جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عناصر غذایی » در نشریات گروه « زیست شناسی »

Due to the importance of using nanotechnology in sustainable agriculture to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of agricultural products, This study aims to investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nanoparticles on some morphophysiological traits and nutrient uptake of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) that is one of the most important medicinal plants of the lamiaceae family was done in a completely randomized design with three replications in 2018 in a greenhouse located in Islamshahr. Foliar application treatments of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nanoclates included three levels of 2, 4 and 6 mg/l. Foliar application was applied in three stages with one week intervals and two weeks after the last foliar application, sampling was performed to evaluate the traits. The results showed that the application of nano-chelates significantly increased the evaluated traits compared to the control, so that the highest fresh and dry weight of shoots, total chlorophyll content of leaves and iron in the treatment of iron nano-chelate 6 mg/l, the highest fresh and dry weight of roots and the amount of potassium in the treatment of nano-chelate potassium was obtained 6 mg/l, also the highest amount of phenol and manganese in the treatment of nano-chelate manganese 6 mg/l, the highest amount of flavonoids and vitamin C in the treatment of nano-chelate Manganese 4 mg/l, the highest amount of calcium was observed in the treatment of calcium nano-chelate, 6 mg/l and the highest amount of essential oil was observed in the treatment of iron nano-chelate, 4 mg/l. In general, according to the results of this study, the application of iron, potassium, calcium and manganese nano-chelates with concentrations of 4 and 6 mg/l has a positive effect on increasing the productivity of peppermint.

Nowadays, the use of nano-fertilizers is of great importance in order to reduce the losses of nutrients and increase the quantity and quality of medicinal plants is great importance. To investigate the effect of foliar application of iron, zinc and manganese nano-chelates (Zero, 2, 4 and 6 mg/l) on the growth and biochemical indices of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) in a completely randomized design with three replications, Located in Gorgan city, it was carried out in 2021, the plants were foliar-sprayed from the four-leaf stage in three stages with a time interval of 10 days, and after two weeks of the last foliar spray, sampling and trait evaluation was done in the flowering stage. The results showed that the treatments had a significant effect on the evaluated traits, so that the highest fresh and dry shoot weight, plant height, total chlorophyll content, iron content and essential oil content in the treatment of 6 mg/l iron nano-chelates and the highest fresh and dry weight of roots and amount of plant zinc were obtained in the treatment of 6 mg/l zinc nano-chelates, also in the treatment of 6 mg/l manganese nano-chelates, the highest content of phenol, flavonoids and manganese was observed. Overall, the results showed that the application of 6 mg/l nano-chelates of iron, zinc and manganese positively increased peppermint's morphological and biochemical traits.

In order to investigate the effect of brassinosteroid foliar application on the growth characteristics and content of sodium and potassium ions of summer savory (Satureja hortensis L.) under salt stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications in the greenhouse of Payam Noor University in Lorestan in 2020. The factors were salinity stress at three levels (0, 40 and 80 mmol/L NaCl) and foliar sprays of brassinosteroid at three levels (0, 0.5 and 2 μmol/L). The largest mean values of plant height (32.56 cm), root length (22.02 cm), shoot fresh weight (5.89 g/plant), shoot dry weight (2 g /plant), root dry weight (0.87 g/plant), and potassium content in plant shoot (16.39 mg/g dry matter) were observed under control conditions (without salinity). These traits declined by 32, 21, 19, 17, 31, 23 and 79%, respectively, under salinity conditions (80 mmol /L NaCl). However, spray of brassinosteroid, especially at 2 μmol /L, increased mean plant height (30.46 cm), root length (21.7 cm), fresh and dry weights of shoot (5.95 and 2.06 g/plant, respectively), and potassium content of aerial organs (10.63 mg/ g dry matter).The interaction effects of the salinity and hormone spray indicated that increases in salinity level significantly improved sodium content of plants (sodium content was 10.93 mg/g dry matter in the treatment of applying 80 μmol/L NaCl and no hormone spray). This led to a drastic reduction in the potassium/sodium ratio (the mean value of this trait was 0.2 in the treatment of applying 80 mmol/L NaCl without hormone spray); however, spray of brassinosteroid somewhat reduced sodium absorption (the sodium content in the treatment of applying 80 mmol/L NaCl and 2 μmol/L of the hormone was 6.56 mg/g dry matter). In general, salinity decreased the studied plant growth traits by disrupting potassium absorption and strongly reducing plant potassium /sodium ratio, but brassinosteroid spray improved the fresh and dry weight of summer savory plants.

Rosa damascena Mill. belongs to Rosaceae family and is considered as one of the most important medicinal and industrial plant. In the present study, the effects of foliar application of methyl jasmonate and titanium dioxide nanoparticles were investigated on physiological and phytochemical traits of Rosa damascena Mill. in two separate experiments based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications in Farsan during two growing seasons (2019 and 2020). Foliar application of methyl jasmonate (0, 0.5, 1, and 2 mM) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (0, 100, 200, and 300 mg L-1) was performed three times with 4-day intervals before the flowering stage. Essential oil extraction was done by steam distillation (a clevenger apparatus), phytochemical evaluation was performed using spectrophotometric method, and antioxidant performance was evaluated through DPPH test. Results showed that foliar application of elicitors increased dry weight of leaves and photosynthetic pigments. The phenolic compounds of leaves and petals of R. damascena Mill. also increased in response to applied elicitors and the highest increment was observed in plants treated with 1 mM methyl jasmonate and 100 mg L-1 titanium dioxide nanoparticles. Also the results showed the positive effect of applied treatments on increasing macro (N, P, K and Mg) and micro elements (Fe, Mn, and Zn) in leaves of damask rose. Methyl jasmonate (0.5-1 mM) increased the essential oil content of the treated plants by 34.32%. According to the obtained results, methyl jasmonate applied at concentration of 1 mM is suggested to improve the physiological and phytochemical characteristics of the R. damascena plants.

Drought stress is the most unfavorable environmental factor that severely reduces plant growth and production. Jasmonates, as the plant growth regulators, and effective in physiological processes, increase plant tolerance to stressful conditions. Physalis is a medicinal plant belonging to Solanaceae family. In order to investigate the effect of methyl jasmonate (MeJA) pretreatment and drought stress on the physiological and biochemical responses of Physalis. A factorial experiment was conducted with the combination of two factors, moisture levels [100% (control), 50%, and 30% of field capacity (FC)] and MeJA levels (0, 50, and 100 µM). Plants were exposed to different levels of moisture for two months, 24h after foliar application of MeJA. The results showed that pretreatmment of plants with MeJA increased leaf area, RWC, total plant dry weight, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids by 36.48, 31.07, 178.53, 37.11, and 49.73%, respectively during drought stress. In this research, application of MeJA, especially concentration of 100 µM, by increasing the contents of soluble sugars (12.13 and 16.69%), proline (22.84 and 45.86%), flavonoids (14.01 and 21.69%), protein (16.53 and 20.98%) and activity of SOD enzyme (22.09 and 13.96%) and decreasing the activities of POD (12.82 and 39.06%), APX (20.85 and 17.33%) and PPO (14.83 and 18.68%) enzymes in the shoot and root, moderated the negative effects of drought stress especially at 30% FC level. Also, MeJA induced changes in the accumulation and distribution of mineral nutrients in stressed plants. The results of this research showed that the foliar application of MeJA by improving the growth and photosynthetic properties, antioxidant system and nutritional status could be an appropriate solution to increase the tolerance of Physalis plant to drought.

Preharvest fruit splitting disorder causes significant damage to producers of sensitive citrus cultivars, therefore, proper management of tree nutrition with key elements reduces the probability the occurrence of this disorder can be effective in reducing fruit splitting. Accordingly, to investigate the effects of foliar application of 1% potassium nitrate, 1% calcium nitrate and 0.5% boric acid in combination with each other at the end of June drop on reducing the intensity of fruit splitting and some traits of Page mandarin fruit two years experimental was done in 2018 and 2019. This study was performed according to a combined analysis in time with two factors including years of experimentation and different treatments of foliar application of nutrients, based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The results showed that foliar application caused a change in the amount of calcium, potassium and boron in the leaves and fruits of Page mandarin. Moreover, it was found that these treatments, especially the combined treatment of three elements, reduced the intensity of preharvest fruit splitting and increased the yield and improved the quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit, whereas had no significant effect on the activity of polygalacturonase enzyme, cell density of blossom-end and navel diameter. Overall, foliar application of nutrients including the combined treatment of potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate and boric acid, can be introduced as an effective approach to control preharvest fruit splitting and increase the quantity and quality of Page mandarin fruit.

Survival of ornamental plants is vital green spaces threatened by climate change and drought stress. An experiment was designed to investigate the effect of soil modifiers on the growth of two plants of the Hollyhock ecotype under drought conditions at Ferdowsi University of Mashhad in 2021. Experimental Treatments included two ecotypes (Mashhad, Tehran), three drought stress levels (80, 60, 40% FC), and four substrates (soil, soil + manure, soil + rice hull, soil + wheat straw). Macroelements (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) of leaves, physiological characteristics of plants, such as (total chlorophyll, proteins, and activity of enzymes), and morphological traits (height, the diameter of the stem, number of leaves, bud, flowers, and leaves the area) have been measured. The effect of time on the number of Hollyhock leaves under drought stress was also recorded. Treatments affected all physiological and growth parameters of Hollyhock plants, and a significant amount of physiological traits (chlorophyll) and growth parameters were recorded in the Mashhad ecotype below 80% FC in soil + manure. The triple interactions of ecotype, drought stress, and culture medium on protein content, superoxide dismutase activity, and ascorbate peroxidase activity were not significant, but enzyme activity was increased with increasing drought stress. Also, the number of leaves and flowers had a decreasing trend with increasing drought stress. The results showed that applying manure with soil by providing macro elements reduced the adverse effects of drought stress in Hollyhock and increased drought stress resistance in both ecotypes.

The purpose of the current study was to investigate the effect of carbon nanotubes on morphological traits of two wild pistachio species and compare them with common treatments including cold and acid sulfuric 65% in a completely randomized design with eight treatments and 10 replicates. The results showed that application of carbon nanotubes with concentrations of 25 and 75 mg / L significantly improved the morphological and biomass traits of the two species of wild pistachio including (Pistacia atlantica Desf ) and (P. khinjuk Stocks) in comparison with the acid and cold treatments. The highest increase in root, stem height and collar diameter was observed in the 25 mg / L treatment. The highest root length and dry and fresh root biomass were observed in Khinjuk under 75 mg/L nano carbon treatment. The highest concentration of leaf magnesium was observed in P. atlantica after 10 and in P. Khinjuk after 100 mg/L treatments. The phosphorus content in leaves of the two wild pistachio species was stable under the all treatments. The leaf potassium in P. atlantica was the highest under 10, 25, and 50 mg/L treatment and it was the highest in leaves of P. Khinjuk under 75 mg/L treatment. Although the current research proved the positive impacts of carbon nanotubes on growth of the wild Pistachio species, the further research can be suggested to find strategies for enhancing the growth of wild pistachio species to commercialize the products of these valuable species.

Linum usitatissimum L. is one of the most important oilseed crops in the world and moreover, its oil is a valuable source of essential fatty acids composed of omega-3 such as alpha-linolenic acid. This plant is sensitive to fertilizer that is poured near the stem. Therefore, foliar application of nutrients is used as an efficient method with a major impact on the growth, quantity and quality of active ingredients in this product. This factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the Medicinal Plants Research Farm of Islamic Azad University, Miyaneh Branch, during 2019 to assess  the effect of foliar application of different concentrations of boric acid, salicylic acid and urea at different hours of the day on increasing the quantity and quality of essential fatty acids. Treatments were applied at ten-day intervals in three periods after the beginning of flowering and the final harvest was performed to extract the oil with N-hexane solvent after capsule maturity. The percentage of fatty acid profile of flaxseed oil were determined using GC and GC-MS connected to mass spectrometer. Based on the results, the foliar application 50 mg/l salicylic acid on the percentage of alpha-linolenic acid and 3 liters of boric acid on linoleic acid after sunset, and 100 mg/l salicylic acid on eicosadienoic acid before sunrise and 5 g/l urea on palmitoleic acid after sunset were effective. Therefore, a combination of environmental effects on the plant before and during foliar application and plant physiology during and after uptake determines the effect of foliar application.

In order to investigate the effect of biofertilizer on physiological characteristics and nutrient concentration in linseed under irrigation withholding at different growth stages, a farm experiment conducted as split plot base on randomized complete block design with three replication at research field of Yasouj University in 2017. Irrigation regimes (full irrigation, irrigation withholding at beginning of flowering until beginning of podding, irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity) and bio-fertilizer application at four levels (mycorrhiza fungi, Phosphate Barvar2, mycorrhiza arbuscular fungi + Phosphate Barvar2 and non-application of bio-fertilizer) were considered as the main and the sub plots, respectively. The results showed that the highest concentration of phosphorus (8.27 g.kg-1) and potassium (4.20 g.kg-1) in the leaf was observed in the treatment of mycorrhiza bio-fertilizer. In both stages of flowering and seed filling, irrigation withholding compared to full irrigation increased the soluble sugars, malondialdehyde, but reduced the relative water content and soluble protein of leaf.  The highest leaf prolin cintent (11.63 µmol.g-1) was observed in both biofertilizer combination treatments in condition of Irrigation withholding at beginning of podding to end of maturity. Application of both type of biofertilizer increased soluble sugar concentration, soluble protein and reduced malondialdehyde levels. The highest grain yield was observed from application of mycorrhiza+ phosphate Barvar2.The results indicate that linseed is sensitive to drought stress in the encapsulation to ripening stage (58% reduction). This damage modified by application of biofertilizer trough improving the absorption of nutrients and changing the concentration of osmolites.

Water stress is one of the most important environmental stresses that reduces the growth and yield of crops. Organic fertilizers such as compost and mineral compounds such as zeolite can reduce the negative impact of water stress on plants. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of irrigation levels (irrigation after depletion of 25, 50 and 75% of field capacity (FC)) and compost treatments (control, 4 ton ha-1, 8 ton ha-1, 4 ton ha-1 compost +10 ton ha-1zeolite and 8 ton ha-1 compost +10 ton ha-1 zeolite) on yield and some physiological traits of quinoa. This study was done in three replications and split plot experiment based on a randomized complete block design at the research farm of Azarbijan shahid Madany University in 2019. In this study, water stress reduced seed yield, minimum seed yield was obtained in irrigation after depleting 75% of FC (2024 kg ha-1), which was 29.8% less than the control. This reduction was partly due to a decrease in the 1000-seed weight. Among enriched compost with zeolite treatments, application of 8 ton ha-1compost, application of 4 ton ha-1compost + 10 ton ha-1 zeolite and application of 8 ton ha-1 compost + 10 ton ha-1 zeolite had a significant effect and increased this trait by 28.9, 36.2 and 32.9%, respectively. Enriched compost with zeolite increased grain yield by increasing the number and weight of seeds. Due to the economic importance of grain yield and quality characteristics and overall plant growth, application of 4 ton ha-1compost + 10 ton ha-1 zeolite can optimally increase grain yield in both low water and full irrigation conditions.

A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of inoculation with different mycorrhizal species (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizophagus irregularis, Claroideoglomus. claroideum, Cl. etanicatum, Glomus fasciculatum, G. caledonium, G. versiform and G. geosporum) on the growth parameters of two sesame cultivars (Yekta and Nas takshakheh). In this experiment treatments were arranged as factorial based on a completely randomized design with three replications. Results showed that the the effects of the interaction between mycorrhizal species and cultivars were significant on colonization rate, the contents of  phosphorus, potassium, iron, zinc, chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble carbohydrates and also on shoot dry weight. The highest colonization rates in both cultivars were obtained in the plants inoculated by Cl. claroideum. Mycorrhizal inoculation in most cases increased the concentrations of phosphorus, potassium, iron and zinc in the treated plants. Maximum increases in the contents of  phosphorus (72%), iron (126%) and Zinc (54%) were achieved in the plants of Yekta inoculated by G. fasciculatum, G.caledonium and G.geosporum, respectively, while the highest content of potassium (38%) was obtained in the plants of Nas takshakheh inoculated by G. fasciculatum, Cl.etanicatum and Funneliformis mosseae. Mycorrhizal inoculation, depending on the used cultivar and mycorrhizal species, increased or decreased shoot dry weight and the contents of chlorophyll, carotenoids and soluble carbohydrates. Shoot dry weight was increased by 20 and 23% in the plants of Yekta inoculated by Rhizophagus irregularis and Funneliformis mosseae and by 17 and 41% in the plants of Nas takshakheh inoculated by G. fasciculatum and Cl.clarodoium, respectively, and therefore, these four mycorrhizal species were recognized as the most compatible species with sesame plants.

The presence of abundant calcium carbonate and alkaline soil reaction in most of the country's soils has reduced the bioavailability of some elements for plants. The application of some soil amendments such as sulfur and organic matter can improve the nutrient status of the soil. For this purpose, a factorial experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with 18 treatments and 3 replications on the underground soil of walnut trees. The experimental factors included Thiobacillus at two levels (without inoculation and with inoculation), sulfur (S) at three levels (0, 1000 and 2000 kg. ha-1 ) and organic matter (OM) at three levels (0, 5 and 10 T. ha-1 ). The results showed that S treatment significantly affects soil pH (p <0.01), P (p <0.05) and iron (Fe) concentration on soils beneath the tree covers (p <0.05). The highest P concentration (9.06 mg / kg) and available Fe (6.34 mg / kg) was observed in the treatment of 2000 kg. ha-1 of sulfur. Organic matter treatment significantly has changed the soil pH (p <0.01), available Zn (p <0.01) and plant available P and Fe concentration in soils beneath the tree covers. As the level of applied OM increased, the soil pH decreased. The highest concentration of available P, Fe and Zn was observed in the treatment of 10 tons per hectare of OM. Inoculation with Thiobacillus bacteria decreased the soil pH and increased soil available P concentration. According to the results, the simultaneous application of S, Thiobacillus and OM can increase the phytoavailability of P, Fe and Zn in soils beneath the walnut trees.

Salvia santolinifolia Boiss. is a perennial aromatic plant from Lamiaceae family that grows wild in Iran. The current study was conducted in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications in four habitats of Hormozgan province including Abmah, Ghotbabad, Dorahi-Meymand and Sirmand in 2018 to investigate some of the high-consumption (including calcium, magnesium, potassium and phosphorus) and the micronutrients elements (including copper, iron, manganese, zinc, molybdenum, cobalt, nickel and chromium) in soil and plants. 30 leaf samples were randomly collected from each habitat and divided into three groups of 10 for analyzing. Soil samples were collected from the area around the root of collected plants. In addition, soil physico-chemical characteristics and nutritional elements were measured by using an inductively coupled plasma measuring apparatus (ICP-OES) in lab. Data analysis was conducted by the analysis of variance and means comparision in SAS 9.4 software. The results of analysis of variance showed a significant difference among habitats for the high-consumption and the micronutrients elements (P <0.01). Also, the results revealed that in the present study, by changing the soil texture of the studied habitats from sandy loam to silty loam, the accumulation of high and low consumption elements in the soil and leaves has increased; Ghotbabad and Sirmand habitats had the highest accumulation of elements. The accumulation of high-consumption elements in all four habitats in the leaves was higher than in the soil, and in terms of low-consumption elements, the opposite was observed. Evaluation of high and low consumption nutrients in soil and leaves of natural habitats of S. santolinifolia in Hormozgan province showed that the concentration of nutrients in different habitats depends on changed to the environmental conditions of the region, including the type of parent rock, physical and chemical properties of soil, the status and shape of the elevation, altitude, climatic conditions and other factors, and knowing about these factors can help in choosing a secondary habitat to accelerate the process of domestication of this species.

A greenhouse experiment was conducted to study the effect of cadmium application on growth and nutrient concentrations in the duckweed under salinity conditions. The experiment was factorial arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Factors were cadmium levels (0, 5, 10, 20,40, and 80 mg L-1 cd as cadmium sulfate) and salt concentration levels (0, 10, 20, 40, and 80 mM as sodium chloride) that added to Epstein nutrient solution. The results showed that cadmium and salinity, both alone and in combination, decreased relative growth rate of watercress. Cadmium concentration of duckweed increased by application of cadmium. Salinity increased cadmium concentration of duckweed. The application of cadmium and salinity, both alone and in combination, decreased nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, copper, sodium concentration. Manganese concentration increased by cadmium but decreased by salinity. In conclusion, duckweed accumulated the high concentration of cadmium, as is a cadmium accumulator plant, although high concentration of cadmium and salinity were causing plant death.

In order to study the effect of foliar application of chelated nano iron and drought stress on physiological changes and grain yield of purslane cultivars, an experiment was conducted as split plot factorial randomized complete block design with three replications in Ahar Agricultural Research and Natural Resources Station during 2015. The experimental factors included drought stress levels, 90 (control), 70, and 50 field capacity, two levels of chelated nano iron, 0 (control) and 1 lit.hr, and two cultivars (Tehran and Kazeron). Results showed that foliar application of nano iron under drought stress had a significant effect on some traits, so that the highest content of chlorophyll b (4.47 mg/g leaf tissue) was recorded under normal irrigation and foliar application of nano iron chelated, the highest sodium concentration (38.87%) was obtained from 50% filed capacity and non foliar application of chelated nano iron, and the highest potassium content (87.68%) was obtained under drought stress conditions of 50% filed capacity and foliar application of chelated nano iron. Considering the significance of interaction effects, the highest amount of proline (1.22 mg/g fresh weight), soluble sugar (96.92 mg/g fresh weight), and iron (1.11%) was obtained from Kazeron cultivar under drought conditions, 50% filed capacity by non foliar application of chelated nano iron. The highest amounts of chlorophyll a (6.99 mg/g of leaf tissue), carotenoids (1.67 mg/100 ml), and anthocyanins (0.017 mg/100 ml) were recorded by foliar application of chelated nano iron in Kazeron cultivar under normal irrigation. Also under stress conditions, the use of chelated nano iron compared to control increased the grain yield by 32.66% and Kazeron cultivar was superior to Tehran cultivar, so that the seed grain yield of Kazeron was 1.31 more than that of Tehran.

Salinity is one of the environmental stresses with negatively impact on growth and development process which can leads in oxidative stress induction in plants. Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) is commonly used as a nitric oxide (NO) release agent in plants. Nitric oxide is a relatively stable gas radical and at low concentrations, prevents the production of active oxygen species. The phytochemical changes were investigated in response to application of nitric oxide (0 and 100 μM) in Bidaneh Sefid grapevine plants under different concentrations of sodium chloride (0, 25, 50 and 100 mM). The experiment was done in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouse conditions. Regarding the results, NO application increased the chlorophyll, proline, total soluble sugar, total phenol, total flavonoid, soluble protein concentration and likewise significantly increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes of grapevine leaves. Nitric oxide increased the tolerance of grapevine plants under salinity stress conditions with effect on compatible osmolytes, antioxidant enzymes, potassium and magnesium. Consequently, 100 µM of nitric oxide are recommended for increasing salinity stress tolerance (100 mM).

Using of Nano-materials is one of the suitable ways for increasing of abiotic resistance in plants. In the current research, wild pear seedlings were irrigated with different concentrations of TiO2 and SiO2 NPs such as 0, 10, 100, 500 and 100 mgL-1. After this pretreatments, irrigation was stopped for 14 days to induce drought stress on the seedlings. At the end of the experiment, relative water content, xylem water potential, root biomass, electrolyte leakage rate, proline content and catalase enzyme activity were measured. The results showed that although both types of nanoparticles were differentially absorbed by roots of wild pear seedlings, the amelioration of water deficit in terms of all studied variables were observed for both of NPs with a slight differences between them. SiO2 NPs was more successful in improving root biomass and relative water content. On the other hand, TiO2 NPs was more successful in improving xylem water potential and catalase activity. Finally, amelioration effects of both NPs were clearly proved by the current research but further experiments are advised to find out involved mechanisms.

Today, phenolic compounds and plant growth regulator has been proposed, to reduce the negative effects of stress. Salicylic acid is a substance that causes plant resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. This experiment was conducted in Zabol University during 2013 as factorial randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Factors included 4 levels of lead nitrate; 0 (control), 100, 200 and 300 mg per kg of soil and foliar application of salicylic acid at 3 levels of 0, 50 and 100 ppm. Addition of lead significantly reduced concentrations of potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorous and nitrogen and increased concentrations of sodium, polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. In addition, salicylic acid spraying had a significant influence on all traits, and salicylic acid spraying at 100 mL/L increased concentrations of potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen and decreased concentrations of polyphenol oxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, superoxide dismutase and peroxidase. In this study the interaction between salicylic acid and lead on potassium, magnesium, calcium, phosphorus, nitrogen, sodium and catalase, guaiacol peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase were significant, and salicylic acid play moderating role and reducing the negative effects of lead toxicity. The results suggested salicylic acid application in basil can increase uptake of macro and micro nutrients required for plant growth and reduce the negative effects of stress lead-induced oxidative damage.

The Effects of priming by different levels of salicylic acid (SA) and sowing dates on nutrient elements concentration and distribution in the parts of wheat spike, cv. Alvand, was investigated under field conditions. The factors were including seven levels of priming by SA (0, 400, 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µM), two sowing dates including conventional sowing date (23 October) and late sowing (22 November) and spike parts (Above, Middle and Below) was evaluated. Results showed that interaction between sowing dates, SA and spike different parts were significant on all elements. Salicylic acid improved amount of macro and micro nutrients, especially in the upper and middle parts of spike. Among the priming levels, 400 µM concentration of SA had highest values than other primed levels and control treatment on nutrient elements. It seems that the central section seeds of spike due to greater speed and duration of grain filling showed higher nutrient elements concentration. The highest concentration of nitrogen, phosphor, iron and manganese was found in middle part of spike. But, the highest value for copper observed in upper part and for potassium in lower part of spike. Generally, wheat seed priming with salicylic acid increased concentration of macro and micro nutrients elements, especially in the upper and middle parts of spike.