an entropy value of 1 was ranked first. The region was also ranked first in smart living indicators. The last rank came in the 4th place with an entropy value of 0 which was in the last place in relation to the smart governance index. Overall, Region 3 was ranked as one of the most prosperous regions in terms of smart growth indices with economic and social structure, good accessibility, favourable environment, dynamic economy, proper urban infrastructure, proportional distribution of land uses and construction density. The mean of the integrated indices is 0.39 and the standard deviation is 0.39. Area one has the highest score above average and other areas are below average. Using the inequality coefficient, the coefficient of equilibrium in urban smart growth indices between urban areas for these indicators was calculated and a value of 1.01 was obtained, indicating heterogeneity and divergence between urban areas in terms of intelligence indicators. This inequality is affected by the inadequate distribution of facilities and services throughout the city. According to the calculated entropy and inequality coefficient, there are differences and inequality between the neighbourhoods of Urmia in terms of smart growth indices. In other words, this paper investigates and ranks the neighbourhoods of the five urban areas of Urmia for urban smart growth index using Shannon entropy model. The results of the ranking show that the neighbourhoods of Urmia city achieved different scores and scores in each of the indicators of a smart economy, smart people, smart governance, smart dynamics, and smart environment. This indicates significant inequality and differences in some indicators. The highest inequality between the indicators of smart governance and the lowest inequality between the indicators of intelligent life. All six indices (91 items) were combined and then tested for composite rank. Then the entropy of each index was calculated and classified using three clusters using cluster analysis. According to the consolidated results, smart growth index in neighbourhood 8 Shahrivar with entropy value 0.799 located in region 3 is in the first rank among smart neighbourhoods. The neighbourhoods of the school, Isarah, Imamate and Ayatollah Dastgheib are in second to fifth place, respectively. The last rank of this ranking is for the Kohnavard neighbourhood with an entropy value of 0.16 located in District 2 of Urmia.

Combined regression fitting shows that smart living variables have the greatest impact on predicting and developing the spatial structure of smart growth in urban neighbourhoods so that one unit change in the deviation of smart living indices will cause 0.680 units to change in integrated growth indices. The results emphasize the need for attention and prioritization of the Kohnavard neighbourhood in Zone 2 in future development and planning.

Innovative city is including new concepts in urban studies, highlighted by geographers, economists and sociologists, in achieving a knowledge-community and knowledge-based development. In this regard, city has been considered in a hybrid approach as a place where creativity, knowledge, creative and innovative industries and knowledge economy. Thus, urban environments should provide conditions to attract and retain creative and innovative human capitals. According to importance of subjecte, research aims to evaluating and comparison social and cultural indicators of the innovative city in the regions of Tabriz Metropolis. In terms of purposes, the present study is of applied researchs type, and in terms of methodology, it is a comparative research. Shannon entropy method for weighing indicators is used and the TOPSIS technique is applied in order to rank the regions of Tabriz. Emphasizing on the social and cultural indicators, the findings of the research show that region 8 tops the ranking list and region 10 is ranked the last. ‌The result of research indicates that the social and cultural indicators are not distributed equitably and there is a spatial focus on distribution of indicators. The results of research indicate the incompatibility of the distribution of social and cultural indicators with the distribution of population across the city. Therefore, since innovation is the key to the development and expansion of cities as well as the equitable distribution of services and facilities necessary for development, the fair distribution of social and cultural indicators is essential for the realization of an innovative city.

Over the past decade, Maxent (maximum entropy) algorithm has been used extensively in natural resource studies, especially on topics related to animal habitat suitability, plant species distribution, and so in prediction of species presence potential areas. Since the presence of springs as a point feature at the watershed indicates the ability of the occurrence of a spring at that point, the Maxent model can be used to assess water resources potential of the watershed. Therefore, this study tries to evaluate the capability of Maxent algorithm to determine the potential areas for predicting and mapping presence of springs on the Kabgian karstic watershed.

The data used in this study are divided to two categories of variables including dependent variable as points of presence of the spring, and independent variable as environmental information layers, including: Geographical Aspect, Lineament Density, Vertical Distance to the Channel Network (VDCN), Topographic Wetness ( TWI), Topographic Roughness (TRI), Topographic Position (TPI), Stream Density, Stream Power, Slope, Real Surface Area(RSA), Digital Elevation Model (DEM), Slope Curvature, Fault Density, Vegetation (NDVI), Vector Ruggedness Measure (VRM), precipitation and lithology. All modifications, layer preparation, classification, analysis, and map extraction was done using ArcGIS® 10.5, PCI Geomatica® 2018, SAGA GIS, MaxEnt® 3.3.3, Google Earth Pro 9, and Excel 2016 software.

The results showed that the accuracy of the model was very good with AUC 82.7 % on the ROC curve. According to Jackknife test, among 17 environmental variables, DEM, VDCN, rainfall, TPI and NDVI indices had the most impact on modeling, respectively. The least impact on modeling is VRM, geographical aspect, curvature, fault density, and lineament, respectively. The impact of the lithology index for predicting has been moderate; this can be attributed to the fact that more than 73% of the watershed is covered with limestone and gypsum which has a relatively uniform effect in modeling; This condition can also be seen in the lithology response curve which has given a significant response for Asmari and Gachsaran Formations. In general, the response curves of the most influential variables in the modeling were interpreted as follows: DEM response, first, increases in the range of 2200-2000 meters, then decreases to 2700 meters and again increases to 3700 meters. By moving away from the valley, the effect of the VDCN index is reversed; In other words, most springs have appeared near the valley. Areas with 1000 mm (and more) rainfall have been the most prone part of the basin. TPI index shows that with increasing basin surface bulge and slope, the areas prone to the presence of the spring decreases. The response of the NDVI index is positive and relatively uniform. The stream density response diagram has two significant breaks; it first decreases sharply at a density of 0.5 (km / km2) and increases sharply at a density of 1 to 1.3 (km / km2), then decreases again. The impact of watershed lithology in the area of Asmari and Gachsaran formations has been positive due to karstification and significant outcrop, and has had a negative response for other formations, especially Gurpi and Pabdeh formation due to being fine-grained. In general, the breaks in response curves are likely to be due to the interaction of other variables. The turning points of these curves and the range between these points, however, are the most effective part of the index that indicates whether the area is prone or not. According to the water resources suitability map, the areas with high, medium and low potential of the spring presence are 1894, 21795 and 63637 hectares, respectively. Areas with high potential are mainly located on the heights of Asmari and Gachsaran formations.

Between the 17 environmental indices used, none had acceptable predictive ability alone; this can be attributed to the complexity of karst systems and the difficulty of modeling it. The accuracy of the model was 82.7%, indicating the very good ability of the model in achieving the research goal. The final map of the areas prone to the presence of the spring is divided into three classes: high, medium and low, which include 2.2, 25 and 72.8 percent of the basin, respectively. Maxnet software, based on Shannon's entropy maximum, only needs the presence information of dependent variable and the information layers of the independent environmental variables to predict the most suitable regions for the presence of a dependent variable. Hence, the main advantage of this model is the accurate classification of potentials using layers of the presence of dependent variables; therefore, the possible error resulting from the absence or absence of points does not occur using this model. In overall, Shannon maximum entropy algorithm has a significant ability to determine the potential of groundwater resources in different areas and can be used for predicting and mapping karst water resources potential in watersheds.

Today, the theory of smart growth plays a very important role in urban development. This approach tries to improve the quality of human life and seeks to respond to socio-economic, environmental and physical problems of cities and can pave the way for urban management to make optimal use of facilities and solve urban problems. Smart growth is a new phenomenon in our country and due to limited resources and time, prioritizing the principles and indicators of smart growth for the proper implementation of urban development is important and significant. so this study examines the impact of indicators of urban smart growth on development of Arak city. This research is an applied research in terms of purpose and is a descriptive-analytical research in term of method . The required data and information have been obtained by collecting the opinions of experts and by using the comprehensive and detailed plan of the city of Arak and related documents, magazines, and books. To analyze the data, we used MATLAB software and Shannon entropy and Copras. The results indicate that the physical-land use index is the most important indicator of intelligent growth in urban development of Arak. Also, in the end, according to the research results and the needs of Arak city, solutions have been presented in order to better implement smart development.

Floods are one of the phenomena in nature that human beings have been witnessing for a long time. In Iran, due to the large area, diffident climates, temporal and spatial density of rainfall in most watersheds, we see huge floods every year. Flood susceptibility mapping is one of the basic strategies to reduce the loss of life and property due to floods. In this study, Bagging and Shannon Entropy methods have been used to prepare flood susceptibility maps. In the current study, 201 floodplain locations were prepared. Of the 201 positions, 70% were used for modeling and map preparation. The remaining 30%, which were randomly generated, were used to validate the maps produced. Furthermore, ten effective factors including slope, land curvature, distance to river, elevation, rainfall, stream power index (SPI), topographic wetness index (TWI), lithology, land use and normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) were used. The mentioned models determined the effect weight of each factor affecting the occurrence of floods. The ROC curve was drawn and the area below the curve (AUC) was calculated to validate the flood susceptibility map. The results showed that Bagging model has a higher accuracy than Shannon Entropy model. Therefore, the high accuracy of this model indicates that it is reliable for preparing a flood susceptibility map in areas without statistics. The results showed that Bagging model has a higher accuracy than Shannon Entropy model. Therefore, the high accuracy of this model indicates that it is reliable for preparing a flood susceptibility map in areas without statistics.

According the increasing population, especially the urban population in the world and increasing environmental pollution caused by it, The need for urban planning and management approaches based on indicators such as Healthy Cities approach seems inevitable. The purpose of this paper is to analyze the efficiency and ranking of healthy city indicators through 36 indicators (socioeconomic, health services, environmental and health care). research method applied research is descriptive, analytic and development. To analyze the data from the non-parametric linear programming technique of data envelopment analysis, cross ineffective, models and software Dea slover Shannon entropy is used. The geographic area of this study is Khuzestan province and its statistical population is 22 cities according to the census of 2016. The results of this research show that in terms of relative efficiency of Ahwaz city due to the centrality of the province and the availability of infrastructure and sanitary services with a relatively high distance with the highest performance and high level of performance was in the first rank. And the cities of Dezful, Shosh, Khorramshahr, Shoshtar, Abadan, Masjed Soleyman and Behbahan were selected as semi-efficient cities. Finally, it can be concluded that in terms of having the indicators of the healthy city, most of the cities of the province are Inefficient (64%).