جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « profitability » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

The operational environment of commercial banks has become dynamic and competitive. The failure of banks in this competitive environment and their poor financial performance have forced the banking system to provide strategies to improve their performance in this environment. Merger and acquisition strategies are increasing as one of these solutions with the aim of reducing the inefficient sector. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of mergers and acquisitions on the profitability and Profitability efficiency of active banks in the banking system of Iran in the period of 2005-2021.

The purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the situation in which potential merger and acquisition has occurred in banking sector base on our presumption. Seven scenarios have been assigned in order to merge the banks in Iran. two first scenarios are among state banks, third and fourth scenarios are in private sector banks and the rest are among both state and private sector banks. It is worth mentioning that the seventh scenario is the one which has occurred in real in which banks which are related to military system have been merged in to the Sepah bank. Profitability efficiency before and after the merger was evaluated through Stochastic Frontier Analysis (SFA) methods as well as adjusted profit to Risk Weighted Assets (RWA). Additionally by the aim of analyzing the situation and figures pre and post-merger and acquisition we applied Monte Carlo Markov Switching (MCMC) method and  at the end the stress test for the designed scenarios, the conditions before and after the integration were evaluated to assess the results of shocks on banking sector. in the stress test section, the dynamic response of model variables caused by structural shocks of one standard deviation for the next 10 years are analyzed cumulatively with the help of variance decomposition approach. Because the investigated banks have different situations before and after the merger, they show different reactions in dealing with banking and non-banking shocks.

The results of the SFA approach show that in the first scenario (Tosee Saderat and Sanat o Madan) and the sixth scenario (Tose-e-Taavon, Gardeshgari, Day and Khavare Miyaneh), the profitability of all sample banks has increased. Also, in the second scenario, one bank (Tosee Taavon), in the third scenario, Iran-Zemin Bank, in the fourth scenario, Gardeshgari, in the fifth scenario, Sanat and Madan Bank, and in the seventh scenario, Sepah, Hikmat Iranian, Mehr Eghtesad, Kosar, Ansar and Khavare Miyaneh banks with Increased profitability after the merger. Also, based on the results of the Monte Carlo Markov Switching (MCMC) approach, the average and standard deviation of the profitability index has improved by 36.13 percent in post-merger conditions. Also, the results of the stress test show that A shock or a sudden change as much as one standard deviation in the GDP increases profitability both in the pre- and post-merger conditions, but the difference between the two situations mentioned in this index is such that the profitability index after From integration, they increase at a higher rate in response to an increase in GDP. In other words, this increase has more growth in post-merger conditions. Therefore, it can be concluded that in post-merger conditions, banks' profitability reacts more to macroeconomic shocks, so that if a favorable index increases, the profitability index also increases at a higher rate, and if a favorable index decreases, this index decreases at a higher rate. Therefore, it cannot be said that the economic shocks on the banking system in post-merger conditions will affect the banking system less, and this solution has more stability for the banking system due to the influence of macroeconomic indicators. Also, A shock or a sudden change as much as one standard deviation occurs in the facility will increase the profitability both in the conditions before and in the conditions after the merger, but the difference between the two situations mentioned about these indicators is such that the profitability index after Mergers are increasing at a more modest rate in response to the increase in facilities

findings shows that with analyzing the situation through balance sheets and income state of banks and merge them with regards to their characteristics there may be benefits in shape of enhance in efficiency and profitability of post-merger banks. Additionally with regard to financial distress and crisis mergers may not be the best practice. Solutions such as merger and acquisition, despite the fact that they prevent these risks from entering the system to a small extent, but still cannot prevent the risk in a relatively acceptable way.

Supervision of banks during financial life of banks shows that changes in the performance of banks can affect the economy. Disclosure of bank information is one of the ways that policymakers, investors, and depositors in the banking sector can monitor the good performance of banks. In this regard, reputable international organizations such as the Basel Committee, and the Economic Development and Cooperation Organization, have expressed a framework for corporate governance and information disclosure. In Iran, the framework of disclosure of bank information has also been stated. The review of theoretical literature indicates the existence of an optimal level of information disclosure according to economic and environmental factors. Considering the importance of the topic, in this article, the relationship between information disclosure and profitability of banks in the short and long term has been investigated by using the ARDL model in the period of 2001-2021. The results show that there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability so with the increase in information disclosure, the level of banks' profitability improves first and then decreases from the optimal level. Also, there is a U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability according to the level of economic growth, so first with the increase of disclosure and economic growth of banks, the profitability of banks decreases, and after the minimum point of banks' profitability, with the increase of economic growth and disclosure, profitability Banks increase. On the other hand, there is an inverted U-shaped relationship between information disclosure and banks' profitability according to the level of inflation. So, it is suggested to bank supervisors to pay attention to macroeconomic conditions in the requirement to information disclose. So according to the level of economic growth and the level of inflation, they determine the amount of information disclosure.

An indicator of investors' trading behavior that affects asset prices is investor sentiment. Investor sentiment is known as a degree of investor's optimistic mood in financial markets. Company-specific investor sentiments have a significant impact on the risk of a stock price fall. There are two types of traders, simple noise traders and rational arbitrageurs (informed traders) in the market. When noise traders have high risk sentiment and are very optimistic about a stock, they can easily drive its price to a high level. At this point, arbitrageurs should sell the stock short. However, they fear that in the near future noise traders will become even more bullish and push the price even higher, limiting their prime arbitrage position. Under these conditions, arbitrage does not eliminate the effects of noise, because noise creates risk by itself. Stronger investor sentiments lead to the risk of a particular company's stock price falling, and the economic significance of this effect is not insignificant. Stronger investor sentiment leads to more active margin investments in stocks, leading to higher stock price risk. Therefore, the impact of investor sentiment on stock price downside risk is more pronounced for stocks eligible for margin trading. Hence, this research seeks to answer the question of whether the moderating role of the firm's growth opportunities and profitability has an effect on the value relationship of the risk perception of annual reports?

 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK:

The basic premise of using investors' risk sentiments to predict stock prices, stock market returns, and liquidity is the synergy between stock prices and investors' risk sentiments. However, this synergistic relationship has received less attention in the literature. When the stock price increases, the investor's risk sentiment increases, and when the stock price decreases, the investor's risk sentiment decreases. Therrfore, this synergy may reverse or even disappear over a certain period of time. Through a segmented measurement of the synergism between stock price and investor sentiment over the course of a day, we can also find that investor risk sentiment on social media is forward-looking. This provides theoretical support for the use of investor risk sentiment in stock price prediction. External anxiety can significantly affect the synergy between stock prices and investor risk sentiment, but this effect can increase positive or negative synergy. The existence of growth opportunities increases the performance of companies and shareholder wealth, which leads to participation in job creation and economic development, increasing the value of companies and the demand for high-quality innovation, and the improvement in the global market increases opportunities and competition, which also forces companies to invest and undertake riskier projects to maximize shareholder wealth. If investor risk sentiment does indeed drive asset prices, then analysts' recognition and treatment of risk sentiment may affect the relative profitability of their stock recommendations. For example, an analyst may believe that a particular stock is overvalued based on his private estimate of the company's intrinsic value. However, the analyst may hesitate to issue a sell recommendation if he believes that investor risk sentiment will continue to put upward pressure on asset prices in the short term. Furthermore, if the analyst believes that investors will become even more bullish in the near future, he may actually issue a buy recommendation. If the analyst (1) correctly anticipates an upward (downward) shift in investor sentiment that ultimately causes an increase (decrease) in asset prices and (2) issues a more favorable (unfavorable) recommendation in response, then the analyst's recommendation may be more profitable than his peers.

The current research is based on the classification based on the goal, use, and in terms of classification, it was done using the descriptive-correlation method and using the post-event approach. To collect research data and information by document mining method, field method and databases of Tehran Stock Exchange, comprehensive information system of publishers (Kedal) and modern Rahvard software were used. Finally, the data has been prepared using Excel software and then the final analysis has been done using Eviews software. Content analysis method was used to check the level of risk perception from the activity report of the board of directors, the management's interpretive report and the accompanying notes of the financial statements. In order to test the research hypotheses, the dynamic model approach has been used to estimate the models related to the hypotheses.

According to the findings of the research, the risk perception of annual reports has a significant effect on the stock price, and also the company's growth opportunity and profitability have a significant effect on the value relationship between the risk perception of annual reports and the stock price. Also, growth opportunity and profitability as moderators affect the relationship between risk perception and stock price. It can be claimed that Tehran Stock Exchange market is more influenced by economic variables. Therefore, it seems necessary to make policies in macro areas to reduce the feeling of economic risk.

CONCLUSIONS & SUGGESTIONS:

It can be claimed that Tehran Stock Exchange market is more influenced by economic variables and financial and political variables do not have much effect on this market. Therefore, investors are advised to pay special attention to the effect of risk perception on market returns in financial analysis. In addition, in order to reduce the effect of risk feelings on the economy and especially on the stock market, it seems necessary to make policies in macro areas to reduce the feeling of risk.

This paper seeks to explore the nonlinear association between liquidity indicators and debt repayment capacity in relation to asset returns. For this purpose, the Panel Smooth Transition Regression (PSTR) method was employed to examine the nonlinear impact of liquidity indicators (including the ratios of current assets to total deposits, total loans granted to total deposits, and total loans granted to total assets and debt payment capacity indicators (such as the debt ratio and interest coverage ratio) on asset returns from 2011 to 2020. The findings revealed a nonlinear effect of all calculated indicators on asset returns. The magnitude and manner of the independent variables' influence on asset returns varied at different levels, with noticeable distinctions in the effect before and after the threshold value of 1.0586. In light of these results, bank policymakers can strategically select an optimal liquidity level to enhance bank profitability based on asset returns.

Aim and Introduction :

Over the past two decades, the banking system around the world has undergone significant changes in its operating environment, and several internal and external factors have influenced its structure and performance. Despite all these changes, the banking system remains the main source of financing economic activities in many countries. Therefore, evaluating the performance of the banking system is important. Profitability is one of the influential factors in evaluating the performance of banks. Thus, it is necessary to know the effective internal and external factors. The main purpose of this paper is to evaluate the impact of the concentration index on the profitability of the banking industry. On the other hand, banks as established and organized institutions play an important role in attracting stagnant capital and transferring it to productive sectors, as well as meeting the needs of investors. Since a competitive environment in the banking system can increase efficiency and facilitate financial transactions, identifying the market structure of the banking industry is important for policymakers and banking operators, because it can be the way to remove the obstacles in creating a competitive market.The policy makers could be selected the polices that achevied the economic goles.

In order to achieve this goal, the impact of factors affecting the risk and profitability of banks, we especially use the concentration index as one of the dimensions of the market structure in the banking industry. The method of estimation is generalized method of moments (GMM).For this purpose, concentration in the banking industry has been measured using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index. In addition, six control variables including capital adequacy, central bank assets ratio, deposit ratio, liquid assets ratio, credit ratio and cost-to-income ratio have been selected as explanatory-control variables. In this way, the explanatory variables of banks' profitability include bank-specific factors. Return on total assets and bank stability index have been used as profitability and risk criteria of banks. Also, the situation of the organized monetary market of 52 countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation was studied over the period 2005-2019.

Based on the findings of the research, the effects of independent variables in the profitability model are statistically significant and have positive effects on the profitability of banks. Regarding the main hypothesis of the research, i.e. the effect of the concentration index on the profitability of the banking system, it can be seen that the increase in market concentration has increased the profitability, which has a significant coefficient of 0.003817, which confirms the Structure-Conduct-Performance(SCP) hypothesis. In other words, based on this hypothesis, as the degree of market competition decreases, it becomes possible to earn higher profits. In addition, independent variables with lag of time (banking stability index, capital adequacy and return on assets) and the ratio of loans to deposits and the ratio of central bank assets have positive and significant impacts on risk.

Experimental results have shown that the each of the independent variables has positive and significant effect on risk and profitability. The estimation results have shown the positive effect of the market concentration index on banks' profitability. In this way, in the periods when the concentration in the banking industry is higher, the profitability of the banks is high and with the increase in the level of concentration, the profitability of the banks has increased. As stated in the theoretical foundations, there are various theories regarding the relationship between concentration and profitability of banks. Although these theories differ on how to create this relationship, almost all of them emphasize that increasing concentration increases the profitability of banks and reduces competition. In other words, these theories predict that the relationship between concentration and profitability is positive. The result of fitting the research model shows a positive and significant effect of the concentration index on the return on total assets. This means that increasing market concentration has increased profitability. According to the obvious realities in the economies of the sample countries, the intensity of concentration in the banking industry have significant consequences for the profitability of banks by affecting the efficiency and effectiveness of resources.

The banking system, as one of the most effective sectors of the economy, by collecting a significant part of the available liquidity and directing it to the productive sectors, causes economic prosperity.The profitability of banks depends on a set of internal and external factors, of which liquidity management is the most important. In order to earn profit, banks must manage their liquidity in such a way as to meet their obligations and avoid wasting investment opportunities. In this research, by examining the effective indicators on liquidity management, a composite index that represents the level of bank liquidity management was calculated and introduced. Then, using the annual data of 16 banks in the period (2006-2021), the effect of liquidity management on banks' profitability was investigated using the generalized moments method (GMM), two-stage Arellano-Bond. The results show that liquidity management has the most positive effect on the profitability of banks, so that in private and semi-state banks, the intensity of this effect is greater than in state banks.

One of the goals of financial reporting is to provide useful information to facilitate decision making. Accounting information system is one of the sources of information provision for users to decide. The use of the Dupont analysis as a tool for measuring performance dates back to the 1920s and its ability to use it to predict profitability is one of the interesting issues of financial management and investment. The present article seeks to answer the question of whether the components of the Dupont ratio, with emphasis on profit and performance management, can be used to predict operating profitability in the insurance industry. So, in order to investigate this, 14 insurance industry companies were selected as systematic sampling method. The data collected during a period of 6 years and between 2015 and 2020 are taken into account that the results of regression analysis show that the marginal changes in earnings at 99% confidence level have a significant effect on future profitability as well as performance management It can affect the profit margin through the margin of profit, and profit management (upward and downward) does not affect the profit margin on future profitability

In the field of efficiency and productivity of the banking system, various researches have been conducted and there are different models for investigating the inefficiency of banks. This variation in models is due to the nature of the concept of efficiency, especially its uncertain boundaries and because of the various conceptualizations of organizational efficiency. Some of the approaches to calculating inefficiency based on banks' objectives are: objective model, system model and inefficiency model. However, researches with a comprehensive view on the inefficiency of bank branches have not been found, in this research, all approaches have been used by experts in bank branches with education and experience. Because applying a single criterion is not suitable for bank branches and there is no single criterion that can provide all the activities of bank branches. Therefore, while identifying the criteria and indicators, they have been sipped with the opinion of banking experts. . This research, based on banking experts' opinions and analysis by fuzzy Delphi method and analytical hierarchy, concluded that the ratio of interest on deposits to the interest of branch payment facilities, assets of branches to income from facilities, deferred demands and past maturity to the total residue of branch facilities, ratio of funds ready to loan to total branch deposits, ratio of total undesirable claims to total branch facilities and liquidity ratio to total assets The branch shows the inefficiency of the branch in order And Melli Bank is looking for the same goals as conventional banks, which include profitability combined with reduced banking risks.

A bank obligation is a surplus amount on the amount of loans that is determined in Islamic banking for a borrower's fine if he or she is late in repayment. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of late penalty on banks' profitability. For this purpose, 19999 customers of Mellat Bank branches in Mazandaran province who took loans from one of these branches between December 2012 and December 2018 have been studied. The number of branches studied in this study includes 68. The model used in this study is a probit model with one-way panel data. So that one dimension of the data is the financial and individual characteristics of the different persons taking loans from branches and the other dimension is specific to the branches and then the time is not considered in the pattern. The results of estimation indicate that there is a positive and significant relationship between tardiness penalty and profitability. Also, estimates indicate the increasing effect of income, deduction of salary, fractional payment, on the probability of banks' profitability. The results of this study are applicable in other banks and branches in order to obtain appropriate policies to increase banks' profitability. Also, the results of the studies indicate that this concept is consistent with Islamic teachings.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of macroeconomic variables and Sukuk "Sharia Compliant bonds" on the profitability of banks. Two definitions have been used for profit. First: the ratio of bank's profit to its total assets. Second: the ratio of net operational income of the bank to its total deposits. The time range of the research is the period of 2012 to  2019 and the research sample includes 16 banks listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. Data analysis and hypothesis testing were performed using multivariate regression model and hybrid data. The results showed that GDP growth as well as inflation have a positive and significant effect on both profitability indices, but the growth of exchange rate and total Sukuk traded in the capital market has a negative and significant effect on both profitability indices. Operating leverage has a negative and significant effect, and the size of banks has a positive and significant effect on both profitability indices.

Despite the remarkable uncertainty in the profitability of start-ups, their future development is highly dependent on financing and investor attraction. This research has been formed in response to the central concern of whether a suitable model for the profitability of start-ups to attract venture capitalists and financing to develop the business and successfully enter the market has been formed. To answer this concern, we studied the dimensions of the components affecting the profitability of start-ups according to the existing theoretical literature. Also, considering the issues raised and the importance of start-ups in attracting investors and financing, the present study seeks to answer the following questions: Question 1: What factors affect the profitability of start-ups? Question 2: To what extent is the profitability of start-ups dependent on the identified factors? This study is the first research to be conducted in Tehran. Its approach tries to cover 66.214% of the variance of the variables affecting the profitability of start-up companies and increase the variance of these variables to influence the factors, identify, evaluate and model the profitability of start-ups. The results of this study can pave the way for start-ups and venture capitalists in the path of financing and raising capital. Also, this research provides valuable and helpful information to relevant executives, investors, and start-ups to promote, grow and develop these companies and also help to develop the urban economy.

This research aims to add to the existing knowledge in the field of profitability of start-up companies. It is descriptive-survey research in terms of exploratory approach and in terms of data collection. It is also cross-sectional and causal in terms of the time domain. Since the level of analysis of this research is at the level of start-up companies, the statistical population of this research includes all companies located in science and technology parks of Tehran, including science and technology parks of Tehran, Universities of Sharif, Tarbiat Modares, and science and culture, campus science and technology park and Azadi Innovation Factory. According to the research analysis unit, more than 250 questionnaires were distributed, of which 168 usable questionnaires were analyzed. Also, the sampling method is done in a quota method. The data collection tool was a questionnaire containing 129 five-choice questions that were based on studies in the existing theoretical literature, 124 questions related to independent variables affecting the profitability of start-ups, and five questions related to the dependent variable of profit were identified and adjusted. Also, the data analysis method of this research includes exploratory factor analysis and multivariate regression.

According to the results of data analysis, in response to the first question of the research, the results of exploratory factor analysis have explained six influential factors “on the profitability of start-up companies”. The first factor includes variables of transparency of financial information, including costs, attention to culture, customer attention, staff training, entrepreneurial team expertise, competent colleagues, appropriate decision making by managers, entrepreneurial team commitment and cooperation, and commitment and expertise of managers. Its constituent elements are named as the strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team. The second factor includes variables of export quality of products, having a competitive advantage, good relationship with the customer, the attractiveness of the idea, having a plan and program, innovation, and having a long-term vision horizon. According to its constituent elements, the second factor is called “competitive advantage”. The third factor includes variables of access to capital, suitable space and place, liquidity, government and community support, and strategic alliance with other companies. According to its constituent elements, the third factor is named “appropriate infrastructure or platform”. The fourth factor includes variables of industry history, necessary stability, the existence of similar and suitable companies, and the existence of a suitable market for products and services, which is named “sustainability” according to its constituent elements. The fifth factor includes variables of analysis and critique of media, financing from secondary markets, and attention to other markets. The fifth factor is named “secondary marketing” according to its constituent elements. The sixth factor includes variables of economic conditions governing society, political conditions, and profitability of the company. The sixth factor is named “economic and political conditions” according to its constituent factors.

The main purpose of this study is to provide a model for the profitability of start-ups in science and technology parks to develop the urban economy because previous studies indicate that in the literature, there is not an integrated model that specifically questions profitability concerning the considerations of these companies. According to the results of data analysis, in response to the first question of the research, the results of exploratory factor analysis have explained six influential factors on the profitability of start-up companies. These factors include the following variables, which according to the specific amount and percentage of variance coverage of each factor are: the first factor: the strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team, the second factor: competitive advantage, the third factor: the appropriate infrastructure or platform, The fourth factor: sustainability, the fifth factor: secondary marketing and the sixth factor: economic and political conditions. Also, based on the results obtained from regression analysis in response to the second question of the research on the impact of factors affecting the profitability of start-ups, factor 4 (sustainability) has the most significant effect on the dependent variable. Factors 3 (appropriate infrastructure or platform), 6 (economic and political conditions), 5 (secondary marketing), 2 (competitive advantage), and 1 (strength and quality of the entrepreneurial team) affect the dependent variable of profit after factor 4, respectively.

In this research, the effect of the number of branches and the geographical distribution of bank branches on the profitability of Bank Sepah in Ardebil province has been studied. In this study, data and information related to Sepah Bank in Ardabil province in the period 1371 to 1399 are collected and in the form of time series data and cross-sectional data are estimated in two separate models. The results of the model estimation showed that the geographical distribution of the bank branches affects their profitability and this effect is statistically significant at a significant level of 5%. In other words, the branch operating in high-income areas of the city has a higher profitability compared to the middle and low income regions. The number of Bank Sepah Branches also has a positive effect on bank profitability and this effect is statistically significant at a significant level of 5%. Also the loan to the asset ratio, the size of the bank and the market share of the bank has a positive and significant effect on its profitability. Also, at a significant level of 5%, the number of years of activity of the bank branch has a positive and significant effect on its profitability.

In recent years, banks have been affected by a number of market developments: deregulation, liberalization, globalization and various innovations, each of which affects the competitive conditions of banks. Just as bankschr market power plays a role in their profitability, so does competitive behavior affect financial soundness and stability. Competition and a healthy market structure are important in social welfare, in other words, low prices, low interest rates and good loans to consumers and companies,including small and medium-sized investment companies.Banks are considered as the key institution of the money and capital market in the process of economic development of any country, and the continuous economic growth of a country is impossible without considering the market structure of such an institution. On the other hand, assessing the degree of market power of the banking system is very important. In this study, the level of competition in the banking system of 52OIC countries from 2004  to 2019 has been estimated using GMM method. For this purpose, the Boone index has been used. In the first stage, the Boone index has been calculated and in the second stage, the effect of this variable along with the variables of deposit ratio, capital adequacy, non-current receivables, central bank assets in the econometric model has been studied.The Z-SCORE profitability index is also used to measure stability. The results of the Boone index show that these are short-term trends at all times, in all cases. Findings also show that among the variables under study, Non- performing loan raito have the greatest effect on banks  profitability. In addition, the relationship of all variables except Non- performing loan raito and profitability is positive and significant, so that their growth increases the profitability of banks. Finally, the results indicate that the two variables of Bonn index and banking stability also affect the profitability of banks.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) applications in the monetary and banking markets of developed countries has led the banking industry of other countries to use the capabilities of e-banking and innovation to improve efficiency. Therefore, considering the importance of information and communication technology and its potential impacts on the banking industry, the main goal of the study is to investigate the effects of ICT on the profitability of Iranian banks. In this regard, the financial information of 13 banks of the country during the period 2005 to 2017 has been collected. In this paper, due to the existence of self-correlation and variance disparity of the studied model, the FGLS Panel econometric method has been used. The results of this study show that with 99% confidence, research hypotheses can be accepted that the Information and Communication Technology Index has a positive and significant effect on the return on assets (ROA) of Iranian banks. In addition, the results in relation to other control variables have shown that the size of the bank, asset quality and cost ratio have reduced profitability but non-interest income are significantly positively associated with profitabilitis. Among the macroeconomic indicators, GDP per capita and inflation have a significant negative and positive effect on banks' profitability, respectively.

This study examines the impact of the facility structure for bank profitability in Iran, using panel data over the period 2005-2019. The method used in this study is Panel ARDL.In order to achieve this objective, of all the private banking institutions, we have chosen 9 banks that allocate their banking facilities in the form of Islamic contracts. Given that Installment sale and civil partnership, respectively, with 29/71% and 37/44% of total loans accounted for the largest share of banking facilities.Thus, in this study, in order to study the profitability of the banks, the variables above were considered as representatives of the sector of facilities. Also, the profitability criteria used include return on equity (ROE), return on assets (ROA) and net interest margin (NIM).The results of this study show that there is a positive and significant relationship between civil partnership and ROA in the short and long term, and between Installment sale and profitability measures ROA and ROE there is a negative relationship.According to the results, it is suggested that balancing the various types of contracts in the granting of facilities by the banking system. Also, given the lower profitability of exchange contracts for banks, an independent section under the supervision of the central bank is created to determine the rate of profit to encourage people to use the facilities above.

The problem of hydropower plant profit maximization includes simultaneous programming of optimal utilization of water resources and participation in the power market. The present research was performed on a chain of hydropower plants within the Karoon river basin in Khuzestan Province (Iran) (i.e. Karoon 3, Karoon 1, and Masjid Soleyman hydropower plants). In this research nonlinear programming and dynamic systems were applied to the monthly data for the 2005–2015 period to optimize total revenue. This study calculated optimal water reserve and release of water from the dam reservoir as well as profitability of the considered hydropower plants for a period of 24 months. The profit maximization was performed considering the revenue generated from energy markets, reserve, by-services, and frequency control, along with production costs including, maintenance costs, and start and stop and penalty costs. Results indicated that profitability of the studied power plants was more sensitive to the water inflow of dams rather than fluctuations in electricity price. The results show that by using optimization methods, more profit can be obtained than the current operation of power plants.

In this study, using the classic and developed models of data envelopment analysis, the frontiers of efficiency and inefficiency were determined for 29 irrigated crops and the relative position of products was determined in terms of gross income and gross profit efficiencies. Research data included cost of inputs used in the preparation, planting, growing and harvesting stages along with income and profitability data for the crop year of 2014-15, which was extracted from the reports of Ministry of Agricultural Jihad.
The results showed that in the input-oriented approach for gross income, the efficiency ranged from 0.2698 to 0.8660. On average, at best, 12.4% and in the worst situation, 73.2% of inputs were overused to generate gross income. The worst rank devotes to barley in the optimistic scenario and to potato in the pessimistic scenario. For the gross profit, the average efficiency score in optimistic and pessimistic scenarios were 0.6353 and 0.1997, respectively, and minimum and maximum scores belonged to barley and potato, respectively. In the output-oriented approach, the average inefficiency for gross income was between 0.2805 and 0.8698, which indicated a possible reduction of income by 71.95% and 13.22%, respectively. In the case of gross profit, optimistic and pessimistic efficiencies were 18.15% and 55.4%, respectively. According to the findings, barley had the maximum inefficiency in all models.

Comprehensive banking model, with its main focus on addressing all kinds of customer financial needs, comes from combining commercial banking with investment banking. Comprehensive banking is a kind of customer-centric approach to banking, which has been considered in the Western banking industry for the past two decades, and is referred to as banks, which have a wide range of financial services, including commercial, investment, insurance, advisory and Others offer their customers. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the asymmetric effects of banking sector development on the profitability of banks in the country and in particular the National Bank based on a comprehensive banking model with the approach of the non-linear model of Markov regime change. For this purpose, the time series information of 1396-1388 was used. Based on the results, it was observed that the interest rate variables of the participation bonds, the industry concentration index, the ratio of cost to income, the ratio of loans to total loans, equity holdings to total assets had a negative and significant effect on profitability and The variables of the ratio of loans to total assets, total assets, customer deposits to total debt, income variation, inflation rate, and economic growth rate have had a positive and significant effect on the profitability of the National Bank. The variance of variables in regimen one, the regime of low volatility, is less than the two regimes.