جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « ‎shannon entropy‎ » در نشریات گروه « علوم پایه »

For urban management in the fields of urban development and municipal services, municipalities need substantial revenue resources. To ensure the financial balance of the municipality and prevent its financial statements from being jeopardized, the municipality must rely on sustainable revenue sources (continuous, flexible, and desirable) and strive to create such sustainable revenue sources. Otherwise, if the revenues decrease significantly due to a lack of sustainability, the expenses do not decrease to the same extent, resulting in a decrease in the municipality's end-of-period profit or incurring a loss. Therefore, this paper aims to investigate the sustainability of the revenue sources of the Qasemabad municipality using the Shannon entropy technique and the TOPSIS technique over a three-year period (2020-2022). The results show that the most sustainable revenue source during the study period was the share of centralized levies collected by the Ministry, value-added tax, and the sale of real estate (land), while the least sustainable was the revenue from various levies. The most important revenue sources for this municipality are value-added tax and government grants. Among these two important revenue sources, the value-added tax has high sustainability, while the government grants do not have adequate sustainability. Therefore, this municipality should seek to replace government grants with more sustainable revenue sources.

The city is not a fixed and inhabited phenomenon and due to human and natural activities and influenced by various factors, constantly changing shape, evolution and expansion in different dimensions. The purpose of this study is to identify the sustainability or unsustainability of the physical growth pattern of Karaj City and its analysis through quantitative models of Shannon and Holdern entropy coefficient. The research method used in this research is analytical-descriptive and quantitative models of Shannon and Holdern entropy coefficient have been used to measure the physical growth of the city. the ten regions of the Karaj have been studied between 1335 and 1395. The statistical population of the whole city has been studied in different years in terms of several indicators, which are the population of each region, the built-up area of each region, the total area, and also City area and per capita area. Alborz province is the second most rapidly migrating province in the country and Karaj city is the center of the province and the youngest metropolis of the country due to its location and special conditions is objectively faced with the phenomenon of sprawl growth and unsustainable development. The results show that Karaj city in terms of physical growth, in recent years, has faced much growth. As one can imagine the pattern of sprawl growth or uncontrolled horizontal expansion for this city. The amount of Shannon entropy for 1390 and 1395 are 2.4849 and 2.20374, respectively, which shows the horizontal growth during this 5-year period and the results of the Holdern model showed that during a period of 60 years, of the area added to the city of Karaj, out of a total of 100% increase, 108% was due to population growth and -8% was due to total per capita increase which indicates unsustainability. The results indicate the fact that this city is at a high level of scattering and is experiencing a very high level of disorder and population growth, and its physical development has been horizontal and beyond reasonable limits.

This research has investigated the extent of using the active method in the content of thermodynamics in second edition highschool chemistry textbooks volume 1, 2, 3. The purpose of this research is practical and clarify how successful the books has been in therm of active content. The statistical population includes 3 high school chemistry textbooks. First, the content of thermodynamics was identified and it was coded and analyzed using William Rumi's technique including text, images and questions in specific categories. The results of this research showed that the change of the coefficient of the categories (indicator of students' activity in the learning process) in the text, pictures and questions is 0.245, 1.33, and 5.30 respectively, so the text is less desirable than expected and passive, the images are desirable and active, and the questions are more inclusive and passive. Also, based on the results of Shannon's entropy method, the average information load and importance coefficient of passive text categories is higher than active, while it is the opposite in the field of images and questions.

 Today, one of the environmental problems facing the development of technology in the world is environmental pollution. And without a doubt, the science textbooks of the first high school course are one of the official platforms for environmental education. The current research was conducted with the aim of examining the content of science books of the first high school course, in terms of attention to environmental components.

  This research is of applied type. In which, the science textbooks of the seventh, eighth and ninth grades of the academic year 1399-1400 have been examined. which totals 45 chapters and 450 pages. The examined samples include texts, images, questions and book activities that have been studied using Shannon's entropy method. This study was carried out using a content analysis checklist tool that has four environmental components: water, air, soil and sound, in 1400, and its content validity was confirmed by subject experts and its reliability coefficient was 91/36. The percentage is estimated.

Fidings: 

The results of the research indicate that environmental components have been given little attention in science books of the first secondary school. The most attention is in the book of sciences of the seventh grade and the least attention is related to the book of sciences of the eighth grade.

 In these books, in the field of the four environmental components, the most attention has been paid to the air component and the least attention to the sound component. Also, the highest coefficient of importance was related to the soil component with (Wj=0.308) and the lowest coefficient of the sound component (Wj=0.199). Among the different sections of science books, the highest coefficient of importance is related to biology chapters (Wj=0.329), followed by chemistry and physics chapters, and the most important coefficient is related to geology chapters. (Wj=‌0.176) is less than the others.

Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) is a method of multiple criteria decision making (MCDM) that is used to select an alternative from a set of alternatives or to rank a set of alternatives, while data envelopment analysis (DEA) is a nonparametric method that is used based on linear programming to evaluate the performance of decision making units (DMUs) that have multiple inputs and multiple outputs. The relation between methods of MCDM and DEA is a topic of interest to researchers in this part of MCDM, e.g., one of the first works done in this field is the relation between data envelopment analysis and multiple objective linear programming by Golany. Ramanathan proposed a method (DEAHP method) based on DEA for weight generation in the AHP that his method had three main drawbacks: (1) producing irrational weights for inconsistent pairwise comparison matrices; (2) non-use all the information of the inconsistent pairwise comparison matrix; and (3) insensitivity to changing elements in some matrices of pairwise comparison. To solve the problems of DEAHP method, several methods were proposed that each one produces a weight vector in the AHP, e.g., we can mentioned to data envelopment analysis method of wang and chin (DEA method) and data envelopment analysis method with assurance region of wang and et al. (DEA/AR method). In this paper, we propose a new method, which is called E-DEAHP method for short, based on DEA and Shannon entropy, a concept used in information theory, to produce a weight vector in the AHP that does not have the problems of DEAHP method and is different from the mentioned methods.

In this approach, each row of the pairwise comparison matrix is considered as a decision making unit (DMU), so that in the normalized pairwise comparison matrix the arithmetic mean of the ith row and the entropy of ith column is considered as, respectively, output and input of the ith DMU and then with employed data envelopment analysis, we find the local weight vector of the elements (decision criteria or alternatives). Also, to aggregate the obtained local weights, we use the simple additive weighting (SAW) method in multiple criteria decision making.

It is proved that if a pairwise comparison matrix is perfectly consistent, the entropy of all its columns are the same, so in this case all decision making units will have the same input and the method will produce true weight vector.The results of the examined numerical examples show that the proposed method of this paper produces perfectly rational weights in comparison with the results of the methods known in the subject literature and can estimate a robust priority (weight) vector for a pairwise comparison matrix. Also, the results of the hierarchical problem survey show that the weights obtained from the method and their aggregation to obtain the global weight vector confirm the potential validity of the method.

In this paper, in relation to E-DEAHP method, we have achieved the following conclusions. Generating true weight vector for perfectly consistent pairwise comparison matrices. The method for ranking and selecting alternatives has a high resolution.The weight vector obtained from this method is robust, In other words, it is not affected by possible errors, unusual and false observations (UFO) that appear because of inaccurate data entry random errors, in the pairwise comparison matrix.In practice, the E-DEAHP method can be applied without the need to solve linear programming by using a simple relative relation.

The purpose of this research is to analyze the comparative content of the images of the electrochemistry chapter of the pre-university chemistry textbook with the chapter 2 of the twelfth book of the twelfth grade chemistry textbook based on William Rumi's categories and Shannon entropy method. The type of research is descriptive and content analysis using Shannon entropy method. The statistical population of the research is the pictures of the electrochemistry chapter of the pre-university chemistry textbook of the 94-95 academic year and the electrochemical chapter of the twelfth grade chemistry textbook of the academic year 1399-1400. The results show that, unfortunately, in the new edition, the engagement rate of the textbook in the pictures section has not changed much and is still inactive. the images represent a practical example related to the subject and in the twelfth grade chemistry textbook, the images that facilitate the comprehension of educational content were the most important According to the results obtained in this article and similar previous studies, textbook changes in the images section have not had much effect on increasing the engagement rate. It seems that it is time to think about eliminating the textbook.

The existence of unique challenges in the present age has caused the need for real changes in a completely new way of thinking and acting in society. Therefore, the use of sustainability education in the production of fully aware human resources, especially given the basic skills of understanding and knowledge required in the 21st century, is critical. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the content of the first grade primary mathematics textbooks based on the components of sustainability education.

The present study is a descriptive-analytical study. Unit of analysis (images, text, class activity and practice and class work). The statistical population is the mathematics textbooks of the first primary school. In this study, the entire content was analyzed based on three components of sustainability education (economic, social and environmental). The sample size was the same as the statistical population and was considered as a census. To confirm the validity and checklist, face and content validity with the opinions of experts was used and its reliability was 0.92 by Holstie method and Shannon entropy method was used to process the collected data.

Findings showed that environmental images in all three levels have a higher frequency than the other unit of analysis and among all the components of sustainability education, the environmental component in all the first primary courses had the highest and the lowest economic frequency. Also, based on the information load criterion and the coefficient of importance, the environmental criterion has the highest value in the first grade and the social criterion in the second and third grades. Also, sustainability education in the second and third grades were the same.

The affidavits emphasize that the necessary balance and coherence between the three components of sustainability education has not been established and that the components of sustainability education have not been given due attention in the content of the first period math textbooks.

Cellulose industries are closely related to forests and natural resources, and on the other hand, the chemicals used in them are sometimes transferred to nature. Therefore, they can affect the environment in two ways and therefore have an urgent need for management with a green approach, especially in the field of supply chain. Achieving this is possible by finding the most effective factors in implementing green supply chain management in this industry, which has been done in this research. In previous similar studies, the weight of the same factors has often been considered, and in addition, the weight of the interviewees has been considered the same when collecting data. In this paper, both problems have been solved by using EDAS-SEM methods and a more valid ranking of the components of green supply chain management in the cellulose industry has been presented. To provide a green supply chain management model in the cellulose industry, including transparent factors and accurate weights so that it can be used to measure the performance of managers in this area and to suggest the most effective factors for future promotion to managers.

This research is qualitative and survey in how to collect data and quantitative in processing them. In terms of practical purpose and in terms of method, it is mixed. Modeling and analysis methods include entropy, EDAS, SEM. The statistical population is 63 managers of Qom cellulose production industries, for whom a questionnaire was sent in 2019, and 55 were completed. Therefore, sampling method, sample is available. Data collection tool is a questionnaire and data analysis tool is confirmatory factor analysis with partial least squares approach and SmartPLS3 software. Excel was used for entropy and EDAS calculations.

The most important indicators of green supply chain performance in Qom cellulose products industries are selecting suppliers with environmental criteria, determining environmental requirements for purchasing items and auditing compliance with environmental regulations. Also, the weight of managers varies according to the characteristics of the elites. These findings can be generalized to other cellulose industries.

 The proposed model can be used for a better future in the management of the green supply chain of cellulose industries by evaluating the performance of managers in senior and middle levels at the organizational and unit levels. The achievements of this research can also be used to identify the most important factors at each level and allocate future resources to them.

The purpose of the present study was to analyze the content of human and environmental textbooks of the eleventh grade of secondary school. In this study, the content analysis method with Shannon entropy technique was used. The statistical population of the study consisted of the content of the human and environmental textbook with 115 pages, including 7 sections. The results showed that highest unit was assigned to soil index and the lowest one was for biodiversity index. The highest importance factor in water component was water management index and the least water quality decline, the highest importance factor in soil component related to soil conservation index and the lowest food security. the highest importance factor in air component related to air pollution index and the least human factors, the highest importance factor in energy component related to fossil fuel index and the lowest Clean energy and green fuels, the highest importance factor in the waste component related to the recycling index and the lowest waste accumulation and incineration, and the highest importance factor in the waste component related to the index Biodiversity and least waste The importance of conservation strategies index, respectively.

By increasing the complexity of products and systems, the use of preventive maintenance and repair systems, such as repairability in the design of the system, can play an important role in reducing the finished product costs. In this paper, attention is paid to the reliability of designing systems of a navy in the form of a native pattern in the context of the design life of the systems, improving the maintainability of the systems and reducing the stopping time for maintenance in the production of products and improvement of reliability and availability of systems is being investigated when necessary. To achieve the above, due to the diminutiveness of the issues of maintainability in the design of marine systems, after reviewing the life cycles of similar products and selecting the most appropriate marine life cycle, which includes 5 main phases, and the use of 16 maintainability requirements, and by the aid of multi-criteria decision-making method, design pattern and development requirements for lifecycle-based lifecycle are extracted from the design of marine systems. Reduction of the costs and time of the note, increase in system availability, reduction of the damage/fatigue of the technical operator, reduction of the training hours of technical operators, improvement and expedition of the diagnosis, reduction of the probability of damage to the part or system and product, and improvement of reliability are among the benefits of using this template in design.

In this paper, we firstly review some definitions related to fractional calculus and fractional entropy, as a generalization of Shannon entropy. Then we introduce the generalized word importance metric based on fractional entropy. Using the proposed definition, we introduce a new text mining method based on fractional entropy. This method for keyword extraction of the Statistical Inference book by Casella and Berger (1990) shows that the F-measure value of the proposed text mining method, is higher than the related value for common text mining method based on Shannon entropy. These results indicate that the proposed text mining method based on fractional entropy is more comprehensive than the traditional text mining based on Shannon entropy.

Salt phytoremediation, which means reducing salinity of soil or water using halophytic plants, has been the subject of several studies in recent years. Despite numerous investigations in this area, the problem with the use of halophytic plants for salt phytoremediation is the selection of suitable plants from their large population or, in other words, screening of halophytic plants for salt phytoremediation. In this paper, by limiting the screening work to 12 annual plant species of the Chenopodiaceae family, the Shannon Entropy -TOPSIS Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method has been used for this purpose. Evaluation was done on the basis of criteria such as biomass production, salinity mechanism, flowering time, geographical distribution in Iran and agronomic capability. The Shannon entropy method was used to rank and weight the criteria and the TOPSIS method was used to determine the relative preference of the studied species. The results indicated that Atriplex Tatarica, Bassia Moricata and Salsola Kali were the top three among the 12 plant species studied. Therefore, their use in experimental phytoremediation of salt plants seems to be a priority.

The textbook as the main scientific resource guides the teacher and the student activities to achieve educational goals. Textbook content analysis enables the authors of the book to apply the results to improve the book. Chemistry is one of the most widely used fields which is very important in different fields. The purpose of the present study is to analyze the content of the first chapter of Chemistry Book grade 12, using William Romey's technique and determine the significance coefficient of each active, inactive and neutral categories by Shannon entropy method. The purpose of this study is applied and method is descriptive and of content analysis. To determine the validity of this study, the components of William Romey technique were used and Holsti formula was used to determine the reliability. The results showed that the engagement coefficient for the text of the first chapter was equal to 0.423 and was designed in the active way for William Romey but for images and questions it was obtained 2.083 and 16.4 respectively, which indicates inactive design. Also, based on the results of Shannon entropy method, the mean information load and the importance coefficient of the inactive categories were higher than the active one, while for images and queries it was the opposite.

This article analyzes the content of the Journal of The Application of Chemistry in Environment based on environmental assumptions. The statistical population of this study is all articles published in issues 35 to 38 of the journal. Research data were collected using checklist tools and statistically analyzed using Excel software. In this paper, Shannon entropy content analysis method is used to process data quantitatively and qualitatively. Based on entropy indices, the content of articles has been studied based on 7 main components and 93 sub-components of environmental education. The results of the analysis show that the main components related to humans and the environment with 9 articles (32.1%) and water environmental problems with 7 articles (25%) have the highest frequency. The components of waste and recycling value with 1 article are only 3.6 percent and the components of environmental problems of air, soil, sound and protection of natural resources with 0 articles (zero percent) have the lowest amount. Findings from the abundance of components have shown that the components of environmental education do not have a normal distribution and some components have not been addressed.

Eutrophication is a natural process which can be increased by human interferences and finally lead to water quality degradation and reservoir aging, and always is one of the challenging problems of reservoir across the world. Since determining of the trophic status of the reservoir is a complex and intriguing process, this study used fuzzy synthetic evaluation method with entropy weighting technique to determine eutrophication level in the Shirin-darreh dam reservoir in the North Khorasan province for a one year period of time. To this end, fuzzified data of main variable including chlorophyll-a concentration, total phosphorous, saturation oxygen and total nitrogen were used to determine membership function and the Shannon entropy technique was used for weighting index variables. Finally, results of this approach was compared with the results of equal weighting technique and Carlson method. The results showed that from December to March the reservoir was in oligotrophic status, during November in mesotrophic status and during other months it experienced an eutrophic condition. Considering the capability of this approach to express the degree of certainty and intensity at different levels and months, it was observed that July, August and September have the highest eutrophication level with most degree of certainty. Also, this approach has reasonable and realistic results in comparing with Carlson method and equal weighting fuzzy technique.