جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « عملکرد » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Development and progress of human society is rely on research and the application of its principles in educational-scientific fields. Research is one of the most important tasks of universities in order to find and provide solutions to solve problems and obstacles in the society. Students play an important role in research and production of scientific documents, and this is the reason why universities have moved from education only, which is known as first-generation universities, to second-generation universities or education combined with research. Student research committees in the second generation universities play a vital role in the development of research, they identify interested students by establishing a relationship between faculty members and students, creating friendly research groups, research camps and show them the way. Which may be a kind of research talent search. Due to the importance of the mentioned cases, it is necessary to investigate the knowledge, attitude, and performance of students towards research in medical sciences universities. Because the first stage is the formation of research beliefs and ideas in the university and during the student period. The knowledge, attitude, and research performance of students in the field of health and treatment can play an effective role in the field of public health policies, providing health services, as well as the efficiency of the trained forces to fulfill their mission. This study was conducted to investigating the knowledge, attitude, and performance of students towards research in the Health Faculty of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences in 2022.

The present study was a descriptive-analytical study that was conducted cross-sectionally on all undergraduate students of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Health. The sample size (N) was equal to 200 people, and due to a series of restrictions and lack of necessary access to students, 164 of them were participated in this study. To conduct research, the code of ethics (IR.HUMS.REC.1401.133) obtained in the Faculty of Health of Hormozgan University of Medical Sciences. Then a standard questionnaire was applied to investigate students' knowledge, attitude, and performance towards research. The data collected via a questionnaire consisting of four sections of demographic characteristics, knowledge assessment, attitude, and research performance of students. Wrong answers were given a score of zero and correct answers were given a score of 1. The ranking of the students' knowledge based on the obtained score was as follows: 1. Poor level (0-7), 2. Average level (8-11), 3. Good level (12-15). In the attitude section, each question had a score between 1 and 5. In this study, scores of 15-34 were considered as poor attitude, scores of 35-59 as average attitude, and scores of 60-75 as good attitude. In the functional questions section, each question had a score between 0-3. Based on the results, scores of 0-10 were considered as poor performance, scores of 11-20 as average performance, scores of 21-30 as good performance, and scores greater than 30 as excellent performance. The obtained data were statistically analyzed using descriptive and analytical statistics (T-Test, ANOVA, etc.) at a significance level of p<0.05 in SPSS V25.0 software. In order to describe and analyze the data, frequency distribution tables, graphs, index of central tendency (mean, median and mode), and dispersion index (variance, standard deviation, coefficient of variation and their range) are used.

Among 164 studied students, 29 (17.7%) were male, and 135 (82.3%) were female. The information of students participating in the study showed that 85.4% of students were single and the rest were married. The largest number of students participating in this study (36%) are related to the field of environmental health engineering, and other fields are 23.8%, 20.7%, and 19.5%, respectively, related to the fields of public health and occupational health engineering, and biology and vector control. About 72% students lived in dormitories. The relationship between each of the three parts of students' knowledge, attitude, and research performance using Pearson's correlation (at a significance level of 0.05) indicates a correlation of 0.325 between knowledge and attitude, a correlation of 0.334 between knowledge and performance, and the correlation was 0.285 between attitude and performance. The relationship between each part of students' knowledge, attitude, and research performance with their educational level (average) was also investigated. It was observed that there was a positive and significant correlation (0.193) between students' GPA and their research performance. The analysis of the relationship between the variables of gender, marital status, residence status, membership in the student research committee, and field of study using the T-Test showed that the knowledge of girls was significantly higher than that of boys (p<0.05) but in the field of attitude and No significant difference was observed between boys and girls. Regarding the marital status, no significant relationship was observed between the knowledge, attitude, and performance of single and married students. Statistical analysis and examination of the data obtained from the performance of the studied students according to their living conditions showed that the non-dormitory students had a higher average than the dormitory students (p<0.05), but there was a significant difference between their knowledge and attitude. There were no dormitory and non-dormitory people. Dormitory people had a weaker performance than non-dormitory people, which can be due to reasons such as the psychological effect caused by being away from the family environment, the lack of access to free time due to the creation of friendly meetings in the dormitory environment. It should have suitable facilities and space for studying and conducting research. In the study conducted by Izadi et al. at Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, there was a significant statistical relationship between the level of attitude and the place of residence of people; So that the students living in the dormitory had a better attitude about research, which is contrary to the results of the present study.The knowledge, attitude, and research performance of students who were members of the student research committee were higher than other students. Regarding the field of study of the students, a significant difference (p<0.05) was observed in the average score of knowledge (0.032) and performance (0.014) of students studying in different fields of study at the undergraduate level. The results of the ANOVA statistical test on the relationship between students' knowledge, attitude, and performance with the students' academic year showed that, in general, the average scores related to knowledge, attitude, and research performance increased with the increase of the academic year, and therefore the difference There was a significance between students working and studying in different academic semesters (p<0.05). These results are consistent with the findings of Ghafornia et al.'s study (2004) in Isfahan. In a study related to chiropractic students in England, the attitude of 76% of these students towards research was investigated. In this study, the final year students' views on research were significantly different from the first year students and they had a more positive attitude, which is consistent with the results of the present study. In addition, in a study that was conducted in connection with the students of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences in order to investigate their knowledge and attitude about research, the attitude of students in lower educational levels towards research was positive compared to postgraduate students.

Based on the results, it is necessary to find ways to overcome the obstacles faced by students and motivate them to participate in research. Faculties of medical sciences can by updating their curricula and focusing on research-oriented activities, teaching research methods and research empowerment of students, allocating time, developing spaces, facilities, budgets, and research opportunities, forming and Expanding student research cores, assigning supervisors for student research, encouraging and persuading faculty members to participate in student research, provide research experience for all students in faculties of medical sciences. What is certain is that efforts to comprehensively evaluate this issue and to find ways to overcome the existing obstacles can lead to an increase in the participation of students in various fields of medicine in research.

The water resources restriction introduces the water use efficiency in the agricultural section. In this study, an experiment based on the randomized complete block design with three replications was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of refined sewage on the performance and performance elements of cotton in the city of Kerman.  

The experiment treatments were considered as three percent water requirement of plant as main factors: I1 =100, I2=85, and I3 =70 and two water quality as secondary factors: Q1 = well water and Q2 = domestic refined sewage.  

The results showed that the 15 percent deficit-irrigation in comparison with the full water requirement when the domestic refined sewage is used in providing the full water requirement of the plant caused 14.8 percent increase in the water use efficiency and economizing 2405m3 water in conditions and the crop performance and morphologic characteristics remain constant relatively.

Accordingly, the refined sewage can face the water deficit problem of the country and increase the efficiency of irrigation. Also, the 15 percent deficit irrigation in comparison with the full providing of water requirement is recommended in the cotton planting in the Kerman province in order to economize the water use.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of using different levels of molasses with sodium polystyrene sulfonate on the nutrition of broiler chickens. This experiment was performed on 480 male broiler Ross 308 chicks in two periods of 11-24 days and 25-42 days in a completely randomized design with a 3 × 4 factorial arrangement with 12 treatments including three molasses levels (zero, 7.5 And 15% of diet) and four levels of sodium polystyrene sulfonate resin (zero, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 g / kg body weight) with four replications and 10 chickens per replication. In 11-24 days, the treatment with 15% molasses compared to treatments with 7.5% and no molasses had a significant increase in body weight and feed consumption (P<0.05) But no significant difference was observed in 25-42 days and the whole experimental period. There was no significant difference between treatments in feed conversion ratio. The effect of different levels of sodium polystyrene sulfonate on performance was not significant. The effect of molasses and sodium polystyrene sulfonate levels on pure carcass percentage, breast percentage and thigh percentage was not significant. In examining the effects of treatments on liver weight percentage, pancreas weight percentage, gizzard weight percentage, heart weight percentage, intestine weight percentage, small intestine weight percentage, small intestine length, small intestine weight percentage to gizzard weight and abdominal fat percentage, there was no significant difference observed between the treatments. In study of different levels of molasses effect on waste moisture, The treatment containing 15% molasses had the highest amount of waste moisture compared to the treatments containing 7.5% and without molasses (P<0.05). The level of one gram per kilogram of body weight of sodium polystyrene sulfonate compared to other levels had the greatest effect on reducing the moisture content of waste (P<0.05). According to the results, addition of different levels of sodium polystyrene sulfonate had no effect on other items examined in this experiment, except for the reduction of waste moisture. In this experiment, the recommendable level of sodium polystyrene sulfonate, one gram per kilogram of body weight, determined in terms of waste moisture.

The liver is a major organ that processes mycotoxins, detoxifies them and protects the body against their toxic effects. AFB1 can cause unbalanced fat metabolism, increase lipid deposition in the liver, and suppress the activity of antioxidant enzymes and anti-inflammatory cytokines. Kambucha can have liver protective effects due to its antioxidant compounds, yeasts and acid-producing bacteria. 320 male Ross-308 broilers to evaluate the effect of Kambucha on reducing the degree of aflatoxin toxicity in 2 4 4 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design using 8 treatments, four replications and 10 broilers Used in each replication. The first factor was the amount of aflatoxin in the diet at two levels of zero and 2.5 mg/kg of diet and the second factor was kambucha at four levels of zero, 5, 10 and 15 ml per 100 ml of drinking water. Aflatoxin significantly reduced daily weight gain, feed intake and production efficiency index during the initial, growth, final and overall periods (P˂0.05). During the growth and final period of level 10, kambucha had more daily weight gain compared to other treatments. The use of levels 5, 10 and 15 of kambucha compared to level zero showed a significant decrease in feed consumption (P˂0.05). The use of kombucha, aflatoxins and their interaction had no significant effect on feed conversion ratio (P˃0.05). Kambucha had no significant effect on production efficiency index (P˃0.05). Aflatoxin caused a significant increase in liver weight and fat percentage in broilers (P˂0.05). Kambucha had no significant effect on liver weight and fat percentage (P˃0.05). Aflatoxin significantly increased aspartate-aminotransferase levels and decreased serum alkaline phosphatase (P˂0.05) but had no effect on alanine-aminotransferase levels. Although the use of 15 kambucha had the lowest level of alanine-aminotransferase, it was not significantly different from the level of zero. The use of aflatoxin in the diet significantly increased the level of glutathione-peroxidase and different levels of kambucha significantly reduced the level of serum glutathione-peroxidase (P˂0.05). According to the results, the use of Kambucha at levels of 5, 10 and ml per 100 ml of drinking water can be effective in reducing the negative effects of aflatoxin in the diet.

This study was conducted to compare the effects of different levels of pomegranate peel crude juice powder (PPCJP) with a commercial prebiotic on growth performance and gut microbial population of boiler chicks. This trial was done with 250 one-day-old Ross 308 male chicks in five treatments and five replicates in a completely randomized design for 42 days. The treatments included zero (control), 150, 300 and 450 mg of PPCJP per kg feed and 1000 mg commercial prebiotic per kg feed. The growth performance parameters of broilers in starter, grower and finisher periods were recorded and microbial population of Lactobacillus spp., Coliforms spp. and Total aerobics bacteria spp. of ileum and ceca were measured at day 42. Although adding 150 and 300 mg of PPCJP in comparison with other treatments increased BW at day 42 (P<0.05), these treatments had no significant effects on feed intake and feed conversion ratio at day 42. Not only adding prebiotic in contrast with control group had no significant effects on the whole period (1 until 42 d) growth performance, but also increased ileum Coliforms spp. population at day 42 (P<0.05). Adding 150 mg of PPCJP significantly increased (P<0.05) ileum Lactobacillus spp. population compared with other treatments. Moreover, the effect of treatments on ileum and ceca were not significant at day 42. Overall, supplementing 150 mg PPCJP per kg of diet as a feed additive had the positive effects on growth performance and gut microbial population of broiler chicks.

Reducing lipid peroxidation and increasing the oxidative stability of meat are among the topics considered by livestock and poultry industry experts. Achieving this goal requires increasing the antioxidant capacity of cells as a reducing agent of lipid oxidation. Alhaji maurorum is rich in antioxidants due to its antioxidant compounds such as quercetin and catechin. This study was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of Alhaji maurorum on performance, meat quality and blood serum antioxidant status of Japanese quail. A total of 300 Japanese quail chicks from 14-35 days old were used in a completely randomized design in 5 experimental groups with 6 replications and 10 birds in each replication. Experimental groups included control, 1, 2, 3 and 4% Alhaji maurorum. Parameters related to performance, meat quality and serum antioxidant status and antioxidant enzymes were measured and their difference were examined between different levels of Alhaji maurorum. Levels of 2 and 3% Alhaji maurorum had more weight gain in the whole experimental period than the control treatment without having a significant effect on feed intake (P<0.05). Also, in the first week of experiment, 2 and 3 percent levels of Alhaji maurorum significantly reduced the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). Meat quality parameters including water holding capacity, drip loss, cooking loss, thawing loss and oxidative stability of meat were significantly affected by different levels of Alhaji maurorum (P<0.05). Birds receiving different levels of Alhaji maurorum had higher total antioxidant capacity as well as the antioxidant enzymes superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase concentration compared to the control group (P<0.05). Due to the positive effect of 2 and 3% Alhaji maurorum levels on the meat quality and performance parameters of growing Japanese quail, the use of these Alhaji maurorum levels in their diets is recommended.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Quinoa Seed bioactive peptides (QSBP) on performance, some blood parameters and immune system in broiler chicks. A total of 240 one-day-old Ross 308 broiler male chicks were randomly allocated to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicates of 15 birds each. Birds were fed on basal diets (Control) or basal diets supplemented with 50, 100 and 150 mg Quinoa Seed bioactive peptides for 42 d of age. At the end of each week, the weight of mortality, feed intake and the weight of chickens in each replicate were measured then the feed conversion ratio was calculated, Finally, carcass charactristics and blood parameters were evaluated. Results showed that experimental diets had a significant effect on feed intake during finisher and total periods in compared with the control group. Highest feed intake observed in birds that received basal diet supplemented with 150 mg Quinoa Seed bioactive peptides per Kg . Also ,broilers received 150 mg QSBP /kg of diet have significantly higher body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio than the other experimental groups (P<0.05). Also ,broilers received 150 mg QSBP /kg to diet have significantly higher body weight gain and better feed conversion ratio than the other experimental groups (P<0.05)Experimental treatments did not impact serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL in chicks, but serum concentrations of Albumine was higher in broiler chickens which received all experimental diets compared with control (P<0.05). Heterophil and lymphocyte and antibody titres were not affected by the experimental treatments. However, the highest relative weight of spleen observed in broilers which received 150 mg QSBP /kg. It can be concluded that QSBP may improved growth performance, immunity and nutrient digestibility in broiler chickens.

This experiment was performed to investigate the effect of different levels of fly larvae with soybean meal as a source of in protein in broilers (male and female) in Arian broilers with 440 birds in a completely randomized design with four treatments, five replications and 22 birds per replication (male and female equally). The treatments used in this experiment included: treatment one (control diet), treatment two with 10% larvae substitution diets instead of soybean meal, treatment three with 20% substitution diets instead of soybean meal and treatment four with 30% substitution diets in soybean meal substitute composition. The duration of the experiment ranged from one to 45 days. Which was given to them for a week before the start of the experiment to get used to the basic diet. The birds were fed from the eighth to the 18th day of the initial feed, from the 19th to the 30th day of the growth feed and also from the 31st to the 45th day with the final feed. The results of this study showed that the performance of broilers was not affected by experimental treatments (P<0.05) so that the treatment containing 20% ​​of fly larvae had the highest live weight and the lowest weight of heart, liver and gizzard, also in treatment 20 and 30% of larvae had the highest carcass weight and the control treatment had the highest amount of abdominal fat. In general, it can be concluded that the addition of fly larvae improves the performance and carcass characteristics in Aryan broilers and can be used as a substitute for soybean meal in the diet chickens. Economically, European production efficiency factor in treatments including the fly larvae (Hermetia illucens) is better than soybean meal. However, the recommendation to use fly larvae requires a more accurate economic calculation.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects using different levels of dietary crude protein starter period length on performance, carcass characteristics and intestinal morphology of broilers. 288 Rass 308 broilers were used as factorial arrangement (2*3) included 2 levels of dietary cured protein (Rass company recommended and 5% more than it) and 3 starter period length included (7, 10 and 16 days) in a completely randomized design. Reduce the starter period length to 7 days reduced the amount of feed intake and weight gain, whereas increase the starter period length to 16 increased the amount of feed intake, weight gain and final live weight (P<0.05Reduce or increase of the amount of feed intake and weight gain were observed in interaction between starter period length and crude protein levels (P<0.05). Starter period length and crude protein levels had not significant effect on feed conversion ratio and carcass traits (P>0.05). Starter period length and crude protein level had significant effects on intestinal morphology (P<0.05). Reduce the starter period length to 7 days increased the intestinal villi width and length, whereas using crude protein 5% more than Ross recommendation reduce them. In broilers reduce the length of using stater period diet via reduce of the amounts of daily feed consumption and weight gain, reduce the final weight, whereas increase of the use of starter period via increase the amounts of daily feed intake and weight gain, incearse the final weight.

This study was performed to investigate the nutritional effect of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) hydroalcoholic extract on physiological and performance of honey bee colonies. Experimental treatments included control group and groups fed with one, two and three percent of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) extract. At the beginning of the experiment, colonies were used with the same population and reserves and homosexual queens. In this experiment, the colonies were fed with lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) extract every other day and after feeding the colonies with experimental treatments for one month, were measured parameters such as population, queen egg laying, brood rearing, honey production and development of the hypopharyngeal glands. Brood rearing and queen egg laying were measured by Lattice frame (size of the squares are 5×5 cm2) .The population of adult honey bee was measured by frame and 30 days after feeding the colonies. To investigate development of the hypopharyngeal glands, length and width of 10 acini from different parts of the gland for age 3, 6, 9, 12 and 15 days were measured using a stereomicroscope and by software (T Capture).This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Data were analyzed using SAS software and GLM procedure and means were compared using Duncan test at 5% probability level. The results of this study show that at the level of brood rearing, colonies fed with 2% lemon balm extract had a statistically significant increase compared to the control treatment. For population, queen egg laying and honey production parameters, no significant difference was observed between the experimental treatments, but the 2% treatment of lemon balm extract, although not statistically significant, had a better effect numerically. The highest growth of acini level at 3 days (0.0417 mm2) was for honey bees fed with 2% lemon balm extract (P<0.05).There is also a statistically significant difference in the growth of hypopharyngeal glands at different times for each of the treatments. In general, it can be said that adding 2% of lemon balm extract is recommended as a nutritional supplement to honey bee colonies.

Chitosan is one of the derivatives of marine crustacean chitin shells and a polymer of glucosamine, which is obtained from the deacetylation of chitin. The biological activities of chitosan, such as its cholesterol-lowering effects, as well as its antibacterial and antioxidant effects, are well known in some species. Therefore, this experiment was performed to investigate the effects of chitosan on antioxidant status and some biochemical parameters in broiler chickens. For this study, 400 male broilers of Ross 308 strain were assigned to four treatments, five replications, and 20 chickens for each replication in a completely randomized design. Experimental treatments included 1) basic diet, and treatments 2, 3, and 4) were levels of 0.5, 1, and 2 g of chitosan per kg of basic diet, respectively. Blood and biochemical parameters including red blood cell count, white blood cell count, hemoglobin content, hematocrit, monocyte, heterophils and lymphocyte count, triglyceride and blood cholesterol, antioxidant enzyme activity including glutathione peroxidase, superoxide disodium, and peroxidase Plasma hepatic enzymes alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase were measured. Growth performance parameters including weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio were also calculated for the whole experimental period. The results showed that different levels of chitosan significantly improved the antioxidant indices by increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes (glutathione peroxidase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase) and reducing the levels of alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase enzymes. Growth performance parameters and other blood parameters except white blood cell count were not significantly affected by different levels of chitosan. The use of chitosan significantly improved antioxidant parameters (increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes and simultaneously decreasing the level of liver enzymes) in broilers. Therefore, the use of proposed chitosan levels in this scheme is recommended to improve the antioxidant status of broilers in conditions of oxidative stress.

Medicinal plant essential oil has antimicrobial and antioxidant properties and improve small intestine microbial population and feed digestibility and for this purpose its inclusion to broiler chickens’ diet as antibiotic replacement. Present study was conducted in order to compare the effect of different levels of Tanacetum balsamita hydroalcoholic essential oil with vitamin E and C on Ross-308 broiler chickens’ performance and immunity. Three hundred broiler chickens (equal number of male and female) were used in a completely randomized design in 6 treatments and 5 replicates with 10 birds in each. The dietary treatment consisted of: 1) basal diet as control group, 2 and 3) basal diet supplemented with 200 and 400 mg/kg Tanacetum balsamita hydroalcoholic essential oil, respectively, 4) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg Vitamin E, 5) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg vitamin C and 6) basal diet supplemented with 200 mg/kg virginiamycin antibiotic. The results showed that the amount of feed intake, body weight gain, feed conversion ratio and European production efficiency factor, IgG, IgM and total antibody titter against SRBC, New-castle disease and avian influenza virus’s antibody titer were not affected by dietary treatments (P>0.05). Treatments had no effect on toe web swelling index after 4 and 24h post injection period but broiler chickens fed diets containing 200 and 400 mg/kg Tanacetum balsamita essential oil had higher swelling index at 48h after injection whereas there were no significant differences between vitamin E and antibiotic groups (P<0.05) and chickens fed diets supplemented with 200 mg/kg essential oil and vitamin E and C had higher lymphocyte percentage and lower heterophil percentage and heterophil to lymphocyte ratio compared to control group (P<0.05). In conclusion, although Tanacetum balsamita essential oil improved cell mediated immunity of broiler chickens but the results revealed that due to its non-significant effect on broiler chicken’s performance and immunity, its addition to broiler chickens’ diet is not economically advisable.

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of using different levels of green grape leaves on performance, egg quality, blood biochemical and immunity parameters of laying hens. Experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 192 laying hens (Hy LineW-36) in 4 treatments and 4 replicates from 65 to 72 weeks. Experimental diets included: 1) control group with no green grape leaves, in 2 until 4 treatments the level of green grape leaves were 1.5, 3, and 4.5%. Adding green grape leaves into laying hens diets significantly affected their performance, egg quality traits, blood biochemical and immunity parameters (P<0.05). The highest amounts of egg production percentage, egg mass, feed intake, the best feed conversion ratio and the lowest price for production per kilogram of egg, the lowest level of blood uric acid were resulted by using 3% green grape leaves. Yolk color index, eggshell, albumin and egg yolk weights improved by using 4% green grape leaves, whereas the eggshell thickness decreased. In contrast with control group, the count of white blood cells by using green grape leaves increased. The overall results showed that using 3% green grape leaves significantly improved the performance and reduced the feed price for production per kilogram of egg in laying hens.

Current experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of different feed restriction periods on the performance and blood biochemical parameters of Ross-308 broiler chicks. 192 chicks from 10 to 42 days were used in 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in growth (11 to 24 days) and finishing (25 to 42 days) in a completely randomized design. Treatments included: 1) control (without feed restriction), 2) 8 hours feed restriction (from 8 to 28 days of age), 3) 16 hours feed restriction (from 8 to 25 days of age) and 4) feeding skip a day (from 8 to 21 days). Feed restriction had significant effects on broilers' performance and blood biochemical parameters (P<0.05). In the growth period, feed restriction in contrast with the control group, reduced the growth performance of broilers. In this period, daily feed intake, daily growth weight and weight in final period decreased, whereas feed conversion ratio increased. But in the finishing period, feed restriction caused the amount of weight gain to increase and the feed conversion ratio reduces. Feeding skip a day caused the amount of daily feed intake to reduce (P<0.05). In contrast with control group, feed restriction caused the amounts of blood HDL to decline and total protein increased (P<0.05). In conclusion, using 16 hours feed restriction between 8 to 25 days in Ross-308 broilers breeding period, cause the performance index improve.

The aim of this study were carried out to compare reproduction performance of pure Holstein and crossbreds of Holestein-Simmental (50H:50S and 25H:75S) that kept in one farm located in Golstan Province. Reproductive parameters including age of first insemination, age of first calving, gestation length, open days, calving interval and calf birth weight were studied. The Pure Holstein and Holestein- Simmental (50H:50S and 25H:75S) were not different for age at first insemination and age at first calving. The open days had significant influence on Pure breed Holstein and Holestein- Simmental (50H:50S) during the first and third lactation. In this study, the calving distance between pure Holstein breeds and Holstein-Seminal crossbred was significant with a ratio of 50H:50S in the first and second lactation (p<0.05). Calf birth weight in pure Holstein breed (41.228 and 43.787 Kg) were more than Holestein- Simmental crossbred (50H:50S), (40.32 and 41.107 Kg) during the first and second lactation and that was in Holestein- Simmental crossbred (50H:50S), (40.32 Kg) more than Holestein- Simmental crossbred (25H:75S), (36.6 Kg) but there was no significant difference between them. The results of this study indicate that the reproductive performance of Holestein- Simmental crossbred for open days and calving interval and the age of the first inoculation of Seminal-Holstein crossbred with a ratio of 25H:75S were better than Pure Holstein.

The present study investigated two different concentrations of Lactobacillus rhamnosus in diet and also a commercial probiotic (protexin) on broiler performance. This experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 4 replicates of 12 birds each for 42 days. Experimental treatments included; T1-diet without probiotic (control), T2-diet with Protexin as a commercial probiotic, T3- diet with L. rhamnosus at 107 cfu/g and T4-diet with L. rhamnosusat 109 cfu/g (4). No significant differences among experimental diets on weight gain, feed intake and protein efficiency ratio were observed (P>0.05). In total, L. rhamnosusat 109 cfu/g diet (T4) numerically improved feed conversion ratio compared to other treatments in the whole breeding period. A significant difference was observed in calcium content of tibia bone of chicks fed T4- diet compared to other groups (P<0.05), but no significant differences for phosphorous content among treatments were determined. A fortified diet with L. rhamnosus at 109 cfu/g (T4) significantly reduced the cholesterol content of the blood compared to the control and group supplemented with Protexin (P<0.05). Therefore, the use of L. rhamnosus at 109 cfu/g in the diet as a potential probiotic for broilers is recommended.

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of poley (Teucrium polium L.) powder on performance, carcass traits, digestive tract characteristic, intestinal morphology, serum antioxidant and immune status of broilers. 40 ross 308 broilers were used in 5 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 chicks in each replicate in a completely randomized design. Experimental groups included: 1) control group (without using poley) and 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2% poley.

In growth period using 1.5 and 2% poley reduced the amount of weight gain and increased the feed conversion ratio (P<0.05). In finish period the highest and lowest amount of weight gain were observed with 1.5 and 2% poley (P<0.05). In whole period 2% poley in diet decreased the amount of daily weight gain (P<0.05). The highest percentage of gizzard and lowest percentage of breast were obtained with 2% poley (P<0.05). Different levels of poley had no effects on digestive tract characteristic, intestinal morphology and immune status of broilers (P<0.05). Treatments contained 1.5 and 2% poley significantly increased the antioxidant capacity of blood serum (P<0.05). But the level of MDA did not affected in experimental group (P<0.05). The overall results showed that in broilers, using poley up to 1.5% of diet, without having adverse effects on final performance, improve the antioxidant capacity, but using 2% poley had adverse effect on daily weight gain and carcass traits. 

An experiment was conducted in order to study the effects of watermelon rind on performance and biochemical blood indices of broiler chickens. A total of 160 one-day-old Ross 308 male broiler chicks were assigned to 16 pens for 4 experimental treatments, with 4 replications of 10 birds for each replication in a completely randomized design. The experiment consisted of 4 levels of dietary watermelon rinds (0, 1, 5 and 10 %). Dietary watermelon rind of 1% significantly increased mean body weight gain and for all growing periods significantly decreased feed conversion ratio (p>0.01) whereas, above 1% significantly increased feed conversion ratio (p>0.01). The relative weight of breast was significantly increased by 1 and 10% of dietary watermelon rind as it was highest between all treatments (p>0.05). Compared to other treatments, the highest relative weight of thigh was obtained with treatment containing 5%, also, the highest relative weight of pancreas was obtained with treatment containing 1% watermelon rind (p>0.05). The relative weight of abdominal fat and pancreas between treatments were higher for 1% watermelon rind in the diet and the relative weight of abdominal fat and pancreas between treatments were higher for diets containing 1% watermelon rind. The highest relative weight of gizzard, bile and liver were shown for 5 and 10% watermelon rind in the diet (p>0.05). While cholesterol, glucose and HDL were not affected by dietary treatments, ALB, TP and triglyceride were significantly reduced by 10% watermelon rind compared with 1 and 5% watermelon rind in the diet. In general, it was found that the use of watermelon rind up to 10% of the diet had no adverse effect on the performance of broiler chickens.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of early nutrition on performance, humoral and cellular immunity in broilers. This experiment was conducted by use of 480 male broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly allocated in a completely randomized balanced design with eight treatments and four replicates and 15 birds in each replicate for 42 days. The experimental treatments were included: Normal Water + Base Diet for first 72 Hours, Normal Water + Corn Powder first 48 Hours, Water Sugar 5% + Corn Powder first 48 Hours, Water Sugar 5% + Corn Powder first 72 Hours, Water Sugar 5% + Base Diet first 48 Hours, Water Sugar 5% + basic diet for the first 72 hours, gluplus + corn meal for the first 48 hours and gluplus + basal diet for the first 48 hours. The results showed that nutritional treatments had no significant effect on antibody response against sheep red blood cells on days 21 and 42 (P>0.05). The highest average weights of 6- and 7-week old obtained in gluplus+basal diets by 2699.3 and 2827.9 grams, respectively, which did not have a significant difference with normal water + basal diet (2508.5 and 2693.2 grams) (P>0.05). According to the results of this study, nutritional treatment of water with 5% sugar and base diet is recommended due to higher daily gain, lower mortality and better production index in the first 48 hours of feeding broiler chicks.