جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Algeria » در نشریات گروه « علوم انسانی »

Looking at the history of the last hundred years of Iraq, it is clear that Iraqi Kurds have not been in the right place in the political, economic, and social structure of this country. After the independence of Iraq and the establishment of the monarchy in this country, the Iraqi government sometimes ignored the demands of the Kurds. This created several military movements against the governments of Iraq at the time by the Kurds of this country, such as the Aylul movement on September 11, 1961, which became known as the September 11 movement or the Aylul movement and continued for 14 years. During this period, several different regimes came to power in Iraq, and several military coups took place, but none of these regimes could solve the problem of the Kurds and their demands. The September 11 movement experienced many strengths and weaknesses. At the end of this movement, the help and support of the Iranian government at the time to the Iraqi Kurds increased significantly, which, in a way, made the Iraqi government enter into the Algiers agreement. The present research has been done by descriptive-analytical method with the aim of investigating the position of Iraqi Kurds in the 1975 Algiers agreement and the effect of this agreement on their political destiny. The findings show that the 1975 Algiers agreement between Iran and Iraq, with the scapegoat being the Kurds by both sides, brought achievements for both countries in the short term. However, for the Iraqi Kurds, it led to the destruction of the September 11 front and the displacement of a large number of Iraqi Kurdistan residents to Iran and other neighboring countries. It also led to the division of Kurdish political parties inside Iraq. In addition, with the migration of Kurds and the Arabization of Kurdish areas, many problems arose for Kurds in this region.

One of the problems with development is that the development programs are gender blind and that they do not pay attention to gender (women). Due to the lack of attention to gender considerations in development programs, the implementation of these programs has led to increased inequality and even poverty among women. So today poverty has become a category of women. Although women make up half of the world's population, this great power is expected to move the wheels of society by active in many economic, political, social and cultural activities in accordance with men. However, throughout history, women's social opportunities and opportunities have not been distributed in such a way that they can easily appear in the scenarios of living together with men and play a role without gender restriction, so the purpose of the present study is a profound role and participation. Women in the Algerian and Islamic Revolution are Iran. The results of the study show that obstacles and problems for women's political participation can be divided into two categories of structural limitations and non -structural constraints. . Structural barriers include the political system, cultural factors, and educational reasons. Women's academic constraints are also the most important non -structural obstacle.

Political parties are a mechanism for enriching political life and providing a suitable environment for political procedures within the framework of democracy and consciousness. They are one of the manifestations of democracy and a reflection of political, social, and economic reality. Parties in Africa, especially in North Africa, are one of the pillars of the political process. Due to the many commonalities between Algeria and the Maghreb, including being in North Africa, neighboring France, sharing a colonial history, and even in terms of the emergence and scenarios of the parties, they have many similarities with each other. The objective of this study is to investigate the emergence and scenarios of political parties in Algeria and Morocco.
Research Methods and Questions: This descriptive-analytical study comparatively examines the emergence and scenarios of political parties in Algeria and the West. The most important questions of this study are: What are the reasons for the emergence of parties in Algeria and Morocco? What is the role of political parties in the independence of Algeria and Morocco? What are the scenarios for the emergence of political parties in Algeria and Morocco?
The historical roots of the emergence of political parties in Algeria and the Maghreb date back to the colonial era. After independence, the two political systems viewed the party system differently. In Algeria, after years of a one-party system, it ended the socialist system and established a multi-party system in 1989. Morocco also adopted a multiparty system. In order to survive the wave of the revolution known as the "Arab Spring," the Algerian and Maghreb regimes devised measures.
Algeria and Morocco share many similarities, such as being located in North Africa, having common racial, religious, and linguistic affiliations, and both being former French colonies. The historical roots of the emergence of political parties in Algeria and the Maghreb date back to the colonial era and are among the aspects of resistance and the demand for the rights of the two nations. After independence, the two political systems in Algeria and Morocco viewed the party system differently. In Algeria, after years of a one-party system, it ended the socialist system and established a multi-party system in 1989. Morocco also adopted a multiparty system. The Maghreb achieved independence in 1956, and Algeria achieved independence in 1962, but the relationship between the two countries has been tense ever since. In 1976, their diplomatic relations were severed for 12 years until 1988. Although the two neighboring countries have diplomatic relations, the level of these relationships is not the same. The Polisario Front and the issue of the Western Sahara and the export of narcotics from the Maghreb are among the main causes of the dispute between the Maghreb and Algeria.
This article comparatively examines the emergence and scenarios of political parties in Algeria and Morocco. The most important approach of this research is that the historical roots of the emergence of political parties in Algeria and the Maghreb date back to the colonial era. After independence, the two political systems viewed the party system differently. In Algeria, after years of one-party rule, it ended the socialist system and established a multi-party system in 1989. The Maghreb also adopted a multiparty system. In order to survive the wave of the revolution known as the "Arab Spring" or "Islamic Awakening," the Algerian and Maghreb regimes devised measures. The Algerian government builds political parties in the Balkans; hence, it became only the central parties and parliament to legitimize the goals and decisions of the government. In the West, too, the court weakened its parties and publicized itself. But due to concerns about the authority of parties such as Esteghlal, it has given in to the multiparty system. One of the commonalities between the parties in Algeria and the Maghreb is the growth of Islamist parties in a particular period and their weakening at the same time. The central policy of Algeria and Morocco from the emergence of political parties that could threaten national unity and sow the seeds of discrimination and racism among the people; also abuse freedom of expression; is worried. Hence, they were constantly updating the rules. The year 1996 was a decisive turning point in the process of political transformation of the two countries. It can be said that this process is the beginning of political success after the suspension of the election process. It is also the beginning of the reconstruction of institutions related to the category of political parties. On the other hand, we are witnessing political factionalism in the Maghreb, which led to a consensus and ended a long period of disagreement and the exchange of accusations and hypocrisy against each other.

The impact of French colonization in Africa has been subject to scholarly debates for a long time. Some have cast light on the advantages of colonization by emphasizing the transfer of civic and technology improvements as well as the improvement in living standards. In contrast, critics have been concerned with the occurrence of cultural assimilation with the West and its effects on the colonies’ social structures. The contradictions of modernism over the non-occidental countries, particularly the ones that have been colonized, are akin to what one can find in today’s controversy over the implications of globalization on the developing countries ‘cultural patterns and structures. Hence, the contradictions of colonialization vis-à-vis globalization, as well as the interaction between the two, are chosen as the core concepts of this article. In order to expand the discussion, the impacts of the globalization process on two former parts of France, i.e., Morocco (as a protectorate) and Algeria (as a colony), are compared in detail. By this comparison, this research demonstrates the different consequences of colonization considering the domestic elements such as geography and social structures which provided different conditions for the mentioned countries in confronting the French colonization. These conditions will be investigated within the framework of globalization, modernism and post-colonialism, followed by adopting a comparative analysis and implementing the content analysis method. This aims to underscore French colonization’s influence on shaping the current understanding concerning modernism and globalism.

French Orientalism is one of the most important and prominent schools of Oriental studies. The main brilliance of French Orientalism in the era of French colonialism can be seen in Algeria, which took strategic steps to establish and advance the goals of colonialism in Algeria. The collection of French Orientalists includes a number of translators, writers, and artists who are ultimately pluralistic, but must be found in a single orbit. This article uses a descriptive-analytical method to study and analyze the institutions and fields of study and practice of French orientalists in Algeria (1830-1962). The main questions of this article are: What are the institutions and fields of study and practice of French orientalists in Algeria? Findings Algeria is one of the most important Orientalist experiences, especially after its occupation by France in 1830. Orientalists began preliminary studies and training of the military and politicians a few years before the occupation of Algeria. In three stages, French orientalists achieved great success for their respective governments. The first stage (1830_1879) is mostly witnessed by military orientalists. But the second period (1879_1930) saw the expansion of the activities of French Orientalists, both with the establishment of new schools for teaching the Arabic language and with the holding of Orientalist conferences. This period is the most important period of development and implementation of French colonial cultural policies in Algeria. The third stage (1930_1962) the role of orientalists faded. Orientalists and the Church also served a common goal, especially in the spread of Christianity.

Romanticism, imagination and dreaming, looking insight, sadness, love, and individualism can be considered as the fundamental elements of romanticism. Thus if a romance writer with all the above-mentioned features wants to pay attention to matters such as environment, society, nation, country, and people, a new branch in romanticism as social romanticism will be created. Arabic literature as a dynamic field in the world literature always has experienced a variety of changes through different periods. Also in the current era keep up with the changes of the world and with a bit of delay received the instructions of romanticism school. The elements of romanticism remain in the fiction till now, to declare social concept, so we can consider Ahlam Mostaghanemi as pioneers of this literary school. “Body memory” is one of the most successful stories of this Algerian female writer. This study uses an analysis - documentary method to check and analyze the elements of social romanticism in “Body memory”. Mostaghanemi as a contemporary intellectual used the framework of romanticism and new methods of fiction such as settings, characters, choosing a smart point of view to express all those pains and concerns which belong to her and society in this novel to an audience. She illustrated nationalism, social and political issues, inequality, the corruption in the ruling political system of Algeria, and disappointment in the next generation of revolution in the “Body memory” novel with the rich and romantic images and descriptions and since she expresses all these elements to an audience in a romantic narration, we can consider “Body memory” as an ideal example of a combination of sense and society.

Algerian French Novels are representative of the battles of warriors and sufferings of the people of this country under the yoke of colonialism, as well as the crimes of the French. Al-Tholasiyah is one of the splendid novels in the field of Algerian resistance literature in French, while the spirit and thought of the Arab society known as the "Memories of the Algerian Nation" is obvious. “Al-Dar Al-Kabira” as the first part of this novel, represents a clear picture of the life of the Algerian people during the beginning of the national awareness and this house is the motivating mystery of resistance and revolution seeds. This research as a descriptive-analytical approach is supposed to investigate the Algerian War of Independence in this novel, and to explore the components of war, the colonialism situation in the deprived areas of Algeria, and the occupation device of French colonialists. The results of this study show that fatherland, suffocation and tyranny, criticism of political and economic distress, forces of fighting people, calling for perseverance and encouragement to struggle, war and hope for the future are among the most important sparks in the fight against colonialism in this novel. Mohammad Deeb reveals the signs of colonized and tyrant countries, for instance the constant presence of police forces in the Darsbitar neighborhood, intimidation of young and old people and their arrest without return, distress, economic and political crisis of society, hiring of Algerian workers with low wages, people’s panic of riot and war anxieties and so on.

Laleh Fatemeh Nasomer is a prominent figure in the Algerian Islamic Resistance at the beginning of the colonial years. She organized and commanded various military operations against the French occupiers between 1851-1857 AD. Payment, one of his most important battles is the Battle of Tashkent. The issue of this research is: What role did Laleh Fatemeh Nasomer play in the struggle against French colonization in Algeria? (question) This article examines the Islamic Resistance Movement of Laleh Fatemeh Nasomer and the Islamic Resistance in the early years of French colonialism with a descriptive-analytical approach. (method) One of the aims of this research is to analyze and introduce the character of Laleh Fatemeh and the resistance of the Algerian people in the early years of colonialism (1830-1863 AD). (objective) One of the findings of this study is that the Laleh Fatemeh movement is the last resistance movement of the tribal regions against French colonialism, and after her resistance movement, all Algeria came under the domination of French colonialism; She is also strongly influenced by the Sufi sect, which, unlike other Sufi sects in Algeria, such as Tijania, was not merely a Tahajjist sect; Rather, their angle was the arena of resistance to French colonialism.(findings)

The subject of the Wahhabi Salafi current is one of the most complex intellectual topics in the field of research, which,due to its connection with the government of Al-Saud, has become increasingly widespread in the world, including North Africa. Wahhabism in Algeria has a more distinct history than neighboring countries such as Tunisia and the Maghreb, and entered Algeria more than a century ago.The Wahhabi Salafi movement in Algeria has always faced various ups and downs over the decades. The study of political Islam in general and its internal attitudes in particular is constantly a controversial topic.Among these views, the issue of the Wahhabi Salafi movement is one of the most complex intellectual issues in the field of research,which, thanks to its connection with the Al-Saud government, has become increasingly widespread in the world, including North Africa. Wahhabism in Algeria was promoted before other neighboring countries for various reasons,including the actions of Abdelhamid Ben Badis. The main activities of Salafi currents in the Shazli period are the new Ben; Because during the almost long period of Boumediene, all the activities of the Salafi currents were suppressed and controlled.This descriptive-analytical article analyzes the content and critiques the contexts and consequences of the presence of Wahhabism in Algeria after independence from1962 to 1990; The main question is: what are the conditions and reasons for the emergence of Wahhabism and the perspective of Wahhabism in Algeria?

This article examines the role of law in the processes of social transformation in two post-colonial countries, Algeria and Kenya. The study explores the similarities and differences between these two countries in their use of legal systems to address social challenges, economic inequalities, and the strengthening of democratic institutions and human rights. Both Algeria and Kenya, after gaining independence from colonial legal systems primarily designed to benefit colonial powers, sought to establish indigenous and independent legal frameworks. Along this path, new laws were enacted in various areas such as land reform, women's and minority rights, and anti-corruption measures. The comparative study reveals that despite historical and social similarities, cultural and legal differences have led to different outcomes in the social transformation processes of these two nations. Utilizing comparative methods and theoretical analyses, this article delves into the impacts of law on social transformations in Algeria and Kenya and offers recommendations for policymakers and researchers in this field.

The appearance of Jamila Buhird, the zealous and yevolotionaryb lady of Algerian, in Arabic confemporary poetry Abstract Algeria has been along time in the French colonial, that resistance and struggles of men and women, could get rid of colorial domination. Femal warriors in the Algerian revolution epoch, played a prominent role. Among these women, we can refer to Jamile Buhird (1935 AD), that the reputation of this zealous woman, across the Arab countries, has been reverberative. Not only Algerian poets,but also some poet in the Arabic land (Iraq, Syria, Egypt,sudan, Palestine and Saudi Arabic) with the special elegance, to paris her. In this study, the image of character of this women warrior, in poetry of some Arabic contemporary poets, such as Badr Shakir al-Sayyab, Ahmad Abdol_moti Hejazi, Nazekal_Malaekeh, Nazar Qabani, Rashed Hossein, Hassan Abdollah Qrashi and mohammad feitouri, has been studied. The findings that the Arab poets, by depict his struggles against the enemy, could benefits from her as a model for the expansion of political and revolutionary insight in Arabic lands. Key words: resistance literature, Algeria, Algerian women, Jamila buhird, Arabic contemporary poetry.

Borders, while separating the two political units, have historically played the role of peace and war in the historical transition between the two nations. Iran, having suffered damaging treaties and border treaties in its contemporary history with regard to boundary disputes and treaties, has been a threatening factor from its neighbors. The present study aims to fully understand and better perception of the effective indicators of Iran's border disputes with its western neighbor, Iraq, with the aim of explaining the processes and contexts of contracts signed between the two countries over the past hundred years. Iran-Iraq Border Conflicts are a legacy of Iran-Ottoman border disputes and conflicts at various stages of war and peace by concluding border treaties and conventions in line with the role of the colonists of the East and the West, relying on the same border disputes with religious beliefs and disputes. Iran and the Ottomans played the role of mediators in determining the border and boundaries and due to the role and mediation of foreigners, these treaties could never have ended the conflict of supporters of the two nations. With the emergence of Iraq following the disintegration of the Ottoman Empire in the wake of World War I, tensions and border disputes with Iran did not end only with the religious and ethnic (Arab and Persian) disputes raised by the Iraqi Ba'athist government. It led to an eight-year war between the two countries. The research method is descriptive-analytical and data gathering is done through documentary method and political documents and border protocols of the two countries through the method of library studies and archive of document centers. This study seeks to answer the question of which boundary point in the Iran-Iraq conflict has had the greatest impact on the strain of military relations and clashes. What effects did the role of the border treaties, and especially the most prominent of the Algerian 1975 treaties, have on the peace and war era between Iran and Iraq? The findings also show how the East and West superpowers imposed an eight-year war on the Iranian government and nation with the provocation of the Iraqi Ba'athist government on the pretext of border disputes with their eastern neighbor.

The foreign policy of any country in the international system is the outcome of variables inside and outside the borders of that country. This is also relevant for the countries of North Africa. The depth of anti-Zionist culture among Muslim communities in North Africa and the root of the culture of resistance derived from anti-colonial struggles has made attention to the issue of Palestine and resistance groups one of the main features of these societies and foreign policy of these countries, although the influence of some components Has removed them from this path.
The main question is that what is the position of the North African countries (Sudan and Algeria) in supporting resistance and its components? According to the main question, the purpose of this paper is to examine the positions, policies and components that affect the foreign policy of North African countries in supporting groups and the axis of resistance. In this article, the foreign policy of Sudan and Algeria will be examined as a case study. Research findings show that, in spite of the deepening of the anti-Zionist culture and the support of resistance groups in North African countries, to the extent that these countries have weakness and economic dependence, their foreign policy in various fields, in particular support for the axis Resistance is variable. In this paper, we try to answer the question of this article by using a descriptive-analytical method and library tools and internet resources.

The appearance of comparative literature in Algeria has been influenced by different risings and fallings after entering French men to Algeria in 1830, this country involved in the colonizing movements, at first, they tried to change people’s language and culture, hence most of comparative studies have been influenced by this condition, therefore, they were written in French. Finally, it was in 1962 that this country entered the political spring after people’s revolution, therefore, Arabic language entered comparative studies by re-examining Algeria in European works such as French and Germany people, there were found some universities in comparative literature and other literary branches and international conferences, in order to develop the comparative men in Algeria in developing comparative literature analysis in the survey of comparative literature in Algeria by classification of contemporary history into colonization and post-colonization. literature in Algeria by classification of contemporary history into colonization and post-colonization.
Keywords: Algeria, Comparative Literature, Colonization, Political Spring, French and Arabic Language.

The domination of Ottomans on Algeria was resulted by Spanish invasions to the shores of this land during the 16th century. So the Algeria emirate appealed to famous Barbarossa brothers. Supported by the Ottoman Sultan, Hayreddin Barbarossa conquered Algiers in 1529 and changed it to a military base and dominated the eastern Mediterranean areas powerfully. They ensured the development of Ottoman rule over Algeria using many trophies earned through piracy. But in 17th century when Ottoman Empire granted capitulation grants to Europeans, the huge revenues of European merchant ships stopped due to the capitulation treaty and Algeria's main source of income was in problem. The result of this income reduction was the deficiency of army's wage from one hand that led to rebellion of troops, and a more pressure on people for a rising in taxes on the other hand that led to rebellion of local tribes. This process, along with other factors, led to continued weakness of Algeria, and Algeria was ultimately occupied in 1830. Thus the terms of capitulation became one of the main causes of decline and dependence of Algeria. Realization of this factor, as one of the causes of decline of Algeria is what is going to be analyzed in present research.

Literature has always been proportional to the taste of humanity and played a prominent role in revolutions and social movements to achieve independence and freedom during history. Resistance literature as a branch of literature, has made a roaring literature that there is no way of stop and hopelessness to it, and has defended societies by putting aside repressive force, it has acted like a deterrent weapon to provide eternal cultural background of attacked societies, and wants to provoke the flame of hope in the hearts of nations. An approach to study poetry from the perspective of resistance literature, helps to understand its quality. One of the effects of this literature is to arouse the nation's will against demands of oppressors who believe in suppress and oppress. Resistance literature is the only weapon which some poets such as Moufdi Zakaria and Farokhi Yazdi by using it; had done a pioneering effort in Iran and Algeria's resistance poetry. Therefore this research investigates a comparative study between two poets; Moufdi Zakaria and Farokhi Yazdi, by descriptive-analytic method, without considering the two types of revolutions in both countries and emphasize on American and Sulaf School in comparative literature. Result of the study indicates that both poets have a common general goals and different methods. Since the resistance in Farokhi Yazdi is an aggressive one, instead of blaming autarchy and colonization, he pays attention to quarrel and awareness of his own nation due to negligence and uninformed domination over them, while Moufdi Zakaria takes an encouraging method toward his own people in resistance procedure and prefers to be proud of them and narrate their valor and courage in order to increase the spirit of resistance in them.

Palestine problem is a global problem which has had a special manifestation in the contemporary poetry and people suffering pain of the bitter colonization and occupation around the world, have paid special attention to it. Libertarians and freedom fighters from different countries and with different languages have spoken about the oppression and persecution of the usurpers of the olive land and have protested against it. Algerian poets, who have tasted the bitterness of colonialism themselves, have paid special attention to Palestine in their poems. Izz al-Din Mahyoubi is one of these poets whom various aspects of Palestine Issue could be observed in his poems. He has considered critically the Palestinian children martyrdom is. He considers Qods as his own homeland and has always considered the children sling martyrs alive. Using descriptive-analytical approach, this paper attempt to explain and analyze the poems of this Algerian poet on Palestine and his commitment on it by reviewing Court "Gharabin Lilmilad Al-Fajr"  .

North Africa is one of the most important areas of development Salafists and Salafi groups in several countries in the region, according to local circumstances and intellectual growth and developed.The Salafists jihad according to violent methods, have attracted the attention of the region and other countries. This kind of salafie expands and dont limit to special country at regional level special after occupy Afghanistan and Iraq. The international aspect, action this kind of Salafism becomes more obvious and more generally emphasize.In addition, development in recent years is causes growth and revival again in region, so that, in addition South African the others middle east countries have a strong presence like Syria and Iraq with in the groups like ISIS and Al-nosre.With respect to internal situation of South Africa countries and the situation of regional and trans-regional, in in the future in this region see the salafi jihadi expansion.