جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "urban environment" در نشریات گروه "محیط زیست"

Nowadays, paying attention to environmental quality in urban design has played a significant role in improving individuals' quality of life. Urban green space, as productive land uses, provide significant benefits to citizens through social, ecological, aesthetic, and economic services, and have a remarkable impact on the livability of the city. Therefore, this research, with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the selection criteria of plant species in the indices of ecosystem, economic, ecological and aesthetic service indicators, has an important role in selecting the correct plant species.

In this research, 96 criteria were extracted from the review of scientific sources and the opinions of experts in the four axes of the index of ecosystem services, economic, ecological and visual aesthetics. Then, by using the Delphi method in three cycles of receiving information from the questionnaire, the opinions of 14 experts of environmental science, art, green space and urban planning and botanists were asked. Finally, 76 of the 96 criteria introduced for the selection of species were prioritized and selected, and 20 criteria were removed from the cycle.

The results showed that in the ecosystem services index, aesthetic value, tourism, and air purification criteria were important, while in the economic index, seedlings, irrigation equipment, and equipment depreciation and obsolescence criteria were important. In the ecological index, the criteria for water needs, the number of frosty days per year, and the average number of sunny days per year were important. In the beauty-cognitive visual index of green space, diversity of color and texture diversity and visual sharing criteria were considered important for aesthetic prioritization.

By considering these criteria, it results in the selection of plant species that are suitable for certain ecological and economic conditions, and also take into consideration their appearance and their ability to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, City planners and managers can use the prioritization of the plants introduced in this research to choose appropriate species for the urban environment.

The development of technology and the advancement of science and technology in large and industrial cities have been associated with the destruction of the environment and various pollutions in human societies. One of the most obvious types of pollution is noise pollution, which causes mental and nervous diseases. In this article, with the aim of evaluating the noise pollution and the impact of social, physical and environmental variables in the urban environment, the evaluation of the sound landscape during the peak activity hours of District2 of Tabriz metropolis has been discussed. In terms of research method, this article is a combination of descriptive-analytical, documentary and survey methods. First, district2 was divided into squares of 200×200 meters based on the 1996 ISO standard grid method, and in the center of each square as a sound recording station with a decibel meter (Bentec digital sound meter model GM1357) the level of sound equivalent (Leq) with The sound pressure level of network A was measured with Fast response speed for 3 minutes, in two time periods: morning (8 to 11) and evening (19 to 22) in the months of Tir to Azar 1400 (July to December 2021). The maps of each dependent and independent variables were drawn in GIS software environment and evaluated using multiple linear regression model in SPSS software. The results of this research show that district2 has more noise pollution in the evening than in the morning. At the end, solutions to reduce noise pollution in the area are suggested.

With the development of sciences and technologies, the growth and expansion of cities led to the destruction of the environment and production of various biological pollutions across human societies. Meanwhile, noise pollution has been one of the types of pollution that has adversely affected the comfort of urban residents and is found to be directly associated with the mental health of people in society. This type of pollution may cause mental diseases, irritability, allergies and other nervous and psychological diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the noise landscape of District 4 of Tabriz and investigate the amount of this type of pollution in the peak hours of activities in this city, as well as the impacts of social, physical and environmental variables on the urban environment.

This paper used a methodology that combined descriptive-analytical, documentary and survey methods. District 4 of Tabriz was divided into squares of 200*200 m in dimensions, based on a standard square grid, with the center of each square designated as the noise acquisition station. The equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) of each station was measured for 3 minutes at two-time intervals of 8-11 a.m. and 7-10 p.m. in June to December of 2021. Noises were acquired by using a decibel meter device at a sound pressure level of Grid A with a Fast Response Speed. The dependent variable was the equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) at two morning and afternoon time intervals and independent social and physical variables were population density, construction density, the distance from pathway grids, the distance from administrative and police uses, the distance from educational uses, the distance from urban installation and equipment uses, the distance from commercial and service uses, the distance from treatment uses, the distance from industrial uses, the distance from barren land, the distance from green spaces and the distance from aerial corridors. Each of the maps pertaining to the independent and dependent variables of District 4 was separately sketched in GIS software, and then, the effects of each of the independent variables on dependent variables were examined by using a linear regression model in SPSS software.

Surveys indicated that the noise landscape of District 4 of Tabriz Metropolitan consisted of children game noises, noises caused by vehicle and motorcycle traffic, trash trucks when loading trash bins and the sound of construction workers across the neighborhoods, noises caused by motorcycle horns and their swerving noise, the passage of trucks and vans, as well as motor vehicles on the streets and other main axes, the traffic noise of inter-city buses and their horns, load trucks, international transit trucks on first degree axes (Pasdaran Highway and Santou Road), etc. The evaluation of independent social and physical variables with dependent variables (sound equivalent level (Leq) in the two intervals of morning 8 to 11 and evening 19 to 22) shows that out of 12 independent variables of district 4 of Tabriz metropolis in the morning time interval, 9 independent variables of population density , building density, distance from road network, distance from administrative and law enforcement use, distance from urban facilities and equipment use, distance from medical use, distance from industrial use, distance from green space use and in the evening period, 7 independent variables of population density , building density, distance from road network, distance from medical use, distance from industrial use, distance from green space use and distance from air corridor have a significant effect on the sound equivalent level (Leq) and the level of noise pollution in district 4 of Tabriz metropolis. And the variables of distance from administrative and law enforcement use due to the closure of this use in the evening period and commercial and service use despite the high population density of this use but due to the high distribution in the localities of the region, the distance from it do not have an effect on the sound equivalent level (Leq).

Linear regression model results for evaluating independent and dependent variables (equivalent continuous sound level (Leq)) at each time intervals (morning and afternoon time intervals) indicated that the semi-eastern neighborhoods of District 4 suffer from higher noise pollution, while semi-western neighborhoods were dealing with lower amounts of nose pollution.

The city of Sari, as one of the most populated cities in Iran, is facing the increasing growth of urbanization, which has led to many transformations in this city. The aim of the current research is the comparative analysis of the effects of vegetation on increasing thermal energy and increasing temperature in Sari city. Considering that the current research has done a comparative analysis of the effects of vegetation on increasing thermal energy and increasing temperature in Sari city in three time periods from 1378 to 1398, it can be said that the community studied in this research was the local situation (temperature and vegetation cover) of Sari city. Is. Also, the data of the current research in the field of air pollutants includes Landsat and Sentinel data. The data analysis of the current research is based on the processing of Landsat and Sentinel satellite data and using ArcGIS and Terrset software. The results of the present research showed that in the above three periods, the temperature of the earth's surface has increased in parallel with the reduction of vegetation in Sari city, and in 1378, with the lowest degrees Celsius from 19 to 32, it reached 23 to 41 degrees Celsius in 1398. And with the reduction of the amount of vegetation based on the constructions and the physical expansion of the city, the temperature has increased significantly. The results of the calculation of the correlation between the surface heat of Sari city areas show that there is a spatial correlation (point to point) of 0.47 between the surface heat energy of Sari city areas in 1378 and 1398, which means that 0.053 of the area of Sari city during The temperature pattern has changed in the last two decades.

One of the most important and complex social developments in the world in the last half century is the development of urbanization. Due to scattered growth in many cities in the world, natural resources are not used properly. The increase in environmental concerns, economic and social inequalities as a result of the expansion of urban spaces, caused attention to new urban design and planning strategies, including the smart urban growth strategy. In fact, the smart growth strategy is one of the most acceptable approaches to face such a situation, which, while preserving the environment, meets the needs of today's urban society.

The current research is of a practical and practical type, the purpose of which is to overlap the environmental indicators of the Bashgah Naft neighborhood, with an emphasis on the smart growth approach, with a descriptive-analytical method, and in order to evaluate the indicators and the state of the situation, a survey method was used to measure opinions and Thoughts go on. The process of collecting research information is a review of library texts and the most used sources are specialized books and magazines and the use of the global information network. The studied space of Bashgah Naft neighborhood is from district 21 of Tehran city, according to the last census of 2015, the population of the neighborhood is 60,163 people, sampling is based on random method and using Cochran's formula with an error rate of 5%, the statistical sample is 381 people. Independent sample t-tests are used in data analysis.

According to the presented theoretical foundations and also after examining the indicators of urban environment and indicators of smart urban growth and examining the background of their researches, the indicators of urban environment were overlapped with an emphasis on the approach of smart urban growth and in the form of four criteria, 12 sub-criteria and 47 Indicators were proposed and the relationship between the indicators and their sub-criteria and criteria has been determined. The indicators of the research were investigated using the t-test of one sample, and after measuring the t-test in the indicators and sub-criteria, it was determined that only four indicators out of 47 indicators and two sub-criteria out of 12 sub-criteria are average. Regarding 44 indicators and 10 other sub-criteria, according to their significance level, in some of them, due to the positive difference of the mean and the numbers of the upper and lower limits obtained, it indicates the intensity in that index or sub-criteria, and in the rest of them, according to The negativity of the average difference and the numbers of the upper and lower limits obtained indicates weakness in that index or subcriterion.

According to the assumption of the research that the Bashgah Naft neighborhood is moderately compatible with the overlapped indicators of the urban environment with an emphasis on the smart growth approach; After conducting the desired test and analyzes, it can be concluded that the level of compatibility of  Bashgah Naft neighborhood with the overlapped indicators is not up to the average level.

Urbanization and land use changes in urban environments have led to the development of impermeable lands in urban areas. the risk of floods in urban basins compared to non-urban basins has increased and has caused a lot of damage to urban infrastructure, it is necessary to use approaches that, preventing the detrimental effects on the urban environment, provide maximum efficiency in runoff management projects at the source. , in the present study, the combination of structural and non-structural methods of flood management and technical-economic comparison of these methods have been Studied. Bentley StormCAD software has been used as a hydraulic model for structural design and modern LID-BMP approaches have been used as non-structural methods for surface runoff management in Islamic Azad University of Najafabad. Modern approaches have included soakaway, infiltration trench, rain gardens, temporary dry detention basin and vegetated swale. The analysis of results and technical-economic evaluation is based on structural, non-structural scenarios and integrated approach. The results of hydraulic analysis have shown that the average flow rate in the network is 370 lit/s and the minimum flow rate is equal to 10 lit /s, which justifies the possibility of using non-structural methods. Comparison of methods has shown that the use of an integrated approach to a structural approach has reduced costs by 48% and runoff by 90% over a 2 to 10 year return period. During the 50- and 100-year return periods, it also reduced surface runoff at the outlet points of the basin by 74% and 59%, respectively.

Feeling the sense of security has been considered as one of the important criteria of quality of urban life. The urban environment index is one of the factors that in the present study tried to measure its impact on the sense of security in the urban space. In line with this research, with the aim of spatial analysis of citizens' sense of security in the neighborhoods of Kermanshah; Faizabad, 22 Bahman, Javanshir, Abadani and Maskan, Shariati, Saadi, Aghajan, Chenani, Jafarabad and Elahieh neighborhoods were evaluated. The research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application, and nature of the method. feeling the sense of security as a dependent variable and environmental quality as an independent variable in the form of six indicators of air pollution, noise pollution, waste, green space per capita, sewer condition and the ratio of durable buildings to total buildings and their impact on feeling the sense of security. After collecting the data, using TOPSIS technique, each neighborhood was evaluated in terms of feeling of urban security based on the proposed index. According to the studies, 22 Bahman neighborhood with proportional distribution of green space, less garbage volume, higher percentage of durable buildings, etc. The most affluent neighborhood of Kermanshah and Faizabad neighborhood with turbulent texture, air pollution, unpleasant odor of sewage, garbage volume, Noise pollution and the lowest distribution of green space, the most deprived neighborhood in terms of urban environment index was assessed among the studied neighborhoods. Accordingly, it was concluded that feeling the sense of security in these neighborhoods is directly related to the quality of environmental indicators. The results of this study can help managers and those involved in Kermanshah in increasing urban security by using environmental indicators.

Noise pollution is one of the most important pollutants of the environment in urban areas and it is evident for everyone that one of the environmental problems is to reduce noise pollution to increase life quality and decrease its effect on citizens' health. The city traffic and vehicles are the major sources of noise pollution in large cities especially Tehran. Region 6 of Tehran is the most polluted area in terms of noise pollution. Therefore, a noise barrier in length of 511m and an area of 3066m which is situated in the western margin of Kurdistan highway and it is the only highway with the noise barrier in this region. This highway was chosen as our case study.

Feasibility studies and construction of noise barrier of the highway was implemented before changing the intersection of Kurdistan-Gomnam highway from coplanar to non-coplanar type. But the traffic and noise pollution situation changed following the changing of the intersection of the highway. In this study, we attempted to model noise pollution situation of region and the reducer role of noise barrier given the non-coplanar intersection in addition to overview of noise pollution situation of region by the traffic data of three streets leading to intersection and mean sound level at some points and examine improvement and or deterioration level of environment noise pollution.

The modeled maps were compared in four groups after being prepared and the reason for the increase and decrease of the noise level in each situation was stated.

After comparing it was found that by eliminating the cross-level intersection with traffic lights in addition to lowering the noise level at 1.7 m height, the vehicle traffic was also smoother and by distributing acoustic levels at different altitudes, due to the presence of Slope levels of overpass and overpass decreased overall noise pollution concentration at lower altitudes, and positive performance of the audio wall decreased slightly, and environmental management strategies were introduced to control noise pollution further.

Feathers as an excellent way to monitor trace metals in the environment from the 1960s have already been used. The aim of this study is using feather of laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis) as an indicator of urban environmental pollution.

The concentration of Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc were evaluated from 58 laughing dove's feather samples from 19 different locations within the city of Yazd. Chemical digestion and atomic absorption spectrometer was used for measuring the concentration of trace metal. Weighing method by 0.001 g accuracy digital scale were used to study the index of two wing asymmetry.

Mean concentration of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc were 20.13 ± 1.27 μg g-1, 0.85± 0.04 μg g-1, 15.56 ± 0.28 μg g-1 and 209.72 ± 8.77 μg g-1. Due to heterogeneity of human activity and structure in urban environment the concentration of trace metals (lead, cadmium and zinc) showed significant differences in different local scale regions. In this study correlation was observed between Lead and Cadmium with Zinc.

Correlation pattern could simply result from correlated concentrations of these metals in the environment and could be a kind of positive feedback protection against Lead and Cadmium pollution. The results showed considerable trace metals absorption by laughing dove's feather that caused by human activity and efficiency of laughing dove's feather as an indicators of trace metal pollution in urban environment.

Nowadays, cities, of the problems and serious injuries in various fields, especially environmental challenges are suffering. Concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between growth of services and urban infrastructure, particularly in developing countries, Urban areas in terms criterias of environmental sustainability and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, pollutants audio-visual, disposal problems of sewage and garbage disposal problems, health water providing etc confronted. Continuation of such injuries, especially with form and function in developing countries, including Iran, the crisis is creating and alerts based the environmental instability in cities. In this context, the present study is an applied research and descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of research, analysis and pathology environmental sustainability in Ahvaz city. To achieve the desired aim, by extracting findings from the study experiences internal studies, indicators such as air contaminants, water and urban wastes was selected as environmental damage. The findings indicate that despite the contribution of environmental damage in the analysis of sustainability Indicators and the quality of the urban environment, Can be said that the most important air pollutants are role in environmental instability in Ahvaz city.

Today, the electricity industry and its use are an integral part of life, so even a single minute of electricity can cause billions of losses. If electricity had not been discovered so far, human beings would never have reached such levels of prosperity and still have to use carts and horses. This paper examines the characteristics of urban environments and the effects of electricity transmission lines on the environment and humans. In addition to all the benefits that the electricity industry has, it will also have potentially harmful effects on humans and the environment, making people exposed to power lines more likely to develop cancers than others. Considering human progress, solutions to this problem can be found, for example, the transmission of electricity from underground lines, which have a detrimental effect on both the physical and environmental health of the airline

Environmental protection is a key element in urban management. Due to complex relationships between human and environment in metropolises, the importance of environment is ever-increasing. Heavy environment deterioration and the indicators of the human habitat show significant drop in life satisfaction and life quality in Tehran (Tehran state of the Environment, 2015). A reason for this situation is inter-organizational inconsistencies among those who are in charge of urban environmental management. Sporadic attitudes of the organizations and different policies within the geographical neighboring areas are among managerial and structural deficiencies in the metropolis. This research is an attempted to minimize the effects of such urban difficulties and problems. In this paper The current situation of environment in Tehran metropolis including air, water, biodiversity and human habitat along with the most crucial threats, their effect as well as the associated agencies and organizations have been investigated, using the indicators of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), UNEP (United Nation Environmental Program) and GFF (Global Environmental Fund). The current management of Tehran environment is studied based on a framework and using SWOT analysis. Then, an ideal urban environmental management framework is proposed for Tehran, with regard to the higher order legal documents of national and international levels and the global models such as: UN Habitat Program, Sustainable Cities Program, Policy and Regulatory Framework for Sustainable Cities Program, Healthy Cities Program, Agenda 21, Strategies of the Environmental European commission and a Good Governance Model, as well as the results of the SWOT analysis In this framework, the authorities in charge of urban management and their responsibilities are determined and classified at three levels of policy-making, decision making and implementation and Target, and the relationship between them are clarified.

Important heavy metals such as lead are part of the pollutants produced by vehicles and the traffic flow causes them to be released into the urban environment. In order to study the pollution rate of street margin trees and determining the traffic parameter affecting the amount of lead in plane tree of Rasht city, a case study was selected in this city from four stations on the outskirts of the city for traffic and low traffic. Traffic factors including three superficial stations based on traffic volume per day and per month and a low traffic station. The method was used to determine that 60 species of plane tree at 30 meters intervals were randomly selected from the total tree crown area to determine the amount of adsorption of heavy lead metal which was selected from each sample with amount of 10 grams to test the absorbed lead content.The results of this study showed that lead absorption by plane tree species in three stations and control station, Takhti St. Station had the highest amount of lead (29.53 ppm) than the other three stations. Therefore, the plane tree species can be a suitable type for the margin of streets in the urban area. The results of this research can be used in transportation management and urban traffic control and urban design and urban design and planting.

Nowadays, cities are facing problems such as overheating caused by urban congestion, causing thermal islands and environmental problems, which make life difficult in some places. The wind flow in the urban environment is an important factor affecting the exchange of heat and moisture, particle transport, and urban ventilation. Studies show that physical factors such as enclosure change, the elevation of buildings, and different orientations of passageways in urban texture affect the speed and direction of the wind flow. The purpose of this study was to analyze climate data related to wind flow in two urban areas of Dezful and investigate the effect of enclosure of passages on the wind flow.

In order to carry out the study, two areas of Siah-Pushan and Gozare-Shahi in the range of historical texture of Dezful, with similar and different physical factors, were selected for the analysis of physical conditions by comparing climate data. Data on the intensity of the wind and the ambient temperature of both areas in five periods of 9 -11 am, 11am-1 pm, 2-4 pm, 4-6 pm, and 6-8 pm, and in two seasons, winter and summer, were selected. Then, the enclosure of the collected points was calculated and using the linear regression analysis, the relationship between enclosure and wind speed was assessed.

The results showed that the velocity of the southwest-northeast wind flow was more than other ori entations. Also, surveys showed that increasing the specific enclosure can increase the wind speed by a certain magnitude. In Gozare-Shahi, the results of the regression diagrams in the winter indicated that a direct relationship exists between the enclosure of the cross-sections and the velocity of the wind. With the minimum enclosure (0.35) increasing 1.5 to 3 times, the initial velocity of wind increased up to 31- 121 percent. The results of the linear regression diagrams in Siah-Pushan indicated that with 2 to 6 times increase in the enclosure, the wind speed increases up to 1.1 to 1.8 times. The results obtained  from the linear regression diagrams in Gozare-Shahi passage showed that the enclosure of passways and the velocity of the wind flow are directly correlated. With the minimum enclosure (0.35) increasing 1.5 to 3 fold, the initial velocity of the wind increased 10 to 40 percent. In Siah-Pushan range, the enclosure of transitions was directly correlated with the wind. Also, the results showed that by increasing the enclosure up to 2 to 6 times, the velocity of the wind increased 1.03 to 1.20 times.

Increasing the velocity of the wind led to better ventilation in the urban environment. On the other hand, increasing the enclosure increased the velocity. Uniform buildings, as well as regular enclosures with the least changes, will increase the velocity of the wind stream, as well as less turbulence. Thus, increasing enclosure, as well as regular buildings, can ultimately lead to better urban environments.

Increasing production of waste in cities is an issue that municipalities deal with it and a significant amount of municipal funds spent on the collection, transport and disposal of the waste, in addition to the many environmental problems will follow.
This paper aims to identify social factors that influence the production of household waste is reduced. For this purpose, the two regions 3 and 10 of Tehran municipality in terms of per capita household waste generation and associated social factors were studied. Because these two regions close together despite the population, in terms of physical and social differences with each other, which can help reduce household waste produced per capita. Then to answer assumptions, based on a survey questionnaire containing open and closed questions was used.
Findings: The findings show that many social factors have a direct impact on per capita production of household waste, such as age, gender, marital status, family size, length of stay in Tehran and region, type of home and respect for the separation of waste. Then the two regions based on criteria and indicators of physical, social, environmental and management were evaluated and by region 3, percentage points respectively is 67, 64, 36 and 38 and the region 10 is 47, 46, 33 and 36. Finally, 20 action plan to reduce domestic waste generation per capita was presented with an emphasis on social factors.
Discussion and The results of the questionnaire were analyzed by using statistical tests.

Nowadays, cities, of the problems and serious injuries in various fields, especially environmental challenges are suffering. Concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between growth of services and urban infrastructure, particularly in developing countries, Urban areas in terms criterias of environmental sustainability and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, pollutants audio-visual, disposal problems of sewage and garbage disposal problems, health water providing etc confronted. Continuation of such injuries, especially with form and function in developing countries, including Iran, the crisis is creating and alerts based the environmental instability in cities.
In this context, the present study is an applied research and descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of research, analysis and pathology environmental sustainability in Ahvaz city. To achieve the desired aim, by extracting findings from the study experiences internal studies, indicators such as air contaminants, water and urban wastes was selected as environmental damage.
The findings indicate that despite the contribution of environmental damage in the analysis of sustainability Indicators and the quality of the urban environment, Can be said that the most important air pollutants are role in environmental instability in Ahvaz city.

Green roof is one of the new approaches of the architecture and urban planning and derived from the concepts of sustainable development which can be used to increase the green space per capita, environmental quality and urban sustainable development. Applied usage of roofs could be considered as an optimized utilization of urban lands. The main objective of this paper is to study the role of green roofs as a strategy to improve urban environmental quality from the sustainable architecture perspective.
Initially, a questionnaire was designed on the base of experts’ opinions, including 22 questions. Then 30 experts in the field of urban planning and architecture were selected as the study sample. Considering architectural issues and urban sustainable development, questions were categorized according to three main scopes: 1. The effects of green roofs on the ecological, continental, environmental, and economic-cultural aspects, 2. The differences between intensive and extensive green roofs, and 3. The differences between the green roofs and common roofs. The Alpha method was used for the evaluation of the reliability, and 3 hypotheses were presented for analyzing the questionnaire.
The alpha factor was gained to be 0.727, showing that the questionnaire had a proper reliability. After analyzing the hypotheses, they were confirmed. This implied the great effect of green roofs on improvement of urban environmental quality from the sustainable architecture perspective. The results showed that totally 70-80% of experts declared that the green roofs had high importance in the improving the environmental quality and sustainable urban development. Indeed, green roofs are our connector with nature in designing and planning and can reduce the negative effects of buildings in local ecosystem and consequently reduce the energy consumption. Moreover, green roofs can have a determinative role in fluctuation of energy circulation in buildings and may play an aesthetical role for the residents of cities.