جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رویکرد آی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

Purpose of this research is to evaluate the role of cooperation in regional sustainable development based on the social capacity model and it was done in a mixed (qualitative quantitative) way. qualitative part was conducted using the Foundation's data approach with 15 experts in the field of development and cooperation and targeted and snowball sampling. In qualitative part, after 3 stages of open, central and selective coding, model including 6 main categories, 45 sub-categories and 260 concepts was presented. In the quantitative part, PLS approach was used to validate the model. statistical population of this research is the Ministry of Cooperation, Labor and Social Welfare and its affiliated organizations, and General Administration of Kerman was selected. the number of experts, assistants and managers of this General Department is 250 people, all of whom were selected as research samples. To collect data in the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire based on a model containing 45 items were used in the form of 5-point Likert scale. results of the quantitative section showed that the causal conditions had an effect on the central category and intervening conditions, the contextual conditions and the central category had an effect on the strategies; Also, strategies affect the consequences of evaluating the role of cooperatives in regional sustainable development based on the social capacity model of the General Directorate of Cooperatives affects work and social welfare in Kerman province. The results show that the model of this research is suitable for the awareness of managers in the field of concepts and categories affecting the evaluation of the role of cooperation in sustainable regional development based on the social capacity model.

According to some common views in macroeconomics, fiscal policy can be effective in stabilizing the economy and achieving macroeconomic goals. The past few decades have seen the widespread use of monetary policy tools for this purpose. Since the onset of the global financial crisis in 2008, there has been a renewed interest in using fiscal policy as a stabilizing tool. The macroeconomic implications of government expenditures and revenues and their effects on the overall economic structure have been studied by various empirical methods in several countries as well as in Iran. In this paper, far from previous studies, the issue has been implemented using Bayesian structural vector autoregression (B-SVAR). Because this method takes the previous information into account, the B-SVAR method is able to make more accurate estimates than other VAR models. Empirical findings show that government spending and income (income tax) have a limited effect on macroeconomic variables, including GDP, inflation, private sector consumption, income tax and total investment, and in the housing sector. Also, the impact of the private sector on production fluctuations in this model was not confirmed.

The aim of this article was forming a stochastic dynamic general equilibrium model for Iran's economy in terms of the specific characteristics of the country's economy. After the experimental analysis of the model, the calibration of the model parameters was done; This means that the parameters of the model were tried to be set in such a way that the highest match between the real statistics and the simulations made by the model is achieved. For this purpose, information from previous studies or some special features of statistics were used to calibrate the parameters, and in some cases, the desired parameters were calibrated using the statistics of Iran's economy. In the next step, the presented model was simulated using Diner program. The results provided by the Diner program include a summary of the moments of the simulated variables and the instantaneous reaction functions of these variables equal to the shocks included in the model. In this study, the model was simulated in three different cases. In the first case, the policy reaction functions were not included in the central bank's decision-making, and in the next two cases, the reaction functions were included in the model, according to which the central bank is one of the two scenarios. Inflation control (through monetary base control) and exchange rate control (through intervention in the currency market) are taken as monetary policy. The obtained results indicate a high similarity between the model values and the real statistics values. Then, the behavior of the reaction functions of the variables in response to the exogenous shocks of the model (oil income shock and technology shock) was investigated.

The pension system of the armed forces, like most of the country's pension funds, follows the DB-PAYG structure. In this structure, when the support ratio (the ratio of employees to the ratio of retirees) becomes less than 6, the fund actually faces a financial deficit. Due to the mentioned ratio being less than 1 in the this Pension Fund, its financial deficit is obvious. In addition to, other factors such as economic factors (high inflation), legal factors (early retirement law) and structural factors (government debt to the fund), the functioning of the armed forces pension system, has been overshadowed. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to identify and prioritize the solutions for reforming the pension system of the armed forces.To achieve the purpose of the research, the analytical-descriptive-survey method has been used. At first, theoretical and experimental studies and the function of the armed force Pension Fund are investigated. The basic challenges of the pension system and according to that, the policy solutions corresponding to them in the 5 axes of parametric, structural, economic, statistical and informational and legal reforms were calculated. then it was prepared in the form of a questionnaire containing 25 questions and after validating it (by experts) and Its reliability (through Cronbach's alpha), the questionnaire was distributed among ten experts in this field and analyzed by SPSS software.The results show that, the most important solution for reforming the armed forces pension system is related to legal reforms, and after that structural, economic, statistical and parametric reforms are in the next place respectively. Finally, operational solutions for reforming the armed forces pension system presented separately in five statistical areas in a scale approach (from the level of approvals of the fund Board of Directors to the approvals of the Islamic Council), from the level of implementation and optimization of the existing model to the reforms of the pension system paradigm.

The issue of foreign investment and its importance for economic growth and development has long been a concern for policymakers in Iran. To address this, various governments have enacted new laws, invested substantial physical and human capital into the public sector, and set ambitious goals and visions. However, these efforts often overlook the capacity of the executive environment, leading to minimal achievements. Instead, these initiatives have overburdened the executive system, draining its resources.This study, using a new approach called Problem-Driven Iterative Adaptation (PDIA), highlights several key issues undermining the government's ability to attract foreign investment. These include the government's inappropriate paradigm regarding foreign investment, an overemphasis on centralized solutions, a reliance on practices from other countries without adapting them to local conditions, bureaucrats' lack of a shared understanding of the government's capacity, insufficient attention to the local context and the interactions of key actors, and reformers' disregard for existing authority structures.The findings suggest that the government need to espouse a problem-oriented approach rather than a solution-oriented one. It is crucial to consider the local context and the key players involved when formulating policies. This article underscores the need for policymakers to tailor their strategies to the specific challenges they face and to align policy agendas with the actual capacity of the executive environment.

The objective of the present paper was to propose a new optimal model for the endowment of a future fund for the personals of the army via investment in securities. The current study can be classified as applied-developmental in terms of its goals, and as descriptive research in terms of method of data collection. To achieve its objectives, the paper relied on a qualitative research design with an exploratory approach. The community of participants in the qualitative section included university professors and senior investment managers active in the financial market; 10 of whom were selected through theoretical sampling. The statistical population for the quantitative segment encompassed a small portion of the financial staff and the army future fund, out of whom a sample size of 384 people was gathered using the Cochran formula. The methodology for data collection consisted of conducting semi-structured interviews and researcher-designed questionnaires. The validity of the interview was confirmed across the four criteria of validity, transferability, confirmability and reliability. Reliability of the qualitative analysis was estimated to be 0.676 through the calculation of the Holstein coefficient, and 0.639 through the calculation of the Kappa coefficient. Regarding the quantitative aspect, formal, content, convergent and divergent validity were all taken into consideration. Reliability was also evaluated and confirmed through the estimation of Cronbach's alpha, as well as combined reliability and Rho coefficients. Data analysis in the qualitative segment relied on the grounded theory method and, the quantitative aspect utilized the partial least squares method.The findings of the research indicate that the factors influencing the establishment of a future fund for army personal include: registration and management of the fund; laws and regulations; And the provision of psychological resources. In this regard, providing financial resources for the fund has a background role whilst risk management obtains an interventionist role. Finally, strategic factors that lead towards increasing competitiveness of the fund include: investing in securities that contribute to the economic efficiency of the army and the diversification of financial resources.

E-Commerce plays a fundamental role in the global economy and has a significant impact on the growth of countries. This area has far-reaching impacts on social activities such as retail, healthcare services, financial services, manufacturing and etc. E-Commerce is observed as a driver of future economic growth and is attributed to its new communication channels and constant accessibility. In Iran, this sector is growing, but the country's share of E-Commerce sales in the region is relatively small. According to the 2019 UNCTAD report, Iran's share of E-Commerce sales was only 7%, and the country ranked 42nd out of 152 countries in the E-Commerce sector. Therefore, in order to promote E-Commerce in the country, this research models the behavior of the E-Commerce system in Iran by integrating econometric and dynamic systems approaches. The aim is to simulate and evaluate the influencing variables on E-Commerce development, quantify the effects of the factors and clarify the obstacles to E-Commerce development in the country.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

Several factors influence the adoption and development of E-Commerce, and categorizing them helps to understand and expand the mental model of E-Commerce development. Examples of influencing factors in E-Commerce development are trust in the E-Commerce system, security of the information exchange space, service quality, and information quality and system infrastructure quality, customer satisfaction, advertising, public awarenes, technology usage level and education and learning in E-Commerce. In this study, the factors affecting E-Commerce development in the country are divided into four groups: 1 – infrastructure, 2 – security and privacy, 3 – quality and benefits of E-Commerce, and 4 – trust and customer satisfaction. Thesefactors are identified and classified in the study's conceptual model, with these four categories representing the most critical components of the dynamic E-Commerce system.Based on previous studies, positive and crucial factors in E-Commerce include information availability and quality, awareness and information dissemination, infrastructure improvement, and culture promotion for the use of technology, improved education, electronic trust, perceived security, information quality and product variety, use of specialized information platforms, secure payment systems, advertising, government infrastructure support for E-Commerce, computer literacy and internet literacy. On the other hand, the barriers to lower acceptance of E-Commerce in society include legal problems and tax evasion, lack of technology infrastructure and the inconsistency of economic policies with the development of the e-economy.

System dynamics aims at an internal interpretation of the causes of phenomena and system dynamics is one of the best scientific methods for modeling complex, dynamic and nonlinear systems. For this reason, the research methodology for identifying and modeling the factors affecting the development of electronic commerce in the country is a combination of systems approach and econometrics. The modeling uses time series data collected by the Statistical Center of Iran and other reliable statistical sources from 2006 to 2021, and the research model's predictions extend to the year 2031. The estimate of per capita income from electronic commerce in the dynamic model was performed with a multivariate regression model. The limit of the dynamic model for the development of electronic commerce is determined by the selection of endogenous and exogenous variables. To illustrate the system feedback, causal loop diagrams and state flow diagrams of the dynamic model are created by using Vensim software. The dynamic hypotheses of the research are validated by three tests: the reference behavior test, the extreme condition test and the sensitivity analysis test. After validating the model, policymaking will be carried out in two scenarios: increasing advertising and increasing government support for infrastructure development until 2031.

The results of the reference behavior, extreme conditions and sensitivity analysis confirm the validity and accuracy of the dynamic model in research. The evaluation of the research hypotheses suggests that an increase in public awareness leads to a growth in the number of E-Commerce providers. In addition, as system quality increases, the number of E-Commerce providers increases exponentially. The increase in E-Commerce revenue also leads to a logarithmic growth in the number of providers.The scenario analysis under the dynamic system model of E-Commerce development shows that doubling advertising leads to a 2.2% increase in vendors, while tripling advertising leads to a 6.2% increase. It is observed that advertising promotes thedevelopment of E-Commerce as an increase in advertising leads to increased public awareness, which ultimately leads to an increase in the number of consumers and therefore an increase in the number of E-Commerce provider’s leads. In the second scenario, a doubling of government support for infrastructure development leads to an increase in suppliers by 3.2%, and with a tripling of government support, suppliers increase by 4.2%, which contributes to the development of E-Commerce. This is due to the fact that increased government support for infrastructure leads to improved infrastructure quality, increased efficiency, security of information sharing and public trust. Increased trust leads to an increase in the number of buyers and an increase in E-Commerce providers.

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

Increasing awareness among government, entrepreneurs and society will lead to further growth in E-Commerce offerings over time. Consequently, cultural, educational and support efforts are needed to develop and promote the use of E-Commerce in the country. The Iranian economoy and trade structure as well as the knowledge gap in technology have hindered the private sector from synchronizing with the developments and sustainably establishing E-Commerce in the country. Therefore, government policymaking and support are crucial to improve the quality of the E-Commerce system in Iran. The increase in sales through E-Commerce leads to an increase in E-Commerce providers. Efforts to support the market and expand electronic infrastructure are therefore also recommended.

Achieving macroeconomic stability is one of the main issues of policymakers in developed and developing economies, especially in Iran. In order to create stability in the economy, one of the important and efficient tools are the monetary policies that are used in direct and indirect ways by the central bank. Open market operation as an indirect tool of monetary policy is done in most advanced countries that have structured secondary markets related to government bonds through the entry and exit of the central bank in this market. The preparations for the operation of the open market in Iran's economy have been prepared since 2017 and it has been implemented since the beginning of 2019. In the market operations of the Central Bank of the Islamic Republic of Iran, it can buy and sell certain securities, and other banks in Iran can also buy and sell these securities in cooperation with the Central Bank. Considering that the main tool of open market operations is the interest rate, it can be stated that the main objectives of the banking open market operations are the management of the short-term interest rates of the interbank markets in order to balance inflation. Of course, it should be noted that the economic conditions in Iran are different from other countries, because Iran has faced all kinds of economic and non-economic sanctions by Western countries, and it is necessary to consider this influential variable as a quantitative index and measure its effect in the model. Therefore, it is necessary to see the effectiveness of the mentioned operations in the conditions of sanctions. On the other hand, in spite of the extensive exploration regarding the issue of the effectiveness of open market operations, no study with this title has been carried out in a quantitative manner. Therefore, in this paper, the effect of open market operations on variables such as inflation, gross domestic product, exchange rate and interest rate during the period of 1392 to 1400 with seasonal frequency is investigated with the Eviuse software and by using the ARDLmodel.

THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

In the implementation of monetary policy, the central bank can directly use its regulatory power or indirectly influence the conditions of the money market as a high-powered money issuer (bill and currency in circulation and deposits with the central bank). Accordingly, two types of monetary policy tools can be distinguished, which are called direct (not relying on market conditions) and indirect (based on market conditions) monetary policy tools.

In order to investigate the effect of open market operations on four key macroeconomic variables, it is necessary to specify four separate equations and estimate each one separately by using the ARDL method. Consideration that the data is seasonal, it is necessary to check the reliability of the variables and the sum of the equations in order to examine the long-term relationship and the convergence of the variables towards the equilibrium value.

The important results obtained in this research is that the sign of the open market operation coefficient is contrary to economic theories, which indicates the inefficiency of the open market operation under sanctions in Iran, and these results are completely consistent with the official evidence and statistics of the relevant centers.

 CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

In the current situation where Iran's economy is suffering from stagnation and government budget deficit, it seems that open market operation has found the function of financing for the government and has no effect on controlling the interest rate and consequently the inflation rate. In fact, the government issued bonds without consideration and from the very beginning it has disrupted and rendered useless the operation of the open market operation tool as a tool of the new monetary policy procedure in line with inflation targeting. On the other hand, the creation of open market operations and the issuance of bonds will cause global fluctuations or external pressures to be transferred into the country in the form of clear economic effects and create another vulnerable point against sanctions in Iran's economy. In such a way that by imposing severe sanctions and even by playing with the psychological atmosphere, the price of government bonds in the market will change and fall, which can cause the discrediting of government bonds and a blow to the financing of government activities. Therefore, it is suggested to consider a sustainable and long-term solution to the government's revenue generation, which includes tax revenues.

An indicator of investors' trading behavior that affects asset prices is investor sentiment. Investor sentiment is known as a degree of investor's optimistic mood in financial markets. Company-specific investor sentiments have a significant impact on the risk of a stock price fall. There are two types of traders, simple noise traders and rational arbitrageurs (informed traders) in the market. When noise traders have high risk sentiment and are very optimistic about a stock, they can easily drive its price to a high level. At this point, arbitrageurs should sell the stock short. However, they fear that in the near future noise traders will become even more bullish and push the price even higher, limiting their prime arbitrage position. Under these conditions, arbitrage does not eliminate the effects of noise, because noise creates risk by itself. Stronger investor sentiments lead to the risk of a particular company's stock price falling, and the economic significance of this effect is not insignificant. Stronger investor sentiment leads to more active margin investments in stocks, leading to higher stock price risk. Therefore, the impact of investor sentiment on stock price downside risk is more pronounced for stocks eligible for margin trading. Hence, this research seeks to answer the question of whether the moderating role of the firm's growth opportunities and profitability has an effect on the value relationship of the risk perception of annual reports?

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

The basic premise of using investors' risk sentiments to predict stock prices, stock market returns, and liquidity is the synergy between stock prices and investors' risk sentiments. However, this synergistic relationship has received less attention in the literature. When the stock price increases, the investor's risk sentiment increases, and when the stock price decreases, the investor's risk sentiment decreases. Therrfore, this synergy may reverse or even disappear over a certain period of time. Through a segmented measurement of the synergism between stock price and investor sentiment over the course of a day, we can also find that investor risk sentiment on social media is forward-looking. This provides theoretical support for the use of investor risk sentiment in stock price prediction. External anxiety can significantly affect the synergy between stock prices and investor risk sentiment, but this effect can increase positive or negative synergy. The existence of growth opportunities increases the performance of companies and shareholder wealth, which leads to participation in job creation and economic development, increasing the value of companies and the demand for high-quality innovation, and the improvement in the global market increases opportunities and competition, which also forces companies to invest and undertake riskier projects to maximize shareholder wealth. If investor risk sentiment does indeed drive asset prices, then analysts' recognition and treatment of risk sentiment may affect the relative profitability of their stock recommendations. For example, an analyst may believe that a particular stock is overvalued based on his private estimate of the company's intrinsic value. However, the analyst may hesitate to issue a sell recommendation if he believes that investor risk sentiment will continue to put upward pressure on asset prices in the short term. Furthermore, if the analyst believes that investors will become even more bullish in the near future, he may actually issue a buy recommendation. If the analyst (1) correctly anticipates an upward (downward) shift in investor sentiment that ultimately causes an increase (decrease) in asset prices and (2) issues a more favorable (unfavorable) recommendation in response, then the analyst's recommendation may be more profitable than his peers.

The current research is based on the classification based on the goal, use, and in terms of classification, it was done using the descriptive-correlation method and using the post-event approach. To collect research data and information by document mining method, field method and databases of Tehran Stock Exchange, comprehensive information system of publishers (Kedal) and modern Rahvard software were used. Finally, the data has been prepared using Excel software and then the final analysis has been done using Eviews software. Content analysis method was used to check the level of risk perception from the activity report of the board of directors, the management's interpretive report and the accompanying notes of the financial statements. In order to test the research hypotheses, the dynamic model approach has been used to estimate the models related to the hypotheses.

According to the findings of the research, the risk perception of annual reports has a significant effect on the stock price, and also the company's growth opportunity and profitability have a significant effect on the value relationship between the risk perception of annual reports and the stock price. Also, growth opportunity and profitability as moderators affect the relationship between risk perception and stock price. It can be claimed that Tehran Stock Exchange market is more influenced by economic variables. Therefore, it seems necessary to make policies in macro areas to reduce the feeling of economic risk.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

It can be claimed that Tehran Stock Exchange market is more influenced by economic variables and financial and political variables do not have much effect on this market. Therefore, investors are advised to pay special attention to the effect of risk perception on market returns in financial analysis. In addition, in order to reduce the effect of risk feelings on the economy and especially on the stock market, it seems necessary to make policies in macro areas to reduce the feeling of risk.

The complexities inherent in the Iranian economy and increasing external pressures necessitate changes in the country's economic policies in order to initially, increase the ability of the country to withstand external pressures, and thereafter to foster growth, progress, and development over the longer-term horizon. The country's policies, upstream documents, and the directives of the Supreme Leader emphasize the necessity of moving towards a strategy economy resiliency as a solution for the development of sustainable businesses. Therefore, the aim of this research is to identify the factors influencing the development of businesses based on the economic resiliency doctrine. To achieve this goal, we utilized the Meta-synthesis approach to identify the factors influencing the development. This research conducted a systematic review of relevant texts, identifying and extracting 190 valid scientific texts and 43 research articles published during the 2014-2024 period. Thereafter, the Meta-Synthesis approach was employed to analyze the content of these texts. Subsequently, key codes were identified, clustered, and organized into concepts and components using Atlas.ti software.Finally, the factors influencing the development of businesses based on the Economic Resiliency Doctrine were extracted and classified into 14 themes, 49 concept categories, and 290 distinct codes. These themes include: policies and laws, cultural factors, organizational factors, business environment factors, government initiatives and support, economic factors, company and product-related factors, entrepreneurship, characteristics of a resilient economy, technology and infrastructure, competitive factors, personal factors, psychological factors, and socio-demographic factors.

In the past few years, several major domestics and international challenges have emerged, causing global political and economic uncertainty. Economic uncertainty, defined as the difficulty in predicting the economic environment, arises from various factors such as political instability, changes and uncertainties in government policies, natural disasters, and market fluctuations. The presence of such uncertainties significantly affects the efficiency of markets, including the efficiency of the capital market. The aim of this study is to examine the long-term relationship between of economic policies uncertainty (based on the fluctuations of macroeconomic variables using the composite PCA index) and the excess return of eight different industries index (Automobile and parts manufacturing, Pharmaceutical Products and Materials , cement, lime and gypsum, Multidisciplinary industrial companies , basic metals, oil, coke, and nuclear fuel, coke and nuclear fuels, chemical products, Aggregation, properties and real estate).The investigation, conducted using the econometric ARDL approach over the period from 2012 to 2021, demonstrates that economic policies uncertainty is positively and significantly related to the excess returns of the selected industry index Among the various industries, the Automobile and manufacturing parts industry is most affected by the of economic policies uncertainty, while the construction and real estate industry is least affected. Furthermore, the speed of adjustment of Aggregation, properties and real estate the effect of Economic policy uncertainty on the excess returns of the stock market industries is not homogeneous, as indicated by the ECM coefficient. Automobile and manufacturing parts industry index experiences the fastest adjustment, while the Multidisciplinary industrial companies, due to their diverse portfolios, exhibit the slowest adjustment speed compared to others..

The theoretical literature on fiscal decentralization has identified several channels for the impact of this policy on economic growth. Some studies emphasize the positive effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth, while others consider it as a potential factor reducing economic growth following its implementation. Due to this theoretical ambiguity, several studies in recent decades have attempted to empirically examine the effect of fiscal decentralization on economic growth. The findings of these studies are diverse and, in some instances, contradictory. To examine and conclude from these different results, this study uses a multilevel meta-analysis approach. To do so, we conducted a comprehensive review of empirical studies in the relevant field and applied a meta-analysis protocol for data selection. Ultimately, we identified 23 cross-country studies comprising 506 regressions and 635 coefficients for analysis. Studies that deviated from the protocol or lacked sufficient information for data extraction were excluded. The combined results of these individual studies, after accounting for publication bias and moderator variables, reveal that fiscal decentralization has a small and positive effect on economic growth. In addition, the results of this study showed that the indicators used to measure fiscal decentralization and economic growth, the period and sample of the countries under review, and the presence or absence of variables such as human capital, physical capital, investment rate, foreign investment, tax revenue, education, unemployment rate, political stability, population growth, urbanization rate, and public sector size in the regression models utilized in individual studies Significantly contribute to explaining the heterogeneity observed in their findings.

The discourse of recent policies is often based on the dynamics of regional development. Because in growing societies, the axes of development and economy are intermingled. Also, paying attention to the field of planning and its processes has a direct relationship and influence on various elements and levels of society and its effects from the perspective of development and lack of development, homogeneous and heterogeneous development, benefit The prioritization of issues and problems, as well as the preservation, growth and competitiveness at the international and regional level are significant. By benefiting from the solutions available in the field of decentralized (regional) planning and its processes, it is possible to identify the weaknesses, strengths, threats, opportunities, and speed, as well as checking the consistency of the growth rate and the future of the 7th Development Plan, and by checking its convergence with the laws And high-level regulations can play a significant role for a country, province, and economic and industrial enterprises. Also, recent approaches in the theory of regional development attach great importance to the institutional approach and socio-economic construction of regions and (intra-regional differences), land preparation for balanced development. and has provided fair development and optimal use of development resources for the development of land areas. The results show that regional strategies need flexibility to maximize the development potential of institutional arrangements and adapt to changes within these arrangements, and while increasing the powers in accordance with the development plans of the province, it is necessary to develop a region not only with its physical resources, but also He also paid attention to its institutional sources, which include a set of practical economic rules and regulations based on economic culture and territorial customs. Based on the axes mentioned above and based on the knowledge and study done in each of these axes, the necessary strategies for regional management have been extracted and based on the strategies extracted from the analysis of the findings, regional planning with an institutional approach in The territory of the country is presented.

Introduction One of the important issues that can determine the status of a city and make changes in the quality indicators of its space is the urban transportation system. Roads and transportation systems are important elements in every city that shape the overall structure of the city. Today, with the ever-increasing population growth and development caused by cars, transportation and traffic is one of the problems of cities, especially in metropolitan areas that consist of a mother city and several satellite cities and towns, this problem is greater, because a significant population They live in satellite cities and because of their employment in the mother city, they travel to it every day, and in the absence of a reliable and planned transportation system, they increase the problems of the mother city. As long as city and metropolitan area programs and transportation system plans are prepared with the car-oriented approach, it will not be possible to achieve a sustainable transportation system. Therefore, a system for evaluating the urban transportation system based on the principles of sustainability and sustainable development implies the improvement of economic, social, and environmental indicators of cities. The present study was carried out as a part of more comprehensive research to provide an evaluation model of the urban transportation system based on sustainable development indicators in the metropolitan area of Tehran, and it seeks to examine the independence or dependency of the components of the model.
Materials and MethodsThe current research can be considered applied-developmental in terms of its purpose, and in terms of the method and period of data collection, it can be considered survey-cross-sectional research that was conducted with a mixed approach. For this purpose, in the qualitative section, by searching the databases, 43 articles were identified in related fields between 2000 and 2023, and finally, 41 articles were selected in a targeted way and entered the analysis stage. To identify the relationships between the components of the evaluation model of the urban transportation system in the metropolitan area of Tehran based on sustainable development indicators, structural-interpretive modeling was used. The participants of this section were 28 experts in the fields of urban planning, transportation, economy, social sciences, and environment active in Tehran municipality, who were selected in a non-probability, purposeful way and with a snowball pattern. In the next step, the validation of the designed model was done with the method of structural equation modeling and the partial least squares technique. The statistical population of the quantitative part includes specialists in the aforementioned fields who work in the metropolitan area of Tehran, and the sample size is 530 people. Library studies and questionnaires were considered as data collection tools, which were validated using construct validity, convergent validity, and divergent validity methods. Validation was performed in the qualitative section using the CASP model. The reviewed articles in the qualitative section were evaluated based on the ten criteria of this model and the articles with a score above 25 were selected. The validity of the questionnaire was measured through content validity (opinions from experts) and its validity was confirmed. Also, in a preliminary study, the total Cronbach’s alpha of the questionnaire was calculated as 0.856. After distributing the questionnaire to the selected sample, the validity of the questionnaire was checked using three methods construct validity (external model), convergent validity (AVE), and divergent validity. is greater than 0.5. Composite reliability (CR) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient of each factor were determined to calculate reliability. The combined reliability and Cronbach’s alpha of all dimensions of the model should be greater than 0.7. Meta-composite analysis was used to identify the underlying categories of the research and provide the initial model. Validation of the designed model was done by the partial least squares method. Data analysis of the qualitative phase of the research was done with Maxqda software and related to the quantitative phase with Smart PLS software.
FindingsFrom the review and analysis of the articles, several 166 indicators were obtained, then the indicators that had the same meaning or were repeated in different forms and expressions were removed, and finally, with the category and classification of the final indicators, 9 components (main category) and 53 indicators (subcategory) were obtained. The findings of the research showed that the components of the model are not independent of each other and the components of pollutant production, consumption resources, energy consumption, justice and access, direct and indirect costs in the sector of independent structures, and the components of economic well-being, travel safety, health and human health, environmental compatibility are in the dependent structures section and the relationship is such that the set of direct and indirect costs and justice and access affect energy consumption. Consuming sources and production of pollutants interact and lead to environmental compatibility. Finally, economic prosperity can be achieved through travel health and safety. Also, in the model validation section, the GOF index was obtained as 0.616, which is greater than 0.36. The RMS_theta index was 0.102, which is less than 0.12. The SRMR index was also calculated as 0.050, which is less than 0.08, so the fit of the model is favorable.
ConclusionThe results of the research showed that direct and indirect costs and justice and access affect energy consumption. In the results of Hirai and Kamim’s study (2022), the effectiveness of the justice component is also mentioned, and from this point of view, it is consistent with the results of the present study. The comprehensive view is important because it defines the boundaries in which all the departments should work collectively. This perspective also calls for greater attention to quality of life and includes equity analysis to include the distributive effects of transportation between regions and countries over time. On the other hand, the transportation-oriented perspective is also important because of considers the specific goals of the sector that guide the development of transportation policies and programs. In addition, it should be acknowledged that some decisions will be made with a more appropriate and relevant transportation perspective.It was also shown that the consumption of resources and pollutant production have mutual effects and lead to environmental compatibility. In the results of the studies of Patterson et al. (2021) and Mohammadpour et al. Some of the key environmental outputs (or pollutants and waste) include hazardous waste from vehicle scrapping, noise emissions, local air pollution, and climate change. Although significant progress has been made in the proportion of recyclable vehicle waste at the end of a vehicle’s life, it is estimated that about 25% of a vehicle remains unrecyclable, and much of this can be considered hazardous. Also, noise pollution caused by traffic can disrupt sleep patterns, affect cognitive function, and aggravate some cardiovascular problems. Since noise pollution is related to the number of ongoing activities and the noise intensity of those activities, it is not surprising that it is mainly an urban problem.Finally, the results of the research showed that it is possible to achieve economic well-being through travel health and safety. This importance has been confirmed in the results of Marzi et al.’s study (1401). In addition to significant economic benefits, the transportation system also creates economic costs. Road traffic accidents and air quality both lead to loss of life or decrease in quality of life, which has direct costs for the economy in terms of lost productivity and less well-being of citizens. Also, providing the transportation system and subsidies for passengers has costs for the government that must be financed through taxes or fare collection. Therefore, the implementation of the model presented in the current research, by reducing the marginal costs, helps to increase the economic well-being of the country.

The exchange rate is one of the most important macroeconomic variables that affects different sectors of the economy from various aspects. Due to the considerable impact of industrial development on the country's economic development, this research attempts to evaluate the asymmetric effect of the exchange rate on the value added of the industrial sector for the period of 1380:1 - 1400:4, using the NARDL method. The results of the estimation show that the effect of the exchange rate on the value added of the industrial sector is asymmetric, such that an increase in the exchange rate affects the value added of the industrial sector differently from a decrease in the exchange rate. The effect of the exchange rate in the long term is such that the positive changes in the exchange rate strengthen the value added of the industrial sector, and the decrease in the exchange rate does not affect it. Therefore, the economic policymaker should abandon exchange rate suppression as an inflation control policy and allow the exchange rate to be determined based on market forces.

Consumers often avoid online shopping and e-commerce websites due to the lack of transparency of information on the websites. In this research, it seeks to investigate the effects of electronic commerce transparency and mechanization on the accounting systems of Tehran Stock Exchange member companies that do business online. The research method is based on the mixed method. Data (accountants & financial experts) have been collected by implementing the foundational data theory method and conducting 18 in-depth interviews using the protocol and based on the multiple purposeful sampling method (intensity and snowball). Also, categories and themes were determined by using open coding, axial coding and selective coding using ATLAS.ti software. In a quantitative study, 298 people were randomly selected using a standard questionnaire. Data analysis was done using Lisrel software. The obtained results show that 1) transparency of products, transparency of buyers and transparency of transfers have a significant effect on the transparency of financial information; 2) the perception of information transparency has a significant effect on the intention to buy online and increase consumers; 3) Perceptual risk also has a significant effect on repurchase and perception of transparency on information transparency.

This study examined the impact of innovation orientation on innovation performance and firm performance with the mediating role of strategic market planning capability and strategic marketing implementation capability. This is an applied, descriptive and survey research. A researcher-made questionnaire with a five-point Likert scale is used for data collection. To measure the questionnaire validity, formal and content validity and confirmatory factor analysis are used while Cornbrash’s alpha is utilized to measure the reliability. The statistical population consisted of 119 Ariadysel company employees which are evaluated in total and 115 questionnaires are returned. Questionnaire data are tested using SPSS 25 software and hypotheses are analyzed using Structural Equation Method by Amos 24 software. The findings showed that the innovation orientation has a positive impact on strategic market planning capability and strategic marketing implementation capability and innovation performance. Also, strategic market planning capability and strategic marketing implementation capability have a positive effect on innovation performance. On the other hand, strategic market planning capability have a positive indirect effect on the relationship between innovation orientation and innovation performance. However, strategic marketing Implementation capability have no significant effect on the relationship between innovation orientation and innovation performance. In addition, innovation performance has a mediating role and strong positive impact in the relationship between innovation orientation and firm performance. Based on the results, it is suggested that the different units of the company continuously interact and communicate with each other in order to develop innovation and use different techniques (problem solving methods, simultaneous engineering, cross-functional teams and QFD) to create ideas.

In national accounts, costs related to intangible capital include computer databases, research and development, design, brand equity, company-specific training, and organizational efficiency as investments has expanded (Corrado, Hulten, and Sichel, 2005). When this broad view of investment is included in the analysis of the sources of growth, intangible investments account for one-fifth to one-third of labor productivity growth in the industrial sector of the United States and the European Union and East and South Asia (India, China and Japan ((Liang,2021 ؛Bhattacharya and Rath,2020 ؛ Rico and Cebrer-Bares,2020 ؛Hintzmann, Masllorens& Ramos Lobo,2021 ؛ Corrado, Haskel, Jona- Iommi ,2013؛Corrado, Hulten,and Sichel ,2009 ؛Marrano, Haskel, and Wallis ,2009 ؛Fukao, Miyagawa, Mukai, Shinoda, and Tonogi, 2009 ؛ van Ark, Hao, Corrado, and Hulten, 2009). In order to manage intangible resources as a source of growth at the macroeconomic level and a driver of value creation for individual firms, their measurement is very important(Corrado,Jonathan HaskelCecilia, Jona-LasinioMassimiliano Iommi,2012). It is obvious that many studies have focused on intangible investment, which shows the importance of this topic.Therefore, in this research, focusing on intangible investment, intangible investment has been measured. In Iran, due to the lack of statistics on how to calculate and estimate this type of investment, few studies have been conducted in the field of intangible investment measurement.   For example, in the study of Ostadzad and Hadian (2014) on the effect of research and development on economic growth and the study of Rahimi Rad, Heydari and Najarzadeh (2016) investigated the factors affectingthe intensity of research and development costs in industrial workshops of Iran. But so far, this study has not been done to measure all the components of intangible investment in Iran and investigate its effect on economic variables.In Iran, studies have been conducted to identify effective factors in determining the value of intangible assets in companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. However, the measurement of intangible investment with comprehensive international definitions and separated by the four-digit ISIC code has not been done so far. As a result, in this research, it has been tried to use the approach of Corrado et al. (2005), which is a method that can be cited in most Valid studies of the countries of the world have been defined to measure intangible investment, and also according to the comprehensive definitions accepted at the international level of intangible investment, this importance has been implemented for Iran and this important economic variable has been estimated (Mashaikhi, Birami and Birami, 2013; Corrado et al, 2005; Fukao, Miyagawa, Mukai, Shinoda, and Tonogi, 2009).Therefore, in this study, the CHS approach (a comprehensive and accepted approach that has been used in most important studies) has been used to measure intangible investment(Corrado, Hulten, and Sichel,2005). One of the important activities in the functions of Iran's economy is the activities of factory industries approved by the Iranian Statistics Center. This article first aims to estimate the share and trend of intangible capital in these activities with the CHS approach, which due to the lack of studies in this field is very important for Iran's economy.Also, how it affects the productivity of the entire production factors is also one of the next topics of this study, which can be the way of economic approaches and important decisions in this field. In order to find answers to the research questions andapproach its hypotheses, the studied time period of 1996-2018 has been used for industrial workshops with ten workers and above, separated by the four-digit ISIC code. The model used is panel data with GMM method. The results indicate that intangible investment has a positive and significant effect on the productivity of all production factors. In the continuation of the research, the workforce has been divided into professional and non-professional workforce. The estimation of the economic model of this research shows that the effect of skilled labor on the total productivity of production factors in Iranian industries is about 6 times compared to unskilled labor.

This section presents a model that describes the relationship between intangible investment and factor productivity. Assume that the added value of the industry according to the four-digit ISIC code and ten workers and above in industry i and time t can be written as follows:   On the right side, L and K are labor and capital. Similarly, R is the flow of intangible capital services and A is a change term that allows for changes in productivity as L, K, and R become returns. We get the differential from equation (1):   So that εX represents the production elasticity of factor X, which is basically different according to input, industry and time. To empirically examine the role of intangibles as growth drivers, existing literature is used and it is done in two stages. First, consider the condition of ε. For a company with the lowest cost, we have: where s is the share of payments of this invoice in relation to added value. So this simply expresses the first-order condition of a firm in terms of production elasticities. If equation (1) is Cobb-Douglas, ε is constant over time, and equation (2) may be transformed into a regression model with constant coefficients. . If (1), for example, the elasticity of substitution is constant, then ε will vary over time at all levels, so (2) may be written as a regression model with interactions among all inputs. Now suppose that a firm can K, L or R variables can be used in other companies, industries or countries. Therefore, as Griliches pointed out, the industry elasticity ΔlnR in lnQ ∆ is a combination of input and output elasticity. As a result, we can follow Stiroh and we have (Griliches, 1992; Stiroh, 2002): which shows that the productive elasticities of the factors are equal to the weight of the factors. In addition, here there is the flexibility of deviation from the weight of the factors due to spillover. All this can be shown in equation Second, consider Δln Qi,t. As Grilichs and Shankerman pointed out, if we include the R&D inputs in conventional L and K and use a regression model to determine the R&D production elasticity, the results will be biased. The main point of this argument is that intangibles (such as research and development) are long-term assets and not intermediate inputs, and should be included as value-added investments (Griliches, 1980; Schankerma, 1981). Adding the normal as V (where the intangibles are treated as intermediates), we can write:  So that N is a real intangible investment and we have approximated the share of intangible investment costs in nominal Q as sR. Substituting (6) into (5), we have:  If we have the above expression in terms of ΔlnVi,t:  For simplicity we have assumed that Δ lnR = lnN∆ (as in the steady-state "max consumption" case). To model the efficiency of factors, the studies of Caves, Christensen and Diewert have been used, and the ∆lnTFP index is constructed with the translog production function as follows (Caves, Christensen, & Diewert, 1982):  where ∆lnTFPi,t= ∆lnTFPQi,t and ∆lnTFPQi,t is calculated as follows: Obviously, these approaches have advantages and disadvantages, but the estimation of this regression potentially reveals the factors that played a significant role in TFP and were suppressed.

To measure the intangible capital from Iranian factory data with four-digit ISIC code during 1996 to 2018 is 2190. The data shows that the ratio of intangible capital to production for all industries is equal to 68.41%, which shows the high impact of intangible capital on Iranian industries[1].The results show that, contrary to the traditional approach, intangible investment is not included in intermediate goods, but is included as an important factor in the production function. The high number of observations has helped to estimate the model more accurately. The employment impact factor, including professional and non-professional labor force, is approximately equal to 22/, which has a positive and significant effect on TFP.Also, if the physical capital grows by ten percent, the total factor productivity will grow significantly by 2.3 percent on average in the same direction. The remarkable thing about the impact of intangible investment is that if this type of investment grows by 10 percent amongvarious manufacturing industries, it can help to increase the TFP by 3.5 percent on average, which actually shows the role of intangible investments in factory industries in today's world.These results indicate that the production share of Iran's industries is not only focused on physical investment and labor, and there is another type of investment called intangible investment, which is not only effective but also in the extent of its effect on industrial production is superior to the rest of the components.By studying the world's major industries such as Microsoft, it can be found that its market value in 2006 is much larger compared to the value of its physical investment and labor force, and this difference in value is included in the area of intangible investment.Therefore, for most industries in different countries, it is not far from reality that the amount of intangible investment has a greater impact than the rest of the effective components. As a result, the hypothesis that there is a positive and significant relationship between intangible investment on the productivity of all production factors can be accepted at the level of 99% with an impact factor of /356.Also, for a ten percent increase in skilled labor, the TFP changes on average by approximately 0.6 percent, while this figure is approximately 0.1 percent for unskilled labor. These results show that in addition to intangible investment having a positive and significant effect on productivity, skilled labor also helps to grow the productivity of factory industries.

The importance of intangible investment is growing relative to the level of investment in the tangible assets we intend to invest with, including transport infrastructure, machinery and power plants, etc. As a result, the role of intangible investment becomes increasingly important for understanding and predicting productivity trends, economic growth and innovation. The importance of intangible investment, such as research and development or software, to describe productivity, competitiveness and economic growth, has long been recognized by economic literature and statisticians.Considering investment in intangibles leads to a better understanding of differences in productivity trends across countries. In this research, firstly, the measurement of intangible investment with the CHS approach for the four-digit ISIC codes of factory industries with ten employees and above was discussed. The high share of intangible investment compared to the total production of each industry shows the importance of this issue. Then the intangible investment variable was brought as the main component next to physical investment and labor in the production function. Observations showed that intangible investment had a positive and significant effect on the productivity of all production factors. Its high coefficient indicates the impact of intangible investment on TFP, and its omission in the production function caused TFP estimation to have a bias error. In order to show the impact of the professional workforce on the productivity of production factors, we separated the workforce into skilled and unskilled, and the results show that the impact of professional and expert workforce is almost six times greater on TFP.[1] The Statistics Center of Iran has been used to obtain the data. The years used are from 1996 to 2018. The estimated components are intangible investment, physical investment, labor force and production volume, to calculate the productivity index of production factors. The obtained data have been used separately according to the economic activity ranking classification code with version 4 from the Statistics Center of Iran. In the codes, we merged them with similar codes, and as a result, the number of codes is 132, which is the total number of data for the years 1996 to 2018 is equal to 2190, and the volume of data is worth considering for the correct estimation.

Although the importance of considering the capability approach in calculating poverty has been addressed in various studies, a major obstacle to achieving a measure like Alkire-Foster MPI in many countries is the lack of integrated micro indicators. In this study, we suggest a "repeated and random data generation" method using the macro amount of the missing indicator. Moreover, we apply this method to calculate and break down the acute poverty measure of Alkier and Foster in Iran. The results indicate that by using this method, we are able to achieve the desired level with very high precision. In addition, by breaking down multidimensional poverty into three dimensions of health, education, and standard of living, we show that during the last four decades, the share of educational deprivation in MPI is always increasing and has transformed into the most effective indicator in acute multidimensional poverty. Finally, by examining the characteristics of poor households, it can be noted that households with acute poverty have gradually become older, smaller, and less educated. Therefore, it seems that programs like subsidies to the entire society are no longer helpful for poverty reduction in Iran and it can be improved by better targeting and addressing educational deprivation.