جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « income inequality » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد »

In recent decades, the increase in income inequality, economic inefficiency, and lack of economic justice have played a significant role, especially in developing countries, in emphasizing the crucial role of governments in determining appropriate income distribution. Since the mid-1990s, along with the expansion of new institutionalism literature, good governance has been proposed as one of the essential components influencing the fair distribution of opportunities and incomes and the development of countries. In this study, we focus on the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) countries and examine the effects of good governance components on income inequality from 2008 to 2021, using the System Generalized Method of Moments (SGMM) approach. The estimated model results indicate that political instability, one of the most important components of governance, increases income inequality in MENA countries. On the other hand, the expansion of civil liberties and increased economic transparency can reduce income inequality in these countries. Examination of macro variables also shows that an increase in per capita income provides opportunities for reducing inequality, while an increase in the size of the government may be accompanied by an increase in income inequality.

Income inequality remains a concern. Previous studies show that with the growth of a country's economy, incomes increase and income disparity decrease. However, there is evidence that income inequality worsens as countries develop. This study examines the relationship between International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) and income inequality with regard to the moderating role of financial development for a selection of Asian developing countries in the period 2000-2022 and using Ordinary Least Squares and Generalized Least Squares methods. The results show that financial development affects the relationship between IFRS and income inequality. Furthermore, there is a direct relationship between IFRS and income inequality. One of the reasons for the direct impact of IFRS on income inequality can be that the increased transparency of financial reporting as a result of the use of IFRS enables employees and regulatory organizations to negotiate with employers about employment-related issues such as job security, wages, and pensions. If these negotiations lead to benefits for employees, income inequality will decrease. The indirect effect of IFRS on income inequality through financial development may be because investment increases by improving the efficiency of financial markets and reducing the financial constraints of financial institutions.

Income inequality is a major problem in most countries, particularly the underdeveloped world. Unequal distribution of income weakens the achievement of sustainable global economic growth and acts as an impasse to achieve the goals of sustainable development, including the reduction of poverty and hunger in the world. One of the most important factors affecting income inequality is the rent of natural resources, which can have different effects depending on the way natural resources are used. This study was conducted to investigate the effect of natural resource rent on income inequality, taking into account the role of the shadow economy and the human capital index. For this purpose, the annual data of 1971-2020 and the Markov-switching method were used. The results show that natural resources have a positive and significant effect on income inequality; furthermore, the relationship of shadow economy with income inequality in both regimes (low and high levels of inequality is significantly positive, and the effect of human capital on income inequality in both regimes is negative and significant. This study is presented with recommendations to politicians to promote the legalization of undeclared economic activities and reduce dependence on natural resources as mechanisms to reduce the structural problem of income inequality.

Economically, the rise in this indicator leads to increased uncertainty among economic actors, resulting in reduced investment and economic growth becoming a distant possibility. Given this issue, examining the factors influencing this phenomenon will play a crucial role in its control. It should be noted that the increase in social unrest is influenced by various cultural, social, political, and economic factors. One of the reasons for the rise of this phenomenon in societies is inequality. Increasing inequality in various dimensions leads to increased tension between different segments of society on the one hand, and between the government and the people on the other. However, which type of inequality has a greater impact on social unrest is a subject that has not received much attention in studies conducted in this field. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of different types of inequality (wealth, income, and gender) on the social unrest index in selected Middle Eastern countries during the period from 1995 to 2021, using the Dynamic Ordinary Least Squares (DOLS) method. The results indicate that during the studied period, the estimated coefficients of income inequality, wealth inequality, and inflation are negative, while the estimated coefficient of per capita Gross Domestic Product (GDP) is positive. Additionally, the estimated coefficient of the women's income share variable (reduction in gender inequality) is negative.

This study investigates the impact of natural disasters on income inequality in Iran from 1980 to 2021. It also explores the moderating effects of financial development and globalization on this relationship. The Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) method is employed for the analysis.The findings reveal that several factors influence income inequality (measured by the Gini coefficient) in both the short and long term. Positive and significant effects were observed for GDP, inflation, severe natural disasters, and the globalization index. Conversely, education level, the square of GDP (indicating an inverted U-shaped relationship), and the financial development index exhibited negative and significant effects.These results support Kuznets' hypothesis, suggesting that income inequality initially rises with economic growth (GDP) before ultimately declining. Furthermore, the study confirms an asymmetric effect of financial development and globalization on income inequality. The analysis suggests that an increase in severe natural disasters, globalization, and a decrease in financial development all contribute to rising income inequality in Iran.

Today, one of the challenges facing health systems is the ever-increasing increase in its costs. This study investigates the relationship between health costs and income inequality. Income inequality has been investigated using four Gini coefficients and, in a quantile, approach using annual panel data from 2000 to 2022 in selected middle-income member countries of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation, the empirical results show that the effect of health costs on inequality The income in the countries that are part of the top 10 percent of the income level in this group is much higher than the countries that are in the lowest income level. The effect of life expectancy, death rate and population on income inequality is also opposite; That is, the countries that are in the highest category in terms of income level, the effect of these variables on income inequality is much greater than the countries that are in the lower income categories. Also, due to the effect of population structure on income inequality, it is necessary to seriously consider it in the design and formulation of policies in the field of health, hygiene and population structure. Health, treatment and quality of life improvement policies to increase life expectancy and decrease mortality rate, policies to increase investment (reduction of consumption, promotion of security, economic development of exports, etc.) should be pursued to reduce income inequality.

In recent years, financial inclusion increasingly has been raised as an important socio-economic issue in the political agenda of many governments and international institutions. Increasing attention to this issue is due to a better understanding of its importance and place in economic development and its key role in poverty reduction and inclusive and sustainable development of societies. Therefore, in this study, the effects of financial inclusion on the poverty and income inequality in 30 provinces of the country during the period of 2006-2020 have been investigated using the Panel Autoregressive with Distributed Lags model. The results of the estimation of the income inequality and poverty model show that financial inclusion in the long and short term has caused a decrease and an increase in the Gini coefficient (income inequality index) and the poverty (poverty index), respectively. In such a way that in the long term, with the increase in the financial inclusion index, the Gini coefficient has decreased by 0.91 percent and poverty by 0.20 percent. It can be argued that the existence of a strong financial market with low risk encourages investments. In addition to improving production and employment, this process improves income distribution and reduces poverty.

Being happy and satisfied with life is one of the most important goals of human societies. In recent decades, the concept of happiness has been considered as one of the most important measures of better living and well-being in the economy. Due to the great impact that happiness has on the dynamism and mobility of society and as a result increase efficiency and productivity and ultimately economic growth and development, recognizing and analyzing the factors' affecting happiness has become particularly important. Since the advent of the happiness economic in the 1970s, several studies have examined the relationship between different economic factors on happiness. One of the economic variables whose changes can affect the level of happiness of society is inflation. Inflation is unpleasant for people and reduces people's happiness. Inflation is one of the harmful economic phenomena that imposes high economic and social costs on societies. But one of the main and most important economic losses due to inflation is the uncertainty of its amount in future periods. Inflationary uncertainty is a situation in which economic agents are uncertain about their future inflation decisions. Given that uncertainties have become an integral part of the economic and also due to the destructive effects of these uncertainties on the economic and economic activities and ultimately on the happiness and well-being of society, the main purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of inflation uncertainty on happiness. The relationship between inflation uncertainty and happiness is examined for the first time. In the current research, 100 countries according to the latest classification of countries by the World Bank based on the income level of the countries, have been selected in the period from 2005 to 2021. They are grouped into two groups of countries with low income and lower middle income (developing countries) and the group of countries with upper middle income and high income (developed countries), and the relationship between inflation uncertainty and happiness has been investigated for all three categories of countries (100 selected countries and two income groups) using the panel data regression approach. Inflation uncertainty in this study was estimated using the variance model of autoregressive conditional heterogeneity (ARCH). Measures of happiness for the countries studied are extracted from the World Happiness Report. In addition to the inflation uncertainty variable, the relationship between other economic factors such as per capita income, income inequality, inflation, unemployment, health expenditures and government expenditures with happiness has also been examined. For 100 countries: Based on the regression results of the happiness model, inflation uncertainty has a negative effect on happiness and therefore the research hypothesis is confirmed. For one percent increase in inflation uncertainty, happiness decreases by about 0.002 percent. The results show that all explanatory variables in this research have the expected effects on happiness. The per capita income has a positive and significant relationship with happiness, so that a one percent increase in percapita income increases happiness by 0.07 percent. Inflation has a negative effect on happiness, but what is important according to the results of the happiness model estimation in this research is that both inflation and inflation uncertainty decrease happiness, but inflation uncertainty decreases happiness more. Unemployment and Income inequality have a negative effect on happiness. The health expenditure and the government expenditure variables have a positive effect on happiness.For low income-lower middle income (developing) and upper middle income-high income (developed) countries: The results show that inflation uncertainty has a negative effect on happiness in both groups of countries. The inflation uncertainty coefficient in the group of countries with upper middle income and high income is 0.22, which is higher than the other group (0.002). In other words, inflation uncertainty reduces happiness much more in these countries. Per capita income in this group of countries, with a coefficient of 0.14, has a more positive effect on happiness than the other group (0.08). Also the coefficients of the three variables of inflation, income inequality and unemployment are larger in this group compared to the other group, and therefore the effect of these variables in reducing happiness is greater. On the other hand, the two variables of health expenditure and government expenditure increase happiness more in the group of developing countries. Studies in the field of economics of happiness, due to the significant importance of happiness as one of the influential factors in the economic growth and development of countries, have had a significant growing trend since the 1970s. Recognizing and analyzing the factors that affect happiness has been the main goal of most happiness research. The efforts of economists to evaluate economic factors affecting happiness has led to valuable findings that have led to major changes in the economic growth and development policies of countries, which the world happiness report clearly reports every year. Comparing the results in two groups of countries in this study shows that, percapita income has shown the strongest positive effect on happiness, especially in the group of developed countries. inflation, income inequality and unemployment have caused a greater decrease in happiness in this group, which has the most negative effect related to unemployment, followed by income inequality and inflation. However, health and government expenditures in the other group have a greater effect on increasing happiness, which shows the importance of health, nutrition, and public expenditures to improve people's happiness.One of the main and most important economic losses caused by inflation is the uncertainty of its amount in future periods. Uncertainty about the future inflation rate creates instability in prices, and through this channel, it constantly causes changes in economic decisions. Inflation reduces people's happiness, but the uncertainty of future inflation reduces their happiness even more (In both groups of countries). In line with sustainable economic growth and development, it is suggested that countries should increase people's confidence regarding the stability of prices and inflation in the future with long-term planning and increase people's happiness by trying to distribute income fairly and paying special attention to health and employment.

One of the most important goals of governments in any economy is to control the income inequality situation, so that in every country, governments are trying to improve the conditions of income distribution according to the factors they have. One of the very important factors that affect income distribution is the shadow economy. As a factor that affects macroeconomic variables, the shadow economy also affects income distribution.Therefore, in this article, the impact of the size of the shadow economy on income inequality in the short and long term periods has been investigated using the panel data econometric method and in the period from 1366 to 1400 in Iran. The results show that the shadow economy has a positive effect (improvement of income distribution) on income distribution in the short term, but this effect is negative in the long term, in other words, the shadow economy has a negative effect on income distribution in the long term.

Income inequality poses a major social challenge, and expanding social security is a key strategy to combat it. This study examines how social security resources and expenditures affect income inequality in Iran from 1988 to 2020 using the structural vector autocorrelation (SVAR) model. The results reveal a nuanced relationship between social security inputs and income inequality. An increase in general insurance resource initially decreases inequality but later returns it to its original state. On the other hand, an uptick in unemployment insurance resources causes a brief increase in inequality before it declines. Expenditures in both general insurance and unemployment insurance tend to reduce income inequality, with general insurance having a more substantial effect. These findings suggest that increasing unemployment insurance resources requires careful management to avoid worsening income inequality, while investing in general insurance resources shows a stronger potential to reduce it. Social security expenditure can be a powerful tool for reducing income inequality in Iran when applied thoughtfully.

Today, benefits from energy sources, especially non-renewable sources, can have various effects on economic indicators, and for this reason, it has risks for the economy and society. One of these important economic indicators is income inequality, which over time leads to many problems for societies. In this research, the effect of dependence on non-renewable natural resources on the income inequality of developed countries has been investigated. This dependence has been re-examined by separating non-renewable resources into fossil and non-fossil resources. The data of the study was collected from 25 developed countries during the years 1990 to 2019, and after making sure that no false regressions occurred during the estimation, an econometric study was conducted between the variables. According to the short-term and long-term estimation results obtained from the consolidated group average approach, it was determined that although in the short-term dependence on natural resources has no effect on income distribution, in the long-term two variables dependence on total non-renewable natural resources and dependence on fossil non-renewable natural resources have a negative effect and Significant as well as the variable of dependence on non-renewable non-fossil natural resources had a negative and insignificant effect on inequality. It was also determined that the control variables used such as: education, globalization and institutional quality can reduce income inequality in developed countries.

The present study aimed to explore the impact of banking crisis on income distribution among various income classes in 60 world countries during 1990–2020. In this line, the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) was used to estimate the six models with different dependent variables that depicted income percentiles for the wealthy, middle, and poor classes. The findings indicated that during a banking crisis, the income share of the wealthy class decreases, while the middle class and the bottom 20% experience an increase in their income share. Consequently, banking crisis could contribute to income equality in the countries under study. In addition to the variable of banking crisis, other variables such as financial development and financial openness could lead to income inequality, while the variables like the ratio of public expenditure to GDP, trade openness, GDP, and GDP squared would cause income distribution equality in the countries. The results suggest that governments support lower-income percentiles through subsidies, support packages, more job opportunities, and provision of low-interest loans, in a bid to mitigate the detrimental effects of banking crisis and reduce income inequality. Furthermore, governments should levy taxes, such as capital gains tax, on higher-income percentiles.

Income inequality is one of the most important and stable problems in societies, and neglecting this issue can have many negative effects. Nowadays, financial inclusion as a factor affecting income inequality has attracted the attention of financial institutions and policymakers. The literature related to financial inclusion, especially in developing countries, is still in the early stages. This research investigates the effect of financial inclusion on income inequality in 18 selected developing countries in the period of 2005-2019 using panel data model. Since financial inclusion is a multi-dimensional concept with different indicators in each dimension, this study examines the two dimensions of access and usage separately. Also, the effect of the variables including inflation, economic growth, unemployment and trade openness has been investigated. The results indicate that financial inclusion has a negative and significant effect on income inequality both in terms of access and usage, and expanding financial inclusion helps to reduce income inequality. In both dimensions inflation has a negative effect on income inequality and show that the increase of this variable causes income inequality to decrease. The coefficients of the GDP, unemployment and trade openness are positive and this shows that the increase of each of these variables increases inequality.

Unequal distribution of income in society has caused many problems in the areas of economic, social and political will of each country, that's why one of the most important tasks of governments is proper income distribution in society.  Governments recommend short-term solutions to address income inequality, while implementing these short-term policies without recognizing the influencing factors can have adverse consequences on revenue distribution. In order to deal with the problem of income inequality and establishing a fair distribution of income should identify its risk factors and appropriate and effective policies be adopted to improve income distribution. Due to the growing trend of income inequality, high unemployment and economic inefficiency in various societies, especially in developing countries, and the special role of government in achieving a fair and equitable distribution of income, the issue of good governance needs to be addressed. Income inequality and good governance are among the most important economic issues in any country. The World Bank has good governance based on six indicators; It has introduced corruption control, government efficiency and effectiveness, political stability, quality of law and regulation, rule of law and the right to comment and be held accountable, one of the most important components of which is the corruption control variable. Indicators of governance play a very important role in the economic environment in terms of economic growth and development. Governance is considered as one of the basic inputs for the welfare of the people. Therefore, paying attention to the role of indicators of good governance and its absence, especially in developing countries and its impact on income distribution, which is one of the most important goals of governments, is very important and necessary. This study is one of the preliminary studies that can be compared to other studies from three aspects: technical, regional and temporal.The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of good governance on income inequality in selected developing and developed countries, with emphasis on control of corruption over the period 2017-2000.

In this research, three indicators of political stability, rule of law and corruption control have been used as good governance. Using dynamic quantile panel regression, on one hand, the effect of good governance indicators on income inequality has been investigated, and on the other hand, the effect of tax revenues on Along with the inflation rate and GDP per capita, it has been investigated as instrumental variables on income inequality.

The results of the estimated the dynamic quantile panel regression model show that control of corruption and rule of law in both countries the quarters 25, 50 and 75 respectively positive and negative and significant effect on income inequality. Political stability in both groups of countries has negative effects in quarters 25 and 50 and in quarter 75 positive and significant. Also the tax revenues, inflation rate and GDP per capita these quarters in the selected countries have different effects on income inequality.

Rule of law and corruption control indicators have significant negative and positive effects on income inequality in both groups of selected countries and in all quartiles, respectively. Also, the coefficient of the political stability index shows that in the first two quarters in both groups of countries, it has a negative and significant effect on income inequality (Gini coefficient) and this can mean that with political instability, weak investment motivation and consumerism in these societies. be strengthened, which leads to a decrease in production and income inequality. Meanwhile, in the third quarter in both groups of countries under study, the political stability index has a positive and significant effect on income inequality, in the sense that with the increase in political stability, income distribution becomes more equal.

Export diversification is a preventive measure against trade shocks, which is defined as an increase in the number of export goods and a decrease in a country's dependence on a single source for exports, and it can help macroeconomic stability. This index is an essential aspect of the development process not only for rentier governments but also for all countries, which can affect income inequality in various ways. Therefore, the study tries to investigate the effect of export diversity on income inequality and the impacts of political risk on the interaction between these two variables, in 81 countries with high and low political risk using the panel quantile model with fixed effects during the years 2000-2019. The results show that export diversity increases income inequality in both groups of countries under investigation. However, export diversification effects on income inequality is greater in countries with high political risk. Therefore, in these countries, the more skilled labor has been used to compensate for the diversification costs and has caused a high wage gap. Industrialization and increasing the degree of trade openness reduce income inequality. Foreign direct investment increases income inequality in both categories of countries. GDP per capita has a non-linear inverse U-shaped effect on income inequality, that Kuznets' hypothesis is confirmed in both categories of countries.

Inequality of income and consumption of renewable and non-renewable energies is one of the important issues of many countries and has many economic, social and environmental dimensions. Also, income inequality is one of the most important obstacles to the development of different societies. In this research, using data from 1389 to 1398 and the method of generalized moments (GMM), in addition to income inequality, the effect of economic growth and urbanization on electricity consumption in the provinces of Iran has been investigated. The results show that a 1% increase in the Gini coefficient reduces electricity consumption by more than 5%. Also, a 1% increase in GDP increases electricity consumption by more than 1.5%. This is despite the fact that the square of gross domestic product has a negative and significant effect on electricity consumption, and an increase of one percent causes a decrease in electricity consumption by more than 0.03 percent.   Therefore, the existence of an inverted U-shaped relationship between gross domestic product and electricity consumption in Iran's provinces is confirmed. Finally, the results show a positive and significant effect of urbanization on electricity consumption, so that with a 1% increase, electricity consumption increases by more than 0.2%.

The purpose of this article is to estimate the short-run and long-run income inequality effects on the industrial total factor productivity in the provinces of Iran. For this purpose, panel data of 31 provinces of Iran are used for the period of 2011-2019. First, Malmquist’s total productivity index was estimated by data envelopment analysis. Then, the long-run and short-run effects of income inequality on TFP were evaluated by static and dynamic spatial econometric models. The findings show that the negative effect of income inequality on total productivity is locally confirmed in the long-run, but its spatial spillover effects are not sustainable. According to the results of the long-run total effect, inequality has a negative and significant effect on the industrial total productivity in the long-run. In the short-run, in the spatial lagged model (SAR), the inequality local effects on TFP are negative and significant, but in the spatial durbin model (SDM), this effect is negative and insignificant. The short-run spatial spillover and total effects of income inequality on industrial total productivity are negative and significant in the spatial lagged model, but positive and insignificant in the spatial durbin model. In sum, according to the short-run and long-run results, the increase in income inequality in Iran’s provinces has a negative and significant effect on TFP in the long-run.

In this research, the index of economic well-being, concentrating on four aspects of consumption flow, wealth stocks, income distribution, and economic security has been calculated during the period of 1350-1400 in Iran. Then, the effect of income inequality and inflation on economic welfare is evaluated in two forms symmetric and asymmetric, through two approaches of linear and nonlinear autoregressive distributed lag. The results of symmetric estimation represent that in the long run, income inequality has an insignificant impact on economic welfare, While according to the asymmetric approach, only increases in income inequality have a negative impact on economic welfare, and decreases have an inconsiderable impact on it. Besides that, according to expectation, the inflation rate has a negative effect on economic welfare, in a way that the impact of increases in inflation on economic welfare is far more than the effects of decreases in inflation. In addition, it is also laid bare that, the variable of unemployment rate negatively and real GDP per capital positively affect economic welfare. The studies of this research, reveal that targeting declining income inequality singly is not capable of increasing the welfare in Iran. It is suggested to apply a sort of policy package for reducing the inflation rate which does not lead to intensification of income inequality.