جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « پیچیدگی اقتصادی » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The main purpose of this research is to investigate the effects of compound risk shocks and its components (political, economic and financial risk) along with economic complexity on the development of Sukuk market in Iran. The data required to conduct this research is based on the variables of the proposed model related to the time period of 2010-2022 and seasonally, using the Central Asset Management Company of the Iranian Capital Market, the International Country Risk Guide Database (ICRG) and the MIT University website. has been The results of model estimation using the Wald test and Nonlinear Autoregressive Distributed Lag Model Approach (NARDL) indicate that the unexpected positive and negative shocks of the compound risk and its components have asymmetric effects on the development of the sukuk market. Among the components of composite risk, the negative shock of political risk has the most negative effect and the positive shock of financial and economic risk has the most positive effect on the development of the Iranian sukuk market in the long term. Also, the effect of economic complexity on the development of the sukuk market in the long term is positive in every equation proposed in this research

Economic complexity is an index that has been raised in the last decade and indicates the use of technology in the process of producing goods and services of a country, which leads to increased economic growth and prosperity by creating a productive structure in the composition, increased productivity and diversity of manufactured products. Economic complexity is expected to affect energy consumption because the type of products produced is an important determinant of energy consumption. If countries operate in energy-intensive industries such as metals, chemicals, and forest products, energy consumption will be high, and if they specialize in low energy and highly complex products, energy consumption in these countries will decrease. In addition, the level of technological knowledge of countries can significantly affect energy efficiency. Therefore, in this research, the effects of economic complexity and economic growth on renewable, non-renewable and total energy consumption in developing and developed countries in the period of 2000-2020 have been investigated by GMM method.

GMM estimator is a subset of instrumental variable method estimators. In this method, in addition to solving the problem of correlation of the independent variable with disturbance components, the endogeneity of the variables and the heterogeneity of the variance of the model are also solved. It should be noted that this method is applicable when T is smaller than N (number of segments).

The results of this research show that the economic complexity index affects the development of renewable energy in developing and developed countries and also causes a decrease in the use of non-renewable energy and total energy consumption in developed countries and an increase in the use of non-renewable and total energy consumption in developing countries. It is currently being developed. In this research, the opening of trade has had a positive effect on the consumption of renewable energy in both groups of countries, and in developed countries, the opening of trade has reduced the consumption of non-renewable and total energy, and in developing countries, the opposite result has been obtained. In both groups of countries, energy consumption has a positive relationship with income level. Also, the results show that if economic growth is accompanied with higher technology, it can lead to a lower increase in total energy consumption in both groups of countries.

As mentioned in the introduction, economic complexity represents a complex and knowledge-based production structure of a given country that takes a long time to mature. When economic complexity increases, the use of non-renewable energy and environmental degradation increases first in a given country. However, with the increase of environmental preferences in a society, the economic actors change their energy by using non-renewable energy habits. This is completely consistent with the results of the estimation models as explained above. Based on the obtained results, it can be said that economic complexity is a policy factor for the overall transformation of renewable energy and demand for greener energy. The study recommends that complexity and structural change policies should be implemented for cleaner and greener growth and overall promotion of greener energy in developing and developed countries. Due to the movement of developing countries towards the development of technology, the need for energy will increase in the coming years. Hence, there is a need for policymakers to plan to meet energy needs. Considering the existing limitations in the use of fossil energy, which leads to complications such as environmental pollution and resource depletion, necessary investments should be made for the development of clean and renewable energy. In order to reduce energy consumption, policies that increase energy efficiency or prevent any form of  waste should be formulated, especially in economic sectors. In this regard, Can and Guzgur recommend that the level of fossil energy consumption in each industry should be clearly estimated and based on that, governments should establish specific laws for each industry. Through developing policies related to trade facilitation, they should also reduce the cost of importing new technologies, or decrease the cost of discovering new technologies via financing research and development institutions. Governments should promote energy regulations to reduce fossil fuel dependence and energy intensity. Future studies could examine the impact of economic complexity on energy demand in terms of oil-importing versus oil-exporting economies. Examining the effects of economic complexity on different aspects of energy (e.g., electric and nuclear energy) can be an important research question for researchers working on energy strategy.

Economic growth is one of the most common goals in both developed and developing countries. Economic growth affects various economic and social aspects, such as poverty, welfare, unemployment, and inflation. Knowing the factors influencing economic growth is critical for developing countries. Trade of goods and services affects economic growth by increasing national income. On the other hand, nowadays, the world is facing the climate change crisis and its consequences, such as floods, landslides, earthquakes, etc., which can have negative and destructive effects on economic growth. Oil exporting countries have weak export diversity due to single-product trade and are located in the hot and dry orbit of the globe due to their geographical location. The main goal of this study is to investigate the impact of economic complexity as a symbol of international trade and ecological footprint as a symbol of climate change on economic growth in OPEC from 1995 to 2020 and using the method of generalized method of moments (GMM). The results indicate a positive and very significant effect of the economic complexity index on economic growth in oil-exporting countries. On the other hand, the ecological footprint has a negative and significant impact on economic growth in OPEC.

Improving the quality of logistics performance, which includes activities such as transportation, integration of commercial loads, domestic distribution and payment systems, enables the improvement of competitiveness in international trade. The impartiality of government policies, can affect the production and variety of export goods, investment and the granting of government aid in order to create educational infrastructure and produce knowledge, thereby contributing to economic complexity. The purpose of this article is to analyze the effects of logistics performance quality and impartiality of government policies on economic complexity and to evaluate the mediating effect of economic complexity in transferring the effects of the aforementioned indicators on economic growth in 19 selected developing countries with lower middle income in the period of 2013-2021. So, the effects of logistics performance and impartiality of government policies on economic complexity and the effect of economic complexity on economic growth were estimated by GMM method. The results showed that the logistics performance quality and impartiality of government policies had a positive effect on economic complexity and economic complexity had positive effect on economic growth. The calculation of Sobel's statistic confirms the mediating effect of economic complexity in transferring the effect of the mentioned indicators on economic growth.

The most important relative advantage of Iran has been the export of crude oil and natural gas for a long time. Considering the raw nature of these products, specialization in the production and export of these products will not have a significant impact on Iran's sustainable growth. One of the solutions is to infiltrate the downstream industries of these products, the most important of which is the development of the petrochemical industry. In this sense, since the expansion of export markets is considered as one of the important strategies in the field of marketing, the aim of this research is to identify and prioritize the export opportunities of Iran's petrochemical industry products by developing an integrated decision support model - economic complexity, in five countries that are members of the Eurasian Economic Union. It includes Belarus, Kazakhstan, Russia, Kyrgyzstan, and Armenia, and the member countries of ECOTA trade agreements include Afghanistan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, and Turkey.the current research is applied in terms of purpose, descriptive-survey in terms of data collection, and a mixed type of research. The statistical population of the research was formed by the member countries of ECO and Eurasia trade agreements during the period of 2014 to 2021. First, in order to identify the factors affecting the development of export opportunities, using a questionnaire and a fuzzy Delphi model, based on the opinions of experts working in the private sector and petrochemical companies, experts working in specialized government jobs of the Ministry of Health, and academic experts,

Economic complexity is a relatively new concept developed in recent years to assess the productive characteristics of countries. It not only explains the production structure, but also helps examine differences in income and growth across countries. In this paper, we estimate the macroeconomic impact of economic complexity on growth of a sample of N-11 countries for the period 2000-2020, using the economic complexity index developed by Hidalgo and Hausman (2009). Diagnostic tests confirmed the assumption of slope coefficient heterogeneity and cross-sectional dependence of the error term. Thus, we employ the Pesaran (2006) Common Correlated Effects Mean Group estimator (CCEMG) and the Chudik and Pesaran (2015) Common Correlated Effect Pooled Mean Group (CCEPMG) methodology. The findings suggest that economic complexity is one of the key determinants of long-term economic growth. However, its impact on economic growth is not significant in the short term, suggesting that the impact of changes in production structure on economic growth is time-sensitive. The coefficients of other control variables such as human capital, investment, institutional quality, and inflation rate were statistically significant.

Technology provides an opportunity for the economy to move from polluting sources to renewable sources to meet energy needs. Increasing economic complexity means more use of technology and innovation in production and may cause the expansion of effective technological products such as renewable energy. In the past few decades, the share of renewable energy has increased due to a wide range of factors, such as government regulations to promote the use of renewable energy, reduction in the cost of installing renewable energy and increasing production capacity, oil price fluctuations, and the positive effects of renewable energy in reducing emissions. Carbon and innovation processes have increased in the energy sector. Therefore, in this research, the effects of renewable energy consumption and economic complexity as well as their mutual effects on environmental pollution have been investigated using the GMM method in developing countries over the period 2000-2019.

In dynamic models, due to the presence of a lagged dependent variable, OLS or GLS methods cannot be used to estimate the model, because the disturbance components are correlated with the lagged dependent variable, and the estimation results are biased and inconsistent as before. Therefore, to solve this problem, the GMM method proposed by Arellano and Bond (1991) is used. The GMM estimator belongs to the set of instrumental variables’ estimators. In this method, in addition to solve the problem of the correlation of the independent variable with disturbance components, the endogeneity of the variables and the heteroscedasticity of the variances are also removed. It should be noted that this method is applicable when T (number of periods) is smaller than N (number of sections).

The results show that the economic complexity index has a negative and significant effect on carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries. Variables such as trade openness and energy intensity increase carbon dioxide emissions, and the Kuznets curve hypothesis is confirmed for developing countries, and economic complexity leads to an upward movement of the Kuznets curve. Renewable energy consumption has a significant effect on reducing carbon dioxide emissions, and also at higher levels of economic complexity, renewable energy consumption causes a greater reduction in carbon dioxide emissions.
Conclusion and

The need for a more accurate understanding of economic phenomena has prompted economists to review previous theories and present new theories that have a new window to economic development literature. The goal of all countries is to achieve sustainable economic growth and development. Renewable energy technologies are promising, but there is very little information about its role as a limiting factor in reducing environmental pollution, especially in developing countries. Therefore, in this research, the effects of renewable energy consumption and economic complexity as well as their mutual effects on environmental pollution have been investigated using the GMM method in developing countries over the period 2000-2019. The results show that the economic complexity index has a negative and significant effect on the emission of carbon dioxide, so it can be said that for developing countries, moving towards a more knowledge-oriented economy can improve the quality of the environment. The variables of trade openness, energy intensity significantly affect positively CO2 emissions. The EKC hypothesis was confirmed with the positive logarithm of GDP per capita and its negative square coefficient. According to the results of the study, economic complexity in countries under study leads to an upward movement of EKC, which means that as economic complexity increases in developing countries due to increased energy demand, scale effects occur and lead to higher CO2 emissions.
In this study, energy intensity has a positive effect on the increase in carbon dioxide emissions and as a result the increase in environmental pollution in developing countries.
The specific result of this article is the significant effect of renewable energy consumption on the reduction of carbon dioxide emissions in developing countries. At higher levels of economic complexity, renewable energy consumption causes a greater reduction in CO2 emissions. In terms of the role of complexity, it can be argued that in countries under consideration, the share of renewable energy should be significantly increased by using innovation processes in the energy sector. Considering the negative effects of the share of renewable energies on carbon dioxide emissions per capita, it is suggested to define new patterns of energy consumption by relying on renewable energies in development programs and using incentive tools to replace renewable energies instead of fossil fuels to reduce pollution. Developing countries should support knowledge-based industries, increase the import and production of environmentally friendly technologies, and increase the share of renewable energy in their plans to protect the environment. In addition, pricing strategies can be proposed to avoid increased fossil fuel consumption.

The impact of technological advances on energy consumption is one of the topics that has been considered by many researchers and policymakers. Numerous researchers have tried to evaluate this relationship based on various technology indicators. The index of economic complexity is one of the new indicators that has been used in recent years to measure the level of knowledge and technology in the production structure. In this paper, the index of economic complexity along with energy prices and GDP have been used as determining factors of energy consumption in Iran during the period 1976 to 2018. Quantile regression results show that the coefficients of the variables are different in the deciles. The impact of economic complexity on energy consumption in all deciles has been positive, indicating the dominance of the rebound effect on energy consumption. Price elasticity is less than one in all deciles and less in the higher consumption deciles. In contrast, the income elasticity of energy demand was higher in the upper deciles

Economic complexity is one of the criteria for measuring the knowledge-based economy of a country. Several studies have shown that improving the economic complexity index leads to sustainable economic growth and improved welfare. Therefore, policy makers tend to place the development and progress of the country in the path of knowledge-based economy and production of complex products. But the channel of influence of complexity on the economy of a country is questionable. Identifying this channel can lead to the focus of development policies. The hypothesis investigated in this research is the effectiveness of economic complexity on the field of factory activities. In the literature review, it was found that the relationship between these two variables is not predetermined. To test the hypothesis, a statistical sample including 46 countries has been selected for a period of 31 years ending in 2020. The PMG model has been used for data processing. The result of the estimation of the model shows that the increase in the added value of factory industries is one of the consequences of the improvement of economic complexity. This finding can help to set development policies.

In recent decades, economic growth along with environmental protection is important issue facing most economic societies. On the other hand, with the increase of new technologies and the trade openness, the effect of changing new and extensive structures on the environment has become very important. Therefore, the aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of economic complexity and trade openness on the ecological footprint (as an indicator of environmental degradation). For this purpose, the data of 18 developing countries in Asia during the study period from 1990 to 2017 have been used with the Panel-Quantile approach. In addition, the variables of GDP per capita, globalization and financial development were considered as control variables. The results of this study show that the increase in economic complexity in different quantiles reports different results, so that with a one percent increase in economic complexity in the 10th quantile, the ecological footprint has decreased by more than one percent, but an increase in economic complexity in the 50th quantile has caused the deterioration of the quality of the environment. The results show that the increase in trade in all quantiles has helped to improve the environment. Moreover, with increasing globalization and financial development, the ecological footprint has increased in all quantiles. In addition, the results of this study indicate that the increase in per capita income has reported different results in different quantiles.

Economic complexity indicates the amount of productive knowledge within a country and the ability to use that knowledge to produce goods with more diversity and less ubiquity, which ultimately increases national competitiveness in the global arena and accelerates the process of achieving economic growth and development. Therefore, determining the factors affecting it - especially in developing countries - is of great importance. In this regard, the present study, by approaching panel data and using the generalized moment method, has determined the interactive effect of entrepreneurship and financial development on economic complexity in two groups of developing and developed selected countries during the period 2014-2019. Estimated results showed that the dimensions of entrepreneurship, including attitudes, abilities & aspirations of entrepreneurial, as well as financial development have a positive and significant effect on economic complexity in both groups of selected countries. However, the estimated coefficient of these variables is larger for developing countries. In addition, the three dimensions of entrepreneurship and financial development have a positive and significant interactive effect on economic complexity in both groups of selected countries. Finally, the effect of the control variables of natural resource abundance and intellectual property rights on economic complexity in both groups of selected countries respectively are negative and significant and positive and significant.

The consumption of fossil fuels and its effects have caused serious challenges and concerns in the fields of energy and environment. These challenges include issues such as fuel supply security, finite energy sources, environmental pollution, and problems related to global warming. In order to solve this crisis, the use of renewable energy is proposed as an effective solution to deal with concerns related to environmental sustainability and energy security. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the effect of economic complexity on the consumption of renewable energy in Iran based on the autoregression technique with distributed lag (ARDL). For this purpose, the data of renewable energy consumption per capita, economic complexity index, foreign direct investment, gross domestic product per capita as a measure of economic growth, urbanization rate and carbon dioxide emission per capita during the period of 1368-1400 were used. has been The results of the co-accumulation test show , economic complexity leads to an increase in the consumption of renewable energy. Also, according to the results of foreign direct investment, economic growth and urbanization rate increase the consumption of renewable energy, while the per capita emission of carbon dioxide reduces the consumption of renewable energy .

Although various studies have examined the effect of economic complexity and the shadow economy on income inequality, the nonlinear effect of economic complexity and the shadow economy on income inequality, which plays an important role in reducing problems in the economic, political and social fields of countries, has been investigated to a limited extent. has taken. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of economic complexity and shadow economy on income inequality in 29 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) during the period of 1995-2020. For this purpose, the Gini coefficient is considered as an index of income inequality and an index of economic complexity, shadow economy, GDP per capita and trade openness. The results obtained from the self-explanatory approach with wide panel breaks (Panel ARDL) show that with the increase of the shadow economy, income inequality first has an upward trend and after a stage it starts to decrease, in other words, an inverted U-relationship. There is a form between income inequality as a dependent variable and shadow economy as an explanatory variable in the studied countries. In addition, there is a U-shaped relationship between income inequality as a dependent variable and economic complexity as an explanatory variable. As economic complexity increases, income inequality first decreases and then gradually increases. Also, empirical findings show that trade openness reduces income inequality, while economic growth increases inequality. Based on this, it is suggested that considering the complexity of these relationships, politicians and statesmen should consider the socio-economic status of these two issues (economic complexity and shadow economy) when formulating policies related to income distribution.Although various studies have examined the effect of economic complexity and the shadow economy on income inequality, the nonlinear effect of economic complexity and the shadow economy on income inequality, which plays an important role in reducing problems in the economic, political and social fields of countries, has been investigated to a limited extent. has taken. The main purpose of this article is to investigate the impact of economic complexity and shadow economy on income inequality in 29 member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) during the period of 1995-2020. For this purpose, the Gini coefficient is considered as an index of income inequality and an index of economic complexity, shadow economy, GDP per capita and trade openness. The results obtained from the self-explanatory approach with wide panel breaks (Panel ARDL) show that with the increase of the shadow economy, income inequality first has an upward trend and after a stage it starts to decrease, in other words, an inverted U-relationship. There is a form between income inequality as a dependent variable and shadow economy as an explanatory variable in the studied countries. In addition, there is a U-shaped relationship between income inequality as a dependent variable and economic complexity as an explanatory variable. As economic complexity increases, income inequality first decreases and then gradually increases.

Economic complexity refers to the accumulation of productive capabilities in an economy. Accelerating the accumulation of these capabilities increases the capacity to invent and absorb new technologies. Over the initial stages of economic development, most countries absorb energy-intensive technologies, which will lead to an increase in fossil energy consumption. By increasing the economic complexity of a country and the accumulation of complex capabilities, it becomes possible to absorb and invent new energy-efficient and clean technologies, which will be a factor in reducing the intensity of fossil energy consumption. In this paper, we investigate the effect of the economic complexity of Iran's provinces on the consumption of fossil energy over the period 2005-2018. For this purpose, the system GMM estimator in dynamic panel data has been applied. The results of the paper indicate that the increase in the economic complexity of the provinces is the driver of fossil energy consumption, so that the hypothesis of the "Energy-Environmental Kuznets Curve" across the provinces of the country is rejected. Accordingly, making the current production structure more complex in Iran's economy will not help to reduce fossil energy consumption. Other results show that (a) the per capita consumption of fossil energy is inelastic with respect to the relative price of fuel, and (b) the rate of urbanization is the driver of energy consumption. According to the findings of the research, it is recommended that instead of implementing pricing policies to reduce energy consumption, the government should emphasize changing the production structure by using clean technologies.

Currently, there is no proper match between Iraq's import needs and the variety of Iran's export goods to that country.According to the statistics of the International Trade Center, more than half of the country's import needs are related to mechanical and electrical machinery and transportation equipment ($16.8 billion) with a share of about 30%, and agricultural products and food industries ($11.4 billion dollar) with a share of about 20%, which Iran has allocated about 3.4% and 16.5% of the total needs of the Iraqi market in the mentioned sectors, respectively. The present article with the aim of identifying Iran's export opportunities to Iraq and prioritizing them, has used integrating a decision support model and the approaches of economic complexity and product space. A number of 627 export opportunities have been identified based on the four-digit commodity codes HS and prioritized divided into ten main commodity sections. The results show that Iran is present in half of the products in the Iraqi market with a relative advantage; So that Iran's export power to the Iraqi market (based on the revealed relative advantage) is at a higher level than the competitors of that market. Among the 590 products (according to four-digit HS) that Iran exports to the Iraqi market with a stronger advantage than other competitors, it has a comparative advantage in only 123 cases at the international level; Also, among the 351 commodity groups that have relatively high complexity, only 35 items have a comparative advantage at the international level. In addition, among Iran's export commodity groups, only 55 groups have been provided with the capabilities and capabilities needed for production in the country's economy at a level beyond 50%.

Contrary to the public perception that income inequality is due to differences in individuals' abilities and motivations, differences in economic, social, and institutional structures are also important factors in generating income inequality. The complex-structured economies and more developed institutions provide individuals with more opportunities for education and job choice and reduce income inequality. This study investigates the effect of economic complexity and institutional structure on income inequality within the Kuznets curve. The sample used in this study was 43 developing countries during the period of 2015-2002 and dynamic panel econometric method was used to analyze the data. The results indicate that good governance as a proxy for institutional quality, and economic complexity have had a significant negative impact on income inequality in developing countries. These results show that institutional and structural factors, as two other dimensions of development, have also had a significant impact on income inequality in developing countries.

Under the present complex and globalized economic system, it is necessary to adopt new methods of production and value creation to increase economic growth. The theoretical and empirical concept of economic complexity is a relatively new phenomenon in economic analysis and measures the complexity of a country's productive structure, which reflects its diversity, i.e. the number of products it exports and the ubiquity of those products. Economic complexity is a comprehensive and effective way to understand key issues in countries development processes, which has created new opportunities for a comprehensive review of countries' economic development processes. In addition, a country with a highly complex economy has a competitive edge in the global economy and individuals living in a complex economy have more employment opportunities and they have enough skills and knowledge. In current research, the effect of economic complexity on poverty in developing countries during the years 2000-2021 has been studied using the generalized moment’s method. The findings indicate that increasing economic complexity reduces poverty. Therefore, a 1% increase in the economic complexity index reduces poverty by (-0.530). Furthermore, the higher the economic growth, the greater the effect of reducing economic complexity on poverty. At the same time, economic complexity leads to poverty reduction in countries that experience lower levels of income inequality. Other results indicate that increased financial development, economic growth and democracy reduces poverty. On the other hand, increasing the level of income inequality will also lead to more poverty. To reduce poverty, governments can increase the share of complex, diversified products from exports through appropriate policies and help boost high-sophisticated products in the economy by giving tax breaks to high-tech companies and in this way, achieve the goal of reducing poverty.

The purpose of this article is to investigate the relationship between the Environmental Couzens Curve (EKC) and the Economic Complexity Index (ECI) as a differentiating element of the production volume for Iran. To investigate the relationship between the variables of the Vector Error Correction Model (VECM) for the period of 2019-2020 Dynamic least squares, modified least squares, collinearity test and Johanson test were used. In order to investigate the factors affecting the emission of carbon dioxide gas, the traditional variables shown by the environmental Kuznets curve data of 1389-1399 have been used. These variables include GDP per capita, urban population, electricity consumption (kilowatt hours per capita), foreign direct investment, import and export of goods and services (percentage of gross domestic product) which was prepared from Iran Statistics Center, Environmental Organization and Central Bank... to obtain economic complexity (ECI) from the model proposed by Hidalgo and House Mann (2009) was used. The research results show that economic complexity has no effect on carbon dioxide emissions, but increasing production and energy consumption and increasing exports and decreasing imports are effective on carbon dioxide emissions. Also, between increasing per capita income, capital No significant relationship was found between foreign direct investment and carbon dioxide emissions. According to the research results, it is suggested to use renewable energy in production and export and import laws should be based on reducing environmental risks.

Developing the knowledge-based economic sector has been identified as a key strategy for enhancing economic resilience amidst sanctions, and furthermore, the Economic Complexity Index has been proposed as a key indicator for assessing the development of this sector. On the other hand, some argue that improvements in terms of economic complexity index not only signal the enhancement of economic resilience against sanctions, but further, ensure of resilience against other external economic and political pressures. This paper draws on the inductive-comparative method, as well as a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods to examine and estimate the strength of the relationship between economic complexity index and economic defense components. For this purpose, using the foundation data method and open and selective coding, the modus operandi of this paper first identified the most important components of economic defense. Subsequently, based on the results obtained, a questionnaire was designed and to engage the opinion of scientific and executive experts in this field. Finally, the results of the survey were analyzed using the fuzzy Delphi method. The results obtained confirm the effect of economic complexity index on economic defense, and further highlight its role in areas such as, deterrence capacity, coping capacity and the ability to achieve economic defense strategy goals. On the other hand, in the context of the Iranian economy, the results indicate that enhancing the country's economic resilience in relation to crises and international sanctions is contingent on improving the main variables of the economic complexity index, i.e.: the development knowledge-based economy; entrepreneurship and job creation; improving the quality of domestically produced goods; increasing economic growth and prosperity; enhancing economic authority and economic flexibility; developing the agricultural sector; developing the production chain; increasing exports; enhancing the capacity of the country for engaging in economic diplomacy; reducing Iran's economic dependence on imports; and increasing the investment level in the economy.

The main purpose of this study is to investigate the relationship between economic complexity and competitiveness using panel data in a sample of 39 emerging countries from 2002 to 2018. The results of the causality test of Dmitresco and Horlin Granger (2012) show a two-way cause between economic complexity and competitiveness. This indicates that the higher complexity of the economy helps countries to improve their average level of competitiveness, and vice versa. At the same time, the results of the model estimation using the system generalized method of moments (GMM) estimators confirm that economic complexity is a determining factor in the competitiveness of countries. This shows that economic integration with the creation of new sectors and new products creates significant opportunities for new jobs, which in turn leads to greater competition and a more dynamic environment. At the same time, the impact of variables on GDP growth, good governance, real exchange rates, human capital, and R&D costs on the competition of countries is also positive. Therefore, in order to increase competitiveness and develop a knowledge-based economy, emerging countries need to consider policies to increase economic complexity along with other factors affecting competitiveness.