جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "value added" در نشریات گروه "علوم پایه"

Human capital is a prerequisite for sustainable development; since education has the most human capital, paying attention to it will not only ensure individual security but also ensure the security of society. Therefore, understanding the education sector in a wide range of dimensions has been considered by researchers and policy makers. The National Education Account is a framework for measuring the education sector in the economy. This account is an information system about the financial flows of the education sector, while complementing the information set such as the number of schools, students, classes, teachers, infrastructure and equipment. In this research, the national account of education in the Iran for 1396, using primary and secondary data, has been prepared and calculated. In this way, both the registration information of the relevant executive bodies and the census plan of adult education have been implemented to achieve the required information. According to the results, the share of value added of the education sector in GDP at current prices was 4.1%. General secondary and technical and vocational secondary education with 30%, had the highest share of value added among the sub-sectors of education. The share of value added created by the public sector was 68% and 15.2% of the compensation of services is related to the education sector. The highest number of employees in this sector with a share of 43% is the general secondary and technical and vocational secondary sectors. In terms of capital formation, the share of capital formation in this sector of the total economy is 2.6 percent, while general secondary and technical and vocational secondary education with a ratio of 31 percent had the largest share of capital formation in the education sector.

Import substitution strategy is one of the policies proposed for the resistance economy. In the current situation where the sanctions are imposed from outside of the economy, import substitution strategy and specially, the final import substitution policy is inevitable. The growth of economic activities in the final import substitution process to achieve the goals of the resistance economy could leads to increased emissions of air pollutants and adverse environmental effects. Hence, in this study, environmental issues, along with economic goals have been explored in the final import substitution policy to be able to provide appropriate solutions that meet both environmental standards and important categories of the economy.To achieve this goal, modified environmental input- output models have been used to estimate the value added, employment and emissions of pollutants in seventeen economically active sectors in the field of final import substitution. In order to generalize the common data- output model to environmental issues, an interactive model with the creation of the fourth additional block has been used to include the environmental output. Economic information is extracted from the usual input- output tables and reports of the Ministry of Industry. information related to the environmental sector is provided by the energy balance sheet. Finally, The Leontief Production Function is used to examine the various effects of the development of final import substitution based on data- output analysis. This function is written according to the macro accounting model of growth resources. By quantitative explanation of the exchanges between economic and environmental goals, we can divide the sectors into four groups (low economic potential and high pollutants, low economic potential and low pollutants, high economic potential and high pollutants, high economic potential and low pollutants).According to the findings of the study, the development of final import substitution policy is strongly recommended in high economic potential and low pollutants of the economy (Pharmaceutical and health products, textile products, wood and paper, food and beverage products), because final import substitution policy could help to strengthen the internal relationship of these sectors with other industries in the country and growth indigenousness and indirectly reduce the emission of pollutants. This issue is more important in pharmaceutical and health, food and beverage products, due to the strong outsourcing economic relationship and the weak environmental relationship with other sectors. Because at the same time it creates the most added value and indirect employment and also the least indirect environmental damage occurs.

Awareness of the available resources and economic potentials of the regions is essential for growth and development. One of the important economic indicators which shows efficient utilization of human and natural resources in a region is the economic growth, production and the value added of the various economic sectors. The purpose of the present study is to achieve the relative advantages of each region by ranking the value added of different economic activities. Therefore, first, using the hierarchical analysis method, we weighed each of the 18 economic sub-sectors for our study and then in order to get results we use the data available at the statistical center for analysis by using TOPSIS approach for the year 2015. The result suggests that (with oil and gas value added) region 4 (Isfahan, Chaharmahal Bakhtiari, Khuzestan) was ranked first with a coefficient of 0.6784 while Area 3 (Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Hamedan) with coefficient of 0.0650 obtains the last position. However, without oil and gas value added, zone 8 (Sistan Baluchestan, Kerman, Hormozgan, Yazd) was ranked first with a coefficient of 0.5587 while area 3 (Ilam, Kermanshah, Lorestan, Hamedan) ranked lowest with a coefficient of 0.0282. In addition, the TOPSIS approach result for all the provinces of Iran shows that, if we consider the value added for oil and gas, the Khuzestan province takes the first place while the Ilam province gets the last position. Pertinently, without value-added of oil and gas, Tehran province tops the list while Ilam province still maintains the last position.

The construction and housing sector is one of the most important sectors of the Iranian economy, which has a major share in GDP, investment and employment, and having a strong relationship with various economic sectors, stimulates the growth of other economic sectors of the country. A survey of the building sector's employment, value added, and GDP figures show that employment in the construction sector has almost increased from 2006 to 2013 and has declined since 2013. The value added growth of this sector is negative except for the years 2006 to 2009 and 2011. The results of the censuses of 1986 to 2016 show that the housing units of the country have increased along with the growth of population and households. A survey of household indicators in the housing sector indicates a change in the lifestyle of households and an improvement in the number of households in a residential unit. The indicators of purchasing power and waiting time for homeownership also show that these indicators have improved since 2014, The Waiting Time for homeownership Index in Urban Areas for a Residential unit of 80 square meters, assuming no housing price changes and deducting all household expenses from its income, shows that if the household is saving its income, in 2014 It can become a homeowner after 176.1 years and in 2016 after 37 years, so in 2016 urban households have to wait 37 years for homeownership.

Power plants and refineries due to their process and consumption of fossil fuels release carbon dioxide into the environment and, as a consequence, both industries are polluting. In this study, the link between energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions at power plants and refineries is surveyed as added value in the form of Environmental Kuznets Curve. Results indicate that the bell-shaped curve for environmental studies of power plants as well as refineries over the period 1997-8 to 2011-12 is established. Results have shown a U-shaped relationship for power plants and N-shaped interfaces for the refinery. This means that, during the economic growth in power plants, CO2 emissions are increasing and, in refineries, that process has first decreased and then increased. Also, as a part of this study, energy consumption had a positive significant correlation with CO2 emissions.

Sales of raw material such as crude oil, natural gas, natural products, and metals is a reflection of an underdeveloped economy, which fails to provide added value, tax base for the government or advance the domestic technology. Although the necessity for transformation of Iran’s present economy to a science- and technology-based economy has been recognized by policymakers, specialists and laymen, we have failed in this transformation- itself a result of our collective wisdom. Analysis of the Western economies is necessary but insufficient in arriving at a roadmap for the transformation of our economy. This paper approaches the issue from a different perspective under 4 topics. First, self-evaluation, the level of our collective wisdom and the political development needed to afford the platform for the transformation of our economy. Second, recognition of our comparative advantage and a roadmap focused on the transformation of our present economy to a science- and technology-based economy. Third, review of the approaches taken by other countries with similar cultural heritage and socio-economic standing and forth, recommendation of a roadmap based on the above-mentioned parameters for the transformation of our chemical industry, in which Iran has a clear comparative advantage.