جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « بازسازی » در نشریات گروه « جغرافیا »

This study has analyzed dating methods used in paleoclimatological studies. The method was review, document, and library. The statistical complex under study was among 2579 valid scientific works, between 1974-2023 in a period of 49 years, of which 108 scientific sources related to age measurement methods in Iran and internationally have been identified and analyzed. The articles have been received from domestic databases (Irandoc, Noormags, Elmnet, Magiran, Ensani, SID) and international databases (Google Scholar, Semantic Scholar). The keywords searched in these databases included climatic reconstruction, dating, and Quaternary. The results of this research showed that the most dating methods in paleoclimatology studies are carbon-14, oxygen isotope, tree chronology, and luminescence, respectively, and most dating studies have been done with the carbon-14 method. In terms of the spatial distribution of the conducted studies; In Iran, most of the studies have focused on the level fluctuations of Lake Urmia, and at the international level in China (Tibetan Plateau). Based on the review of sources, the first study area of paleoclimate in Iran was Zaribar Lake and it was done in 1961. Focusing more thematic studies on the topics of climate change, droughts, and droughts; in terms of time scale, it is Holocene and Quaternary. Based on the studies reviewed in this research, Iran's climate has changed from a hot and humid climate to a temperate climate since the Cretaceous period and experienced dry periods in the Central Plateau during the Pleistocene. Since the climate change caused by global warming has intensified since the Quaternary period, therefore, the use of dating methods for paleoclimate studies can be somewhat appropriate in terms of planning and risk management with regard to the new and advancing climate of the world.

Landscape has been considered the meeting point of history and geography. The landscape transcends the place and is an infusion of what is seen and what can be interpreted. Through the lens of the landscape, place is not just a form; it has a meaning and an identity. In other words, each architectural element can have a special existential narrative, history, and philosophy in addition to its physical, appearance, and situational features. Such concepts together create the landscape narrative of the element. Landscape narratives can add up to tourist attractions for viewers and visitors, and these narratives and stories stick in visitors’ memory and encourage them to have similar experiences or describe them to others. Many architectural elements that existed in old Iranian cities have lost their uses over time due to the advancement of technology, lifestyle changes, and a variety of reasons, and in the best case, they serve as tourist attractions. They are visited by tourists (in many cases, these places are destroyed or subject to destruction due to lack of use). In some cases, these architectural elements have been reconstructed and have had different uses. Examples of such changes can be a caravanserai that has been converted into a hotel, a public bath that has been used as a restaurant, or a reservoir whose roof has been renovated into a warehouse. In some of these reconstructions, the original identity and narrative of the element have been taken for granted, and an attempt has been made to take advantage of the place and its available physical features to make it possible for visitors to reuse buildings. Changing the use of each place can be investigated from different perspectives. In addition to serving as a historical place, its most important advantage is to prevent the destruction of its architectural space. Reconstructing or using places preserves the physical structures that can be visited and used in the future. On the other hand, this issue can overshadow their original identities and narratives. Over time, they might completely disappear and be forgotten. If this reconstruction is only focused on the physical structures, their identities, and narratives will be separated and faded away. Especially if the new uses change some architectural features fundamentally. In other words, the issues of the use of historical places and old architectural elements, such as castles, caravanserais, baths, etc., are quite sophisticated, and their ignorance can lead to the destruction of identities. The most important concern in this reconstruction is the preservation of the narratives and identities of the original buildings to help present visitors understand what main and secondary uses each place used to have before the reconstruction and realize the characteristics of identity. If this concern is addressed, not only the restoration and preservation of the buildings can be done, but their identity will also be respected, and this will attract their attractiveness to visitors. This can be done by telling the story visually, orally, and even by restoring parts of the space to their former form. For example, in a hotel in Yazd, which is an old house bath (pool section) have been completely restored in their original form, and in addition to the old photos, the narration is also done by guides. This helps visitors have a pleasant stay in a hotel with modern facilities, get to know the original story of the old house of an ancient city, travel to the history of the previous period, and interact with a geographical historical situation. This is what the landscape narratives intend to do.

The occurrence of natural disasters can have dire consequences both directly and indirectly in people's lives and livelihoods. Therefore, there is vital to achieve resilience in the field of natural disasters, avoid natural disasters in the future and reduce the financial damage and human casualties due to the occurrence of natural disasters.  

The current paper aims to evaluate the role of reconstruction methods in the stability of rural settlements damaged by earthquakes for Avaj County.

Considering the large number of villages and the extent of the region, using geographical classification and including a comparative study, 10% of reconstructed settlements has been determined as a study sample.

Geographical Context: 

Considering the large number of villages and the extent of the region, using geographical classification and including a comparative study, 10% of reconstructed settlements has been determined as a study sample.

Post-event reconstruction activities are significantly different in the three studied components: physical-environmental development, economic development and socio-cultural development with numerical average values and t-test statistics (3.86 and 38.21), (3.57 and 30.77) and (3.82 and 62.71), respectively. Also, the difference from the optimal numerical limit (3 is equal to the average of the 5-level Likert scale) was reported as positive, and the confidence interval at the 95% level was also positive at the lower and upper limits.

The analysis of the ranking Kruskal Wallis test showed that the relocated villages in the process of reconstruction have a much higher average rank than the villages reconstructed in the same place, due to more credit and financial incentives, land preparation. Therefore, it can be acknowledged that this method is successful.

The study aimed at investigating factors affecting urban regeneration as a new approach for reconstructing and improving worn-out structures of central part of Kermanshah city from citizens’ point of view. The study used a descriptive-analytical method regarding the aims of study. The population were all citizens of the central part of Kermanshah. The data about three components were obtained using a questionnaire. 384 questionnaires were determined to be completed using Cochran’s formula. The reliability coefficient of the questionnaire, calculated by Cronbach's alpha, was 0.91 that means a high validity. One-sample t-test was applied for analyzing the data. Results showed that amongst eight variables pertaining to the accessibility and permeability, the factors of wide sidewalks and their facilities and safety have been most effective factors in the success of all activities in the center of Kermanshah, while stable and long walls have had the least effect on regeneration of the city. Due to the inappropriate distances between attractive uses makes spatial structure of the central part in a bad situation in terms of continuity. The decrease in combination and the diversity of activities, the principle of density pattern of development, accessibility and permeability show their weak role in regenerating the central part of Kermanshah. It is recommended that for improving the affecting factors in regenerating this part, a combination of different uses and attractiveness of sidewalks be made. Moreover, application density can result in increasing efficacy of public services like transportation.

Natural hazards, especially earthquakes, often result in heavy corporal and financial losses to human settlements. Therefore, all communities are vulnerable to natural disasters, which can change the quality of life of communities; Iran has always suffered a lot from natural disasters due to its spatial structures and has been one of the most vulnerable parts of the world in terms of environmental hazards, including earthquakes. Rural textures of residential spaces in the nature bed are highly vulnerable for the following reasons: inappropriate infrastructure and existing socioeconomic inequalities, low housing quality, low level of use of technology, non-compliance with location criteria, etc. These face a high level of vulnerability.Nowadays, considering the vulnerability of villages in different spatial dimensions, the resettlement policy in the form of three redevelopment (reconstruction), relocation and aggregation approaches, is one of the types of management approaches in rural settlement planning which in order to develop rural districts and specifically to organize the optimal distribution of rural areas and the provision of facilities and services for villagers and, ultimately, the protection of villagers against all kinds of hazards have been proposed. These policies focus on two issues of welfare and quality of life. In fact, one of the new approaches to resettlement is the introduction of indicators of quality of life.In this study, evaluating the effect of resettlement policies after the earthquake on the improvement of economic, socio-cultural and spatial-physical quality of life of villagers was investigated using 11 indicators. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of relocation, integration and aggregation of villages damaged by the 1997 earthquake in Zirkooh county on the quality of life of local residents through studying mental indices. The research question is: How have post-earthquake enforcement policies (integration, aggregation, relocation) affected life quality of villagers?2. Study AreaZirkuh county is located in the northeast of South Khorasan province and its center is Hajiabad city. This county is bordered by Khorasan Razavi province to the north, Darmian county to the south, Ghaen county to the west, and Afghanistan to theeast. Zirkuh city includes three districts, six villages, and two cities named Zahan and Hajiabad. The total number of settlements in this city is 138, of which 103 are inhabited and 35 are uninhabited (Deputy Planning of South Khorasan Governorate, 2014). The study area is the villages affected by the earthquake in May 1997. Among them, six villages of Pardan, Payhan, Afin, Mehmanshahr, Ardakol, Darj Olya in which three resettlement strategies (consolidation, relocation and relocation or reconstruction) have been implemented, were selected as a sample.

The method of research according to the nature of work is descriptive-analytic. In the first section, to determine the appropriate criteria by studying library documents, theories about quality of life and resettlement were examined. Then, by merging them, the criteria for assessing the quality of life of relocated or integrated rural settlements were detremined. In the second part, using the observation tools and questionnaire, the required data were collected. The population of the research of the villagers affected by the earthquake in 1976 in Zirkuh district in six sample villages is 903 households. According to Cochran's formula (95% confidence level and 0.05 error), 144 households were randomly selected to complete the questionnaire. The data were collected and analyzed. The questionnaires were basically closed questions with answers in five-point Likert scale (very (5) to very low (1)). Reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha method, and alpha value of 0.855. Data analysis was done in two sections: descriptive and inferential statistics, by SPSS software and Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, single sample T and analysis of variance (ANOVA).

In this study, the effects of resettlement strategy on the quality of life of residents of displaced villages were studied. Comparison of three patterns of reconstruction, displacement and aggregation of villages in the study area showed that each of the studied patterns has advantages and disadvantages and none of the patterns was able to improve the quality of life of the studied communities in all areas. The results of respondents' survey on the quality of life dimensions in the sample villages showed that in the socio-cultural dimension with the mean of 2.717, is the highest and the economic dimension with an average of 2.15 is the lowest satisfaction level that exists. The quality of life is also moderate with an average of 2.576.The results of one-sample T test confirmed the above results. The results showed that one of important indicators in increasing the quality of life of the rural community is social solidarity. In the social cohesion index, the value of the statistic is 16.14 and the level of significance is equal to 0.000 which is less than 0.05. It should be noted that the value of T statistics on the quality indices of infrastructure, health and safety, participation and housing was also recognized important by the villagers.Moreover, results showed that the Mihmanshahr village with an average of 2.69 had the highest and the Payhan village with an average of 2.47 had the lowest level of quality of life, which proves that coherent policy is better than the policy of displacement at the level of sample villages. The results of analysis of variance show that there is no significant difference between the quality of life of a resettlement pattern in the sample villages but significant level in 7 indicators of quality of employment, income quality, quality of education, participation quality, quality of social cohesion, quality of infrastructure and ambient quality is less than 0.05. Thus, at the 95% confidence level, there is a significant difference between the three resettlement policies in terms of quality of life.  Respondents' level of satisfaction with quality of life is not the same in all three resettlement patterns, but in other indicators, there is no significant difference between respondents' satisfaction with quality of life.

It can be concluded that resettlement policies should not only be considered as financial compensation or the provision of means of life. But it should also cover all aspects of life (financial, occupational, educational, social, cultural, environmental and physical, etc.) to reduce the hardship of individuals during the process of implementing the plan. It should be noted that regardless of the choice of any model for resettlement, it is most important to pay attention to the living conditions in the new place to enjoy the working and living conditions of people in a livable settlement and planners should provide a good quality of life in the new settlement - with any pattern of resettlement. Training villagers to have skilled and technical jobs, especially the youth, creating job diversity and creating low-cost job insurance for the villagers to increase job security coefficient are among the suggestions that can be offered to improve this area in the study area.

One of the important issues in the event of natural disasters in cities is the reconstruction of cities after these accidents. In the process of post-traumatic reconstruction, elements and factors are influential and the set of these processes has several effects on different dimensions of urban development, especially physical-physical dimension. Manjil is one of the cities of Roudbar, Gilan province, which was severely damaged by an earthquake in 1369. The process of rebuilding the city after the accident has had many effects on the physical and physical aspects of the city. In this study, the effects of elements of post-traumatic reconstruction on this dimension and the impact of physical-physical indicators of these elements have been studied. To this end, the effects of these elements and indicators were evaluated through a questionnaire by 25 relevant experts and analyzed by nonparametric binomial statistical test as well as statistical indices. The results showed that the impact of post traumatic reconstruction elements on the physical and physical dimension of Manjil was high and the physical and physical indices of these elements were high too. Also, most of the effects of the reconstruction elements on indigenous, entrepreneurial, and facultative factors were physical and physical indices, as well as building resistance, passageways and access to services had the most impact on the post-traumatic reconstruction process.

Sarand is a village in the county of Harris in the East Azerbaijan province, Iran. In 2012, it suffered a total destruction in an earthquake. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the housing pattern proposed for the injured and to compare it with the previous patterns. Also, a comparative evaluation is performed of the behavioral patterns in both pre- and post-earthquake settings to clarify the deficiencies and problems encountered. In order to achieve the desired goals, in addition to studying the existing documents, a field survey was done. For this purpose, the descriptive exploratory method was used in the research.The results of the research indicate that the patterns of place-behavior in Sarand village houses after the earthquake are fundamentally different from the pre-earthquake patterns. Due to the hasty reconstruction of buildings, little or no attention was paid to the traditional and indigenous patterns, participation of the villagers, and issues of rural livelihoods. In addition, the results indicate that the language of the new housing model after the earthquake is in contrast to the language of the traditional housing model. In the case of human patterns, it can be concluded that the place-behavior patterns of traditional houses have turned into poor physical-functional patterns in the new houses. Therefore, possible problems in such cases can be reduced in the future by the cooperation and involvement of users in reconstruction processes, using of their experiences and opinions, and application of traditional and indigenous principles.

Earthquake is a significant natural disaster which always affects different areas. Zirkooh city due to the existence of active faults always faces destructive earthquakes (Rajabi, 1384, p. 279). In May 9, 1997 this city was stricken by a severe earthquake with an intensity of 1.7 Richter scale, and faced severe physical injuries, financial, and social damages. Following the earthquake, Islamic Republic Housing Foundation of Southern Khorasan province which is in charge of the construction of villages hit by natural disasters, adopted aggregation and integration policies. Because of the need to address in timely manner to the damaged villages has caused to pay less attention to some factors such as economic, social-cultural, and skeletal and also village residence satisfaction of their life quality in biological complexes which this leads to negative consequences. In this regard, the survey was conducted in response to the main question that is, “Is accommodation of the villagers of earthquake-stricken villages in rural biological complexes could answer their satisfaction of life quality compared to their life condition before earthquake?”
Study Area :Zirkooh city is located in the northeast of southern Khorasan with its central city named HajiAbad It is bordering RAZAVI KHORASAN from the north and from the south is bordering DARMIAN city. From the west, it is bordering QAEEN city , and also is bordered by Afghanistan from east side. Totally, this city has 138 towns that among them 103 towns have residents and 35 are haunted towns. (South KhorasanPlanning Department, 1393). The study area of this research is village's damaged areas by the earthquake of May 9, 1997 that these areas have been resettled in four complexes named, BARENJAN, HAJI ABAD, GAMANJ and MEHMANSHAHR.
Matarial and This study is practical in term of purpose and analyticalin term of method. The statistical population is integrated rural areas by earthquake of May 1997 that are resettled in four complexes (BARENJAN, HAJI ABAD, GAMANJ, and MEHMANSHAHR). Among them 227 households were chosen by Cochran method. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics (central index and dispersion) and and Wilcoxon non-parametric and t parametric of dependent samples are used.
Analyzing the results of the Wilcoxon test indicated that the rate of economic satisfaction of rural residents compare to previous settlement is not significantly different. Reviewing acquired data of dependant two-sample t test totally, is an indication of increasing the satisfaction rate of cultural-social in all complexes. Analyzing the findings of dependant two-sample t test overall, showed that the rate of villagers’ spatial-physical satisfaction after the earthquake and their accommodation in biological complexes compared to their condition before the earthquake in all complexes has increased. Overall employment quality, income, education, attendance, social and environmental cohesion, in all complexes was in a low rate. Surveying residents’ view based on Likert, indicated that the majority of the respondents are satisfied with their life quality in these biological complexes.
In this study, satisfaction of life quality in biological complexes was checked using the collected data of questionnaires in Zirkooh city. To check the findings of this study, it can be deduced that aggregation and integration of sample villages lead to improved spatial-physical and socio-cultural quality and hence villagers’ satisfaction In contrast the role of economic quality of complexes in resident satisfaction in rural areas was in low rate. In study complexes due to lack of attention to the occupation productivity and inequality in job opportunities in one hand and water and soil resources constrain on the other hand, made placed residents reuse their previous resources locating in previous areas. And this fact increased the distance between living place and working place so that villagers have to spend more time for transportation. Taken together, these factors have reduced the level of labor productivity and have increased costs and expenses.

The earthquake on December 2003 in Bam، Kerman province، was one of the most destructive earthquakes، which caused a lot of damage including human casualties، severity and physical damage. 80 percent of the buildings were completely demolished by the destructive earthquake. It is obvious that after the disaster، the reconstruction and return to the normal situation was one of the main duties of planners. In the reconstruction process، the principle، which must be taken into consideration، is to maintain the city''s identity. Thus، the main purpose of this study is to discus different aspects of urban identity in the reconstruction process; including unique historical attractions like the historic citadel of Bam، and natural identity (home-garden features)، as well as the physical-social identity. The method of this research is survey and based on a questionnaire. The reconstruction process has been considered as the dependent and identity as the Independent variables. This research has been accomplished to answer two main questions: 1. Have every identical aspects of the city been considered in the reconstruction process of Bam? 2. Is there any significant relationship between reconstruction and urban identity? Theoretical Framework: In the reconstruction process، the principle which must be taken into consideration is maintaining the city''s identity in a way that at a glance one can recognize the city as being the same at a glance; but not a new one، otherwise just the name of that city would remain in people’s minds، and there would be no guarantee for people to return to the reconstructed city. The reconstruction encompasses all aspects of life. About the relationship between identity and reconstruction، the history of the town and the predecessors should be inspired. The construction can be said to be a combination of social، psychological، cultural، economic، and political processes. In the reconstruction process، urban identity should be considered as one of the main components. Cities with a particular function should receive greater recognition. Maintaining the identity of the city is equal to maintaining the historical continuity and the relationship between the city and its history، the previous identity، characteristics and appearance of the city during the reconstruction process; in fact، it is to bring the spirit of the city back to it. Bam used to have qualitative values due to its particular historical and cultural characteristics، especially in residential and public spaces; therefore، for a successful reconstruction، identifying and assessing these values، is important. Identifying the residence traditions، social structures and living methods of the people in Bam underlies maintaining the local and regional identity. Such recognition leads to people''s practical and actual participation in social affairs and recreates the social sense. On a small scale، garden homes form the identity base of life in the city of Bam، the background of family structure and mental comfort، and familial relationships. In order to analyze the studied variables، the SPSS software was used to calculate statistical correlation، regression، and statistical parametric T-test for independent variables. Due to the particular situation of Bam، the most important problem is the Garden City، historical and cultural identity. In this regard، Bam''s identical state was assessed from the viewpoint of its inhabitants. As the identity of a city is recognized through its environmental visual aspects، Bam''s visual figures were discussed at the beginning. Although the sample has satisfied this situation and believed Bam''s historical figures have been almost noticed، regarding to the significance level، they believe the historical and cultural identity has been neglected in the Bam reconstruction process. They also believe though they do not feel unfamiliar to their city، their sense of belonging to the city has roughly been reduced. The findings show that during the reconstruction process، many identity aspects of the city of Bam have been neglected. These include the loss of the house-garden structure of the city which has resulted in decreasing the sense of local belonging.

The problem of recognizing terrain climate and its changes is central to geomorphologist، because these changes are the main factors in the current creation of landforms; such that it introduced changes in the land form systems، cryosphere level، and altitude of the permanent snow line، glacier tongues، growth boundary and hydrological systems. Nowadays، designing development programs، proper utilization of resources، environmental protection، reducing the amount of damage caused by natural disasters and many crucial problems without careful consideration of these studies will create numerous problems. Climate changes in particular during the least phase of the quaternary have a significant impact on the behavior of the river and the volume of stored water and ice focuses in this area،since the climatic parameters of temperature and precipitation are sensitive to climate change. Therefore، studding of the time trend in these variables and the evidence of glaciers is one of the most significant indicators in the reconstruction of climate changes and morphogenetic systems during the least phase of quaternary. Theoretical bases: The methods used in this study included a field، statistical-quantitative، library method. In analyzing the data، morphic indicators on 1:500000 topographic maps، digital elevation model and the Global Mapper and Surfer softwares were used. In this study، we used four sheets of topographic maps and layers of the evidence of the cirqus of glacier، water permanent snow line، Equilibrium line of the ice and water، and Equilibrium line of the land identified. Cyclical climatic data were collected and attempts were made to draw the thermal profile of the area، simultaneously. The Wright method was applied to analyze the past and present conditions and provided the necessary conditions for spatial analysis. Qorveh plain in Kordestan Provience is located between 35° - 35° 15''N latitude and 47° 45''-48° 5'' E longitudes. The Qorveh region is one of the areas affected by climatic fluctuations during glacial phases. These changes were identified and studied using the statistical analysis of meteorological stations، some geomorphic evidence، geomorphologic principles، and glaciers. In this study، evidence of the cirqus of glacier and permanent snow line at least phase of quaternary was collected through the use of the mentioned methods، and in accordance with to Wright method’s. Therefore، isothermal and precipitation Maps were drawn and the moisture and cooling conditions were reconstructed by creating the linear relationship at least phase of quaternary. Cooling and moisture anomalies were identified at the present time and least phase. The altitude of the Equilibrium line of the ice and water and permanent snow line were identified by analyzing the amount of snow precipitation in the past And the time required to move ice tongue in the region. Finally، morphogenetic systems of the area were reconstructed and analyzed at least and present phase The results showed that the highest correlation correlated with a linear relationship and temperature drop estimated with increasing every 100 meters of altitude. Regarding the cooling and moisture anomalies in the region at present and at least phase، it was found that the temperature in least Quaternary in comparison with the present temperature differed about 5. 9 ° C. Therefore، the difference in the annual mean temperature in the region was 6. 2 ° C. Regarding the height of temperature of zero degrees in the past and the present condition، the permanent snow line has retreated at approximately 1000 m compared with the least quaternary phase. Also، isothermal and precipitation Maps at present and past identified that in general، the volume of rainfall at quaternary time was twice that of the present phase. Regarding the cited evidence، the altitude of permanent snow line is above 2700 m in the area and of water and ice equilibrium line is 1900m. identification and reconstruction of the morphogenetic systems in present condition and least phase demonstrated that The loss of glaciers in mountainous and the equilibrium line changes since quaternary results to displacement of the morphogenetic boundaries، ecosystems and humans.

After occurring an earthquake, providing recovery and reconstruction programs and its quality and quantities very necessitate for returning to before disaster condition from point of providing habitats and infrastructures. In reconstruction after the earthquake, it must be considered in a manner of comprehensive, scientific and applied method. The dimensions of a successful reconstruction includes: considering the native architecture, supporting systems, extensive participation of all people, and finally satisfaction of the habitants. The objective of this study is to evaluate the process of reconstruction and the variables affecting the success of the reconstruction process in Shirvan County, in Borujerd Township. This study follows the method of measuring based on questionnaires. The were studied community includes the heads of the households, that used the proportional sampling method with sample volume of 190 people (Cochran). The method of this research is descriptive and analytic. For analyzing the variables, the statistic correlative method, regression, the T test, and the nonparametric statistic test have been used. The results of this research indicates that there has been a meaningful relation between successful reconstruction and using supportive systems in which the loans, by governments increased the chance of success for the reconstruction process. None of the variables- people participation and the native architecture- has been effective in this regard. Moreover, there is no relation between people participation and reconstruction and native architecture and their conformation with implemented reconstructions.

One of the observable phenomena in Iranian cities is the existence of the locks and appropriative ownership of the business units. These factors are not only on the investor's lack of action for reconstruction and development but also on an obstacle to reconstruction and modification and repair of old commercial units. This research tried to explain the economic essence of locks, the commercial units of appropriative ownership and their relationship with skeletal evolution of commercial centers. Research method is documentary- measurement (questionnaire) and it is in the form of the cluster sampling based on the Cochran's formula, in which 90 commercial units are estimated and completed. Information and data have been analyzed using SPSS software in the form of descriptive, inferential, and statistical tests (Pearson correlation coefficient and Chi-square). The results of Chi-square test show that there is 99% of a significant relationship between the skeletal evolution of commercial centers (dependent variable) and the heirs of the estate, appropriative ownership, locks and the function of their respective organizations (independent variable). The results show that renovation and improvement of projects in city's commercial centers may not be executable, except in areas where people and organizations are responsible for the project of enforcement which have benefits. Except the ruined places that the municipality has purchased them in a little price and utilized them as public parking, a small percentage of these units of business have been renovated and improved since now. In this regard, some strategies were proposed such as independent ownership documents issued for each business unit which is from the organization of Document and Civil Registration, shorten the probate process, supply of securities or rent on the condition of possession as the financial resources for improvement and development of commercial centers.

Currently in development and its strategies in developing countries there are different opinions, but what almost all experts, development and relevant international institutions, many have emphasized on the necessity of emphasizing human development nations and active participation in the development process is. Two decades more than two million people worldwide died of natural crises have lost Statistics show that economic losses due to this crisis in three decades, the border tripled in 40 billion dollars 1960 to 120 billion in 1980, has been killed the other hand, 90 percent of the developing countries have been. Earthquake as one of the most destructive natural disasters factors disarranging programs are developed with the earthquake because all programs available to stop developing its resources are spent rebuilding physical and human. Considering that prevent such damaging phenomena present in the factors and elements can not be established climate change as a result of any principles and remedial solutions must be exclusively on the ground and among residents in areas relevant search. The fifth mornings Jan. 2003 earthquake magnitude large parts of Kerman province rattles this earthquake with magnitude of 6.3 Richter cause destruction of a large part of Bam city and surrounding villages and injure significant financial losses brought to. The earthquake between 45 to 50 thousand people died and more than 19,000 units of city buildings in earthquake-stricken region, the Bam and Baravat destroyed. Experience various countries suggests that government activities and work alone does not have to join necessary and developing a strategic plan that can most basic and most general needs to be the basis, is inclusive, democratic system will require active participation of villagers in the reconstruction of earthquake-stricken regions important approach to their pricing power and be a kind initiative by the villagers that this allows them to own the reconstruction needs are involved. In this paper is to review the villagers participate in the reconstruction of places and seen the destruction of housing choices from damaged Bam.

zhe old and historical regions of cities, which in most cases form the primary and main nucleus of those cities, are on one hand considered part of the historical and cultural heritage of the cities and their maintenance, physical improvement and functional rehabilitation seem unavoidable, and on the other hand, most of these areas may face erosion, and physical and functional collapse due to the passage of time and lack of proper attention and care. The main and primary measure to be taken is to come to an understanding of the physical and functional conditions of these regions so as to plan for and manage their conservation. The 20-hectare region of Malayer is such a region. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the features of the buildings, the condition of the available land-use, the economic and social characteristics, and the old buildings of Malayer. The findings show that the physical erosion and environmental pollution in the city center of Malayer (i.e. ruins and unpleasant landscapes of buildings and neighborhoods, poverty, illiteracy, and having a low level of civil culture, that emerge from inappropriate settlement of rural immigrants and low-income people in the city) result in the movement of high-income citizens from these regions to the suburb and replacing them with non-native social groups that will consequently result in an extra erosion or collapse of the buildings.

Cities, as living beings, are always going through a cycle of physical life in the course of their evolutionary development; they are born, grow, increase in quantity, become vaster and take new roles, become old and suffer from erosion. Meanwhile, humans, in order to preserve the identity and authenticity of the city, and to realize the sustainability and survival of the city and its fabric and especially decayed fabric, takes measures, one of which is that of urban endogenous development. The term " endogenous development" is, based on its own definition, renovation, improvement, and, in other words, making existing urban areas usable again, which is usually done in areas that have lost their integrity and are on the way to collapse. In fact, the city's endogenous development is the optimal use of the potential of the city and a new vision of life in the city, especially the decayed fabric. The purpose of this paper is to investigate ways to achieve endogenous development of decayed fabric through regeneration, renovation, reconstruction, as well as barriers on its way. In this paper, through a descriptive and analytical approach and by documentary method, we explore and identify the ways of endogenous development of decayed fabrics and their challenges ahead. The results of this research show that applying methods such as regeneration, improvement, renovation and reconstruction with respect to people's awareness and economic, social and cultural issues, etc., and the elaboration of issues can be used to develop the endogenous development of urban decayed fabrics and to prevent population elusion in decayed fabric.

Natural disasters lead to sad tragedies and very day life would be disordered after them, people would need to food, cloths, shelter, and healthcare. All nations need the crisis management in order to reduce the impacts of natural disasters, managing the relief operation, rescue, temporary settlement, and reconstruction. In this paper we study the initial level of crisis which includes safety, warning, and training.