جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « shannon entropy » در نشریات گروه « مدیریت »

Investors typically seek to strike the optimal balance between potential returns and associated risks in their trades. Various models have been presented to choose the optimal portfolio using different approaches. one of these methods is based on the statistical distribution of asset return. In these methods, the type of distribution of returns is first identified, and a suitable portfolio selection method is then applied based on this identified distribution type. This study compares the effectiveness of the mean-absolute deviation-entropy model utilizing both Skew-Normal Distribution and Skew-Laplace-Normal Distribution for constructing an optimal portfolio in the Tehran Stock Exchange over 36 months from April 2018 to March 2020.

The data used in this study comprises the monthly returns of 181 companies listed on the Tehran Stock Exchange. These returns were gathered from a statistical population of 338 members utilizing Morgan's table and Cochran’s formula. After fitting density functions for Skew-Normal and Skew-Laplace-Normal distributions to the returns, maximum likelihood estimates were obtained using the Stats package and the optim Function in R software. The reliability of these estimates was then checked using bootstrap sampling with 1,000 repetitions. Subsequently, relationships corresponding to the mathematical expectation of return distribution and the objective function representing the risk of absolute deviation were estimated using numerical methods. Therefore, this paper aimed to propose a multi-objective optimization model, namely a mean-absolute deviation-entropy model for portfolio optimization by using a goal-programming approach based on Skew-Normal Distribution and Skew-Laplace-Normal Distribution. The objective functions of the model were to maximize the mean return, minimize the absolute deviation, and maximize the entropy of the portfolio.

It can be inferred from the observed values ​​of the descriptive statistics of the monthly stock returns corresponding to the stock exchange symbols that some stocks have different skewness and kurtosis values ​​compared to the normal distribution. For example, The symbol "Shepna" exhibits negative skewness, indicating a left-skewed distribution. Similarly, the distribution of the "Basama" symbol exceeds the normal distribution. These instances suggest that the normal distribution is inadequate for describing monthly return distributions. Instead, distributions with parameters should be employed to account for skewness and kurtosis. According to the obtained results, the model utilizing the Skew- Laplace- Normal distribution has a higher performance ratio than the model based on the Skew-Normal distribution.

The reason for this superiority, where the model utilizing the Skew-Laplace-Normal distribution outperforms the model based on the Skew-Normal distribution, is the incorporation of both skewness and kurtosis criteria within the former. Additionally, upon analyzing the descriptive statistics of the symbols, it's evident that the kurtosis of most stock symbols is substantial. Therefore, integrating a combination of higher-order moments (skewness and kurtosis) along with entropy leads to enhanced performance.

Teleworking is a phenomenon that has been around for a long time, and with the passage of time and the advent of the Internet, as well as the development of information and communication technology, it took on a new form. The epidemic of the Covid-19 disease had a significant impact on the promotion and development of remote work and doubled the importance of examining the factors related to it. Based on this, the current research was carried out with a mixed method to analyze the antecedents and consequences of organizational remote work during the epidemic of Covid-19 disease and in the year 2023. In this research, using the qualitative method and the systematic review approach, indicators related to the antecedents and consequences of organizational remote work were extracted and the consequences were categorized into two favorable and unfavorable sections. Then, in the quantitative section, the indicators were given to 28 experts in the field of human resources through an electronic questionnaire. After that, the indicators agreed by the experts were ranked based on the level of importance with the Shannon entropy criterion. SPSS software was used for statistical analysis. The results showed that among the antecedents, the index of development of information and communication technology means the use of technological tools and having information literacy, and among the favorable consequences, increasing the effectiveness of activities, and among the unfavorable consequences, reducing physical activities. , took first place.

In the current competitive market of automobile in Iran and the world, business partners play a key role in the success or failure of any organization. In fact, the survival, growth and development of businesses will depend on determining a strategic business partner. Therefore, choosing an experienced business partner is essential and requires the use of a precise decision-making method. In this paper, a multi-criteria decision-making method with the purpose of evaluating business partners is presented. This evaluation and ranking method is able to identify the interaction between criteria and consider it in the ranking process. At first, 22 variables corresponding to the conditions of the Iranian automobile industry were selected as criteria and 15 Chinese automobile companies were selected as alternatives. Then, Shannon's entropy technique was applied for weighting the criteria. Finally, the alternatives were ranked by the Choquet integral method. Next, the proposed technique was validated through comparison with TOPSIS method and the results were analyzed and compared. The results of the implementation of introduced technique indicate that the combination of Choquet integral decision-making method and Shannon's entropy is a simple, novel and also practical method and will be applicable in the real world.

The Asian Productivity Organization (APO) reports a one percent increase in Iran's Total Factor Productivity (TFP) index when compared to the majority of Asian countries and some reference countries in the long-term horizon of 50 years. In fact, the growth of labor productivity between 2010 and 2019 was less than all Asian countries. The present study was conducted with the aim of presenting a productivity pattern based on social capital.  Using the meta-synthesis approach and MaxQDA software, and after selecting 79 studies from among 580 previous studies, the dimensions, components and indicators of the model were extracted and identified. Based on the research findings, 9 dimensions, 24 main categories and 163 sub-categories (code)were identified. The nine dimensions are trust building, communication management, learning and growth, cultural factors, facilitator strategies, organizational factors, human resources, achieving sustainable development and profitability. The results of the emphasis of the previous research on each of the main categories using Shannon entropy technique and Excel software showed that growth and maturity and economic programs are the most important and the least important categories among the 24 categories, respectively. It is suggested that all managers update the human capital management process in accordance with the social capital based productivity pattern by hiring expert consultants and creating a special office for productivity management. Then, while periodically evaluating productivity based on the proposed pattern, all payments, bonuses and promotions of employees and managers should be base on the amount of their effort and participation in order to increase social capital and productivity.

Today, governments are facing severe financial shortfalls in financing higher education globally. Therefore, due to the necessity, they have established the tuition policy in higher education and are always looking for strategies to increase the effectiveness of this policy. Based on this, the upcoming research aims to study the policy components of the tuition economy in the public sector. This research was done in two stages. In the first stage, the components of tuition policy in the higher education system were extracted using the Meta-synthesis method. For this purpose, specialized research keywords were searched in reliable scientific databases in the period (1990-2021). Finally, among 229 articles, 107 articles were included in the final analysis. In the second step, the qualitative section's findings were weighted using the Shannon entropy technique. In total, seven determining components of tuition policy; student (individual, family); University (complexity in tuition pricing, diversity and a plurality of university policies, academic quality of the university); Higher education (leadership in higher education, rules, and regulations in higher education); State (legal and political mechanisms of State, collaborative and supportive mechanisms of State); Macro governance (good governance, macro laws, and regulations) and environmental (cultural norms, social norms) were identified. The student and environmental components had more weight than other components. In the end, the solutions for the higher education system were stated, including considering the concept of differential tuition, which means paying attention to various factors in determining tuition policies based on the rate of return of academic fields, degrees, geographical region, etc.

From three decades ago until now, the use of public service motivation in the management of human resources of public organizations to improve the performance of employees in providing appropriate services to the people and gaining public satisfaction has been the focus of government management researchers. The purpose of this research is to qualitatively combine the results of previous studies in the field of public service motivation and provide a comprehensive model in this field.

This research was developmental in terms of purpose, and by using the meta-synthesis qualitative method, and by screening researches in reliable internal and external databases, by studying, scientific and systematic coding of 86 valid previous articles during the years 1990 to 2021, a comprehensive model of public service motivation of employees in public organizations was presented. Glynn's evaluation tool was used to evaluate validity and its reliability by agreement between two coders and kappa coefficient of 0.895 was calculated which is at a good level. Using Shannon entropy, priority of each index was extracted.

The comprehensive model presented has four dimensions and eight components which including environmental (intra-organizational and extra-organizational tendencies), value (material and spiritual values), social (individual and general social stimuli) and behavioral (external and internal behaviors characteristic).

In order to achieve the best performance of employees in public organizations, all the variables obtained in the comprehensive model presented in this research should be taken into consideration in the planning of employee motivation plans.

The main target of this of this research is to present the general architectural sub-system model of household's gas demand and to identify different variables affecting gas demand. The factors and variables identified from the subject literature have been analyzed using metasynthesize methodology and appropriate classification and prioritization has been done through content analysis. The statistical population in this research consists of scientific research articles published in reputable scientific databases and centers. Among the 127 articles found in the period from 1992 to 2022 for foreign studies and 1382 to 1401 for domestic studies, 53 articles were selected for analysis. The articles were import to the MAXQDA software and the variables in the form of 98 codes and 437 Coded Segments coding and 79 variables were identified. Then; using Shannon's entropy, the Priority and influence of each variable was determined. After analyzing and synthesis the variables, finally 10 subsystems were identified in the form of 49 variables. The results of the research show that the important variables affecting to natural gas demand are price, price elasticity, temperature, technical and technological factors, per capita income, social factors and consumption history. In order to manage gas demand in the household sector, all sub-systems should be considered by policymakers and balanced development between these sub-systems, otherwise the implemented policies will lose their effectiveness in the short time.

Despite the focus of modernbusinesses on responding toexisting concernsabout environmental issues and dealingwith solving its challenges based on green measures and the validity of claiming environmentalbenefits in the products of somecompanies, companies involved in the greenwashing process that mislead consumers and present positive reports despite theirpoor environmentalperformance. Therefore, the aim of this research wasto present a comprehensivemodel of the greenwashing consequences.

Along with the purpose of the research using the meta-synthesis method and through the seven steps of Sandelowski and Barroso, the results of previous researchers have been systematically reviewed and the weight of the extracted factors has been determined by Shannon-entropy method.

60 outcomes identified by analyzing the data of 47 selected studies have been classified into 14 concepts and 6 main categories.

According to the results of Shannon-entropy, the most important outcomes affected by greenwashing are: perceived risk, loyalty, trust and green purchase intention aboat the consumer outcomes; employees' value orientation, product quality, green brand legitimacy and green brand image aboat the consequences ofthe company's greenwashing; changing internal andexternal attitudes about the environmental sustainability oftheindustry; change inattitude and purchase intention towardsother green brands and products aboat the consequences relatedto other greenproducts;stakeholders perceptionsabout corporateenvironmental responsibility and theirresponse to corporateenvironmental scandals aboat the stakeholderoutcomes and ecosystem degradation and the overuse of non-renewable resources under the environmental impactsubset of corporate greenwashing. Bypresenting a consequences modelof greenwashing, this study has created a deep insight from the existing literaturethat managersof relevant organizationscan use untilprevent the greenwashing consequencesaffecting different groups.

The present study was carried out to determine the most important factors in the success and failure of startups. In order to conduct the research, after studying the existing literature and extracting the factors of success and failure of startups, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 18 owners of tourism startups in Iran. In the next step, applying the qualitative content analysis method, the success and failure factors of these jobs were classified into 10 main groups. Finally, based on the 10 identified groups, these factors were prioritized using the Shannon entropy method. The findings show that organizational factors are the first priority and unpredictable factors are the last priority (less important) in the success of Iranian tourism startups. Regarding the factors influencing the failure of these businesses, the first priority is related to legal-political factors and the last priority is technology resources. Therefore, not only entrepreneurs should pay special attention to organizational factors for creating their tourism startups, policymakers and the Ministry of Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism should pave their path through legislation of appropriate laws

From the past until now, businesses have been constantly faced various crises that have threatened their survival and sustainability. Currently, the Covid-19 global pandemic has profoundly affected economic development and the survival of businesses, forcing them to react. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to provide a model of strategic, contingent, and fast responses to the crisis.

First, by Meta‐synthesis qualitative research method, all indicators, concepts, and categories of strategic, contingent, and fast responses to the crisis were identified. Then, the importance and priority of each of the proposed factors have been determined based on the content analysis approach using Shannon's entropy method.

After analyzing the data, the relevant strategic, contingent, and fast responses were identified and categorized into 119 indicators, 27 concepts, and 10 subcategories. All of these were categorized into four categories: Maintain the status quo, improvement and Transformation, retrenchment, and exit from the Corona crisis.

The results showed that the most important driver in the category of improvement and Transformation, "strategic marketing"; in the category of Maintaining the status quo, "accepting responsibility for the crisis"; in the category of retrenchment is "financial management" and in the category of exit is "transfer". The present study provides an in-depth insight into the existing literature on crisis management by identifying strategic, contingent and fast responses to crisis situations that companies can use to overcome crises.

Sustainable innovation is necessary for organizational survival as well as success in the turbulent environment of digital era, particularly in the currentCOVID-19 epidemic crisis. Many of today’s innovations employ a combination of digital technologies while relying on telecommunications infrastructure besides Internet access. The COVID-19 crisis one-year experience has revealed that to what extent the innovations formed in the digital context have succeeded to enhance society’s resilience to this crisis. In this regard, the present study was aimed at providing a comprehensive model of innovations in the digital context and their role and effect on the COVID-19 crisis. Qualitative meta-synthesis was the main method of this research, in which the kappa coefficient was calculated to assess the model and Shannon entropy was calculated to specify the significance coefficient of the indices. To this end, the previous studies on digital innovations over the COVID-19 crisis were first extracted through searching for relevant keywords and 634 papers were found that 78 of which were finalized at four consecutive screening stages. Subsequently, the identified indices in different papers were coded and the main themes were identified through categorizing the codes. The results revealed that technologies based on artificial intelligence, Internet of Things, cloud technologies, and blockchain are the fundamental areas of digital innovation during the COVID-19 pandemic. Moreover, health, education, and business were identified as the key areas for applying digital innovations during the pandemic.

Consumers increasingly feel that time is scarce. To drive time expectations, many marketers have begun communicating duration metrics—information about how long most consumers typically spend on a particular activity. Despite the rising prevalence of duration criteria, little is known about how they shape consumption experiences. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the effects of time on consumer behavior

For this purpose, with the Meta Synthesis Approach which includes the seven steps of Sandelowski and J. Barroso (2006), a systematic evaluation and analysis of the results and findings of previous studies has been done and finally 42 articles had been chosen. In the quantitative section, using the Shannon quantitative entropy method, the components of the identified themes are prioritized.

In total, the effects of time on consumer behavior were identified in three dimensions including psychological by eleven themes with weight (0.58), economic by seven themes with weight (0.15) and social by six themes with weight (0.27). The meta-analysis of this study provides insight into the need to identify the time-consuming effects on purchasing behavior that is useful for presenting marketing strategies from the time of purchase of products.

Undoubtedly, organizations in the business environment are facing increasing changes and complexities today. As a result, to ensure the survival of their organization. They need futuristic foresight to deal with problems and uncertainties of the future environment for product development, innovation, and creativity, indeed foresight for the development of corporate entrepreneurship. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to provide a conceptual model of foresight for the development of corporate entrepreneurship in small and medium enterprises in Iran. This study, in terms of purpose, is considered an applied research and it is qualitative research in terms of the data collection method. The method of study is Meta-synthesis. To do so, 313 papers published between 1990 and 2020 in the best scientific journals are collected. Then papers were manually screened. 35 articles remained which were used for coding and analysis. Then codes were combined and the concepts obtained. The reliability of the concepts was assessed using Gohan's kappa index. Content analysis was also performed with Shannon entropy and the concepts were ranked. In this research, 26 indices were identified and classified. Based on these factors, a comprehensive model in small and medium enterprises in Iran has been presented and validated. The proposed model can address the challenges of small and medium enterprises and create appropriate contexts for the development of entrepreneurial programs and policies by managers, increasing the awareness of relevant industries.

The rapid depletion of natural resources and growing awareness of the environmental deterioration have made sustainability one of the key elements enabling contemporary businesses to thrive. Among the most crucial sustainable practices is the application of Green IT due to the wide use of IT in various business sectors to enhance the performance of businesses. Green Information Technology (IT) has emerged as a vital IT governance concern to promote environmentally-friendly IT use and ecologically responsible business processes. according to various researches in green information technology, this research aims to design a green information technology using Meta-synthesis method. In order to design and explain a comprehensive model, all factors of green information technology have been identified through systematic literature review using 189 papers and content analysis. Then the importance and priority of each proposed factor was determined using Shannon quantitative method. The results reveal cost reduction, data center layout, employee stewardship and participation are the major factors in green information technology. At the end the research results demonstrate a comprehensive framework for green information technology factors.

Understanding the factors affecting international digital marketing successful use can help increase the profitability of carpet exporting companies internationally. Despite its importance, it has not been considered in previous studies. Therefore, main purpose of this study is to design a framework for implementing international digital marketing in the carpet industry. In order to achieve the goal of the research, a qualitative approach using interviews with experts was applied to identify the dimensions of international digital marketing success in the carpet industry; Then, the importance and priority of each of the identified dimensions and indices are determined using the quantitative method of Shannon entropy analysis. The research sampling method is purposeful (judgmental). Findings indicate the three main categories including international digital marketing process, international digital marketing content and international digital marketing context with weights of 0.4078, 0.3672 and 0.2253 respectively and also 11 important concepts for each category. The category "international digital marketing process" contains concepts such as position analysis, goal / strategy identification, tactics and measures after evaluation and control, the category "international digital Marketing context" contains the concepts of technology, people, strategy and Finally, the category "international digital marketing content " includes the concepts of place,, price, product and promotion. Among the concepts of international digital marketing in the carpet industry, the highest priority was given to the concepts of position analysis (weight: 0.1498), promotion (weight: 0.1368) and goal / strategy formulation (weight: 0.1016) among other concepts.

The human resources system is a source of advantage in organizations that these resources must be continuously evaluated to become a real source of advantage. The aim of this study was to identify a model for evaluating the human resource management system with a strategic approach for petrochemical companies. In terms of purpose, this research is applied in terms of qualitative data and in terms of field implementation process. The statistical population includes experts in the field of human resources. Using purposive sampling method, 20 experts were selected by snowball method and the dimensions and components of the evaluation model of the human resources management system were identified in three stages. Data from Delphi implementation were analyzed by Kendall agreement statistical test method. As a result of Delphi implementation, four dimensions and 28 components were identified in order to evaluate the human resource management system with a strategic approach.

The aim of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness and calculate the rate of return on investment of training courses in factories and production workshops. To achieve this, Kirk Patrick's model was used to design the questionnaires and measure effectiveness, and the Phillips model was used to calculate the return on investment. The research method is descriptive-analytical case study, the statistical population of production factories and the statistical sample is one of the production factories in which the data related to the training course have been examined. The validity and reliability of the data obtained from the questionnaires were monitored by experts' opinions and Cronbach's alpha test, respectively, and the data were analyzed using one-sample t-test, two-sample t-test and skew-elongation normality test (inferential statistics). Descriptive features of the data (descriptive statistics) are also given. The software used in this research is Microsoft Excel,&SPSS, and Shannon entropy method has been used to differentiate the effects of training from other criteria affective on changes in benefits after training courses. Also, in addition to calculating the return on investment, the cost-benefit ratio and net present value have been calculated to reinforce the results and take into account the time value of money. The results of the study indicate a high rate of return on investment higher than 100%, a cost-to-benefit ratio higher than one and, a positive net present value, and finally the financial and economic justification for holding the training course.

Because there is no standard list of competencies, various organizations, companies and institutions, ministries and government agencies around the world all define a framework for their expected competencies, depending on their circumstances and needs. The aim of this study was to identify and rank the competencies of strategic managers of Khorasan Razavi Welfare Organization. The research method is mixed exploration (qualitative-quantitative) which in the qualitative part is content analysis and in the quantitative part is a survey. Statistical sample In the qualitative section, 15 faculty members in the field of management were selected by theoretical sampling method and in the quantitative section, 12 professors working in Khorasan Razavi universities were selected by random sampling method. The method of analyzing the interview data has been selected in the qualitative part, the network of topics and in the quantitative part of Shannon entropy analysis. Findings of the research in the qualitative section include 25 organizational themes in the form of 4 comprehensive themes (individual, strategic, organizational and leadership) and the results of the quantitative section showed that strategic competence was identified as the most important and individual competence as the least important indicator. According to the research findings, it can be said that the identified components can be considered to assess the competence of strategic welfare managers

Urban outdoor space is an area of social interactions and face-to-face encounters due to the high power of certain spaces in various exchanges, such as information. The COVID-19 pandemic has had a profound effect on these relationships, resulting in numerous shifts in human mobility and interaction patterns, especially in cities. However, urban outdoor spaces have the potential to play a major role in the diseasechr('39')s transmission and prevention. The current research uses a qualitative and quantitative approach to determine how the relation between urban outdoor spaces and COVID-19 disease has been established.

First, similar studies were listed, and the categories explained in them were coded after reviewing their content. Then The codes were given to 30 elites and academic experts in urban planning and management in the next level. The Shannon entropy approach was used to calculate the significance coefficient of each criterion and sub-criterion.

Results revealed that urban outdoor space through four resilient urban design metrics with a value of WJ 0.2357, urban green space planning with a value of WJ0.0974, smart city with a value of WJ0.06277, and transportation with a value of WJ 0.0549, respectively, plays a part in the overcoming COVID-19 infection.

The impact of the COVID-19 infectious disease on urban outdoor design can be analyzed from three perspectives: first, straegies that prevent the diseasechr('39')s transmission and spread in such environments with the least harm to ordinary peoplechr('39')s lives. Second, solutions in urban open space design that increase the level of body immunity, Finally, social interactions should be built so people can communicate properly visually, verbally, and in other ways even when they are beside one another. Ultimately, these factors are effective in connecting public space during the COVID-19 epidemic crisis: cleanliness, accessibility, attraction, convenience, vitality and dynamism, performance, safety and security, and strength and health.

This research has been done with regard to the field of enablers in order to develop a self-assessment model based on the general common assessment framework (CAF). This study was developmental and applied in terms of results, descriptive in terms of purpose, and mixed-method in terms of data collection and analysis. The statistical population of the study included the faculty members of the management departments of Payame Noor University in the three provinces of Guilan, Mazandaran, and Golestan in Iran, who formed the expert community of this research. After library research, the interview method was used to collect data, and then the confirmatory factor analysis method as well as Shannon entropy and Demetel technique were used to analyze the quantitative data.Based on the findings, the CAF self-assessment model in the field of enablers was developed with the three variables of social responsibility, social capital, and professional ethics. Moreover, the ranking of enablers was done using Shannon entropy method. These included leadership, strategy, processes, employees, social responsibility, professional ethics, partnerships, resources, and social capital. The ranking results and the weight of enablers were used to determine their score in the developed model. Relationships between enablers were also obtained using the Dematel technique. Dematel technique results showed that leadership, strategy, resources and partners, processes, social responsibility and professional ethics enablers are the core and key enablers and should be prioritized in the CAF model developed for the Payame-Noor University.