جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « urban environment » در نشریات گروه « محیط زیست »

Nowadays, paying attention to environmental quality in urban design has played a significant role in improving individuals' quality of life. Urban green space, as productive land uses, provide significant benefits to citizens through social, ecological, aesthetic, and economic services, and have a remarkable impact on the livability of the city. Therefore, this research, with the aim of identifying and prioritizing the selection criteria of plant species in the indices of ecosystem, economic, ecological and aesthetic service indicators, has an important role in selecting the correct plant species.

In this research, 96 criteria were extracted from the review of scientific sources and the opinions of experts in the four axes of the index of ecosystem services, economic, ecological and visual aesthetics. Then, by using the Delphi method in three cycles of receiving information from the questionnaire, the opinions of 14 experts of environmental science, art, green space and urban planning and botanists were asked. Finally, 76 of the 96 criteria introduced for the selection of species were prioritized and selected, and 20 criteria were removed from the cycle.

The results showed that in the ecosystem services index, aesthetic value, tourism, and air purification criteria were important, while in the economic index, seedlings, irrigation equipment, and equipment depreciation and obsolescence criteria were important. In the ecological index, the criteria for water needs, the number of frosty days per year, and the average number of sunny days per year were important. In the beauty-cognitive visual index of green space, diversity of color and texture diversity and visual sharing criteria were considered important for aesthetic prioritization.

By considering these criteria, it results in the selection of plant species that are suitable for certain ecological and economic conditions, and also take into consideration their appearance and their ability to provide ecosystem services. Therefore, City planners and managers can use the prioritization of the plants introduced in this research to choose appropriate species for the urban environment.

 Parks and urban green spaces are among the uses that are important for distribution and distribution throughout the city. One of the important issues that is now seen in major cities is the imbalance in the distribution system and the failure of the urban services system, including urban green space This has had adverse effects on the urban environment. This article deals with the distribution of green spaces in the eight regions of Ahwaz, which indicates that there is a shortage or surplus of urban green spaces among the regions. The aim of the paper is to study and analyze the environmental issues and spatial distribution of urban green space in the Ahwaz area. The research method is descriptive-analytical and in terms of applied type. The required information is gathered from the statistics published by the municipality and the statistical journal of Ahwaz. The results of this study indicate that green space in Ahwaz is only 1.4% of the total urban area. The green standard in this study is 12 square meters per person, which requires an average of 13344000 square meters per square meter of green space in Ahwaz for 1392. Which does not share the same distribution among the different regions of the city and has a large difference in the per capita distribution of urban green spaces in different regions. In 1395, taking into account the same 12 square meters per capita green space per person, this city needs 14217456 square meters of green space.

With the development of sciences and technologies, the growth and expansion of cities led to the destruction of the environment and production of various biological pollutions across human societies. Meanwhile, noise pollution has been one of the types of pollution that has adversely affected the comfort of urban residents and is found to be directly associated with the mental health of people in society. This type of pollution may cause mental diseases, irritability, allergies and other nervous and psychological diseases. This paper aimed to evaluate the noise landscape of District 4 of Tabriz and investigate the amount of this type of pollution in the peak hours of activities in this city, as well as the impacts of social, physical and environmental variables on the urban environment.

This paper used a methodology that combined descriptive-analytical, documentary and survey methods. District 4 of Tabriz was divided into squares of 200*200 m in dimensions, based on a standard square grid, with the center of each square designated as the noise acquisition station. The equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) of each station was measured for 3 minutes at two-time intervals of 8-11 a.m. and 7-10 p.m. in June to December of 2021. Noises were acquired by using a decibel meter device at a sound pressure level of Grid A with a Fast Response Speed. The dependent variable was the equivalent continuous sound level (Leq) at two morning and afternoon time intervals and independent social and physical variables were population density, construction density, the distance from pathway grids, the distance from administrative and police uses, the distance from educational uses, the distance from urban installation and equipment uses, the distance from commercial and service uses, the distance from treatment uses, the distance from industrial uses, the distance from barren land, the distance from green spaces and the distance from aerial corridors. Each of the maps pertaining to the independent and dependent variables of District 4 was separately sketched in GIS software, and then, the effects of each of the independent variables on dependent variables were examined by using a linear regression model in SPSS software.

Surveys indicated that the noise landscape of District 4 of Tabriz Metropolitan consisted of children game noises, noises caused by vehicle and motorcycle traffic, trash trucks when loading trash bins and the sound of construction workers across the neighborhoods, noises caused by motorcycle horns and their swerving noise, the passage of trucks and vans, as well as motor vehicles on the streets and other main axes, the traffic noise of inter-city buses and their horns, load trucks, international transit trucks on first degree axes (Pasdaran Highway and Santou Road), etc. The evaluation of independent social and physical variables with dependent variables (sound equivalent level (Leq) in the two intervals of morning 8 to 11 and evening 19 to 22) shows that out of 12 independent variables of district 4 of Tabriz metropolis in the morning time interval, 9 independent variables of population density , building density, distance from road network, distance from administrative and law enforcement use, distance from urban facilities and equipment use, distance from medical use, distance from industrial use, distance from green space use and in the evening period, 7 independent variables of population density , building density, distance from road network, distance from medical use, distance from industrial use, distance from green space use and distance from air corridor have a significant effect on the sound equivalent level (Leq) and the level of noise pollution in district 4 of Tabriz metropolis. And the variables of distance from administrative and law enforcement use due to the closure of this use in the evening period and commercial and service use despite the high population density of this use but due to the high distribution in the localities of the region, the distance from it do not have an effect on the sound equivalent level (Leq).

Linear regression model results for evaluating independent and dependent variables (equivalent continuous sound level (Leq)) at each time intervals (morning and afternoon time intervals) indicated that the semi-eastern neighborhoods of District 4 suffer from higher noise pollution, while semi-western neighborhoods were dealing with lower amounts of nose pollution.

The city of Sari, as one of the most populated cities in Iran, is facing the increasing growth of urbanization, which has led to many transformations in this city. The aim of the current research is the comparative analysis of the effects of vegetation on increasing thermal energy and increasing temperature in Sari city. Considering that the current research has done a comparative analysis of the effects of vegetation on increasing thermal energy and increasing temperature in Sari city in three time periods from 1378 to 1398, it can be said that the community studied in this research was the local situation (temperature and vegetation cover) of Sari city. Is. Also, the data of the current research in the field of air pollutants includes Landsat and Sentinel data. The data analysis of the current research is based on the processing of Landsat and Sentinel satellite data and using ArcGIS and Terrset software. The results of the present research showed that in the above three periods, the temperature of the earth's surface has increased in parallel with the reduction of vegetation in Sari city, and in 1378, with the lowest degrees Celsius from 19 to 32, it reached 23 to 41 degrees Celsius in 1398. And with the reduction of the amount of vegetation based on the constructions and the physical expansion of the city, the temperature has increased significantly. The results of the calculation of the correlation between the surface heat of Sari city areas show that there is a spatial correlation (point to point) of 0.47 between the surface heat energy of Sari city areas in 1378 and 1398, which means that 0.053 of the area of Sari city during The temperature pattern has changed in the last two decades.

One of the most important and complex social developments in the world in the last half century is the development of urbanization. Due to scattered growth in many cities in the world, natural resources are not used properly. The increase in environmental concerns, economic and social inequalities as a result of the expansion of urban spaces, caused attention to new urban design and planning strategies, including the smart urban growth strategy. In fact, the smart growth strategy is one of the most acceptable approaches to face such a situation, which, while preserving the environment, meets the needs of today's urban society.

The current research is of a practical and practical type, the purpose of which is to overlap the environmental indicators of the Bashgah Naft neighborhood, with an emphasis on the smart growth approach, with a descriptive-analytical method, and in order to evaluate the indicators and the state of the situation, a survey method was used to measure opinions and Thoughts go on. The process of collecting research information is a review of library texts and the most used sources are specialized books and magazines and the use of the global information network. The studied space of Bashgah Naft neighborhood is from district 21 of Tehran city, according to the last census of 2015, the population of the neighborhood is 60,163 people, sampling is based on random method and using Cochran's formula with an error rate of 5%, the statistical sample is 381 people. Independent sample t-tests are used in data analysis.

According to the presented theoretical foundations and also after examining the indicators of urban environment and indicators of smart urban growth and examining the background of their researches, the indicators of urban environment were overlapped with an emphasis on the approach of smart urban growth and in the form of four criteria, 12 sub-criteria and 47 Indicators were proposed and the relationship between the indicators and their sub-criteria and criteria has been determined. The indicators of the research were investigated using the t-test of one sample, and after measuring the t-test in the indicators and sub-criteria, it was determined that only four indicators out of 47 indicators and two sub-criteria out of 12 sub-criteria are average. Regarding 44 indicators and 10 other sub-criteria, according to their significance level, in some of them, due to the positive difference of the mean and the numbers of the upper and lower limits obtained, it indicates the intensity in that index or sub-criteria, and in the rest of them, according to The negativity of the average difference and the numbers of the upper and lower limits obtained indicates weakness in that index or subcriterion.

According to the assumption of the research that the Bashgah Naft neighborhood is moderately compatible with the overlapped indicators of the urban environment with an emphasis on the smart growth approach; After conducting the desired test and analyzes, it can be concluded that the level of compatibility of  Bashgah Naft neighborhood with the overlapped indicators is not up to the average level.

Noise pollution can be found today in most urban and industrial areas of cities, which has many effects on hearing, emotions, psyche and human body, and its high level can cause serious damage to the health of the individual and society. The city of Ardabil is not free from this problem and noise pollution can be seen in the crowded and busy squares and intersections of the city. These squares and intersections have not been studied as they should be and perhaps from the angle of noise pollution in order to pay attention to specific reactions in proportion to the load of noise pollution and the reflection of its effects. Therefore, in the present study, the situation of noise pollution in crowded and busy intersections and intersections of Ardabil city in the distance between Tazeh Maidan and Sarein station has been investigated. According to the issues raised, the present study seeks to answer the question of what is the situation of noise pollution in squares and busy intersections of Ardabil city (fresh distance from the square to Sarein station)?

The present study is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in terms of research method. The required information has been collected in the form of field studies and the use of questionnaires, interviews, observations and library-documentary studies according to the nature of the problem and the purpose of the research. The statistical population of the study consists of the citizens of Ardabil, which has 525,702 people, of which 382 people were selected as a sample based on the Cochran's formula. In order to increase the accuracy of the work, a total of 420 questionnaires were distributed and completed by stratified random sampling method (70 questionnaires for each of the selected fields). The results of calculating the Cronbach's alpha test for the questionnaire were 0.823, which indicates the high reliability of the research tool.All steps of data processing were performed with Excel and SPSS software and finally to prioritize the studied fields in terms of noise pollution from The COPRAS multi-criteria decision model is used.COPRAS model:Multi-criteria decision models (MCDMs), sometimes called multi-objective decision models and multi-criteria analysis models, are actually a set of methods that allow decision makers to consider A set of criteria (often contradictory) to select, rank, sort, or describe a set of options in the decision-making process .Many models have been proposed for multi-criteria decisions, each of which has advantages and limitations (Poor Taheri, 1392: 37). The most important features of Coopras multi-criteria decision model compared to other multi-criteria decision models can be mentioned as follows:1- It is clear that this model is simpler than other models such as AHP and TOPSIS and requires less time for calculations compared to these methods.2. Coopers can provide a complete ranking of options.3- This model is able to use both quantitative and qualitative criteria to calculate the criteria.4. Coopers has the ability to calculate positive (maximum) and negative (minimum) criteria separately in the evaluation process.5. Another important feature that makes the Coopras decision model superior to other decision models is that it can estimate the degree of importance of each option and show it by percentage to what extent a better option or It is worse and in this respect to make a complete comparison between the options.The following is a calculation of the Coopras model.Step 1: Form the initial matrixAfter determining the weight of the criteria, the decision matrix is formed as the first step of the Coopers model. The decision matrix means that the options are on one side of the matrix and the criteria are on the other.Step 2: Form a collective decision matrix In this step, the respondents' opinions are aggregated using the arithmetic mean.Step 3: Formation of normalized (weighted) matrix To weight the decision matrix, using Equation (1), the values of each option are multiplied by their weight and divided by the sum of the values. Relationship (1): dij = In this formula, qi is the weight of the i index and xij is the value of each option per criterion: Step 4: Calculate the value of positive and negative criteria (Sj- & Sj-) In this step, we calculate the positive sj + criteria using Equation (2) and the negative sj- criteria using Equation (3). A positive or consistent criterion is a criterion that, as its value increases, its desirability increases, but for negative criteria, the desirability decreases as the value increases. After determining the positive and negative criteria, the final value of the positive and negative criteria should be calculated using equations (2) and (3).Relationship (2): Sj+ Relationship (3): Sj- Step 5: Calculate the final value of the options (Q value) In this step, the final value of each option (Q) is calculated. In this section, first 1 is divided by Sj and then according to Equation (4), the value of Q is calculated for each option, in which the value of Q indicates the value and importance of each option in terms of criteria. Step 6: Determine the desirability of the options Finally, using Equation (5), the option with a degree of desirability close to one is the best option. That is, it is enough to divide the number Q among the numbers obtained in the previous step by the maximum Q. The total value of each criterion varies from 0 to 100% and the best and worst option is determined among this range.

In this study, in order to evaluate the situation of noise pollution in busy squares and intersections of Ardabil city, a 5-point Likert scale was used and ranks 1 to 5 were assigned to the answers, score 1 indicates the lowest quality and score 5 indicates The highest quality is the relevant criterion. Thus, the number 3 is considered as the theoretical median of the answers and the average obtained from the noise pollution situation is compared with the number 3. Based on the results of statistical calculations, the highest amount of noise pollution is related to the market with an average (4.476) and the lowest amount of noise pollution is related to Sarein station with an average (3.573). The average of total noise pollution is also higher than the average (3). In the Coopers model, the option that has the best status in terms of criteria is identified with the highest degree of Nj importance, which is equal to 100%; As can be seen in Table 2, Sarein station with Nj 100 has the lowest amount of noise pollution and in the best condition and market intersection with Nj 386/80 has the most noise pollution and in the most unfavorable condition compared to other squares and intersections has been studied. Among the studied variables, the variable related to the amount of noise caused by the activities of businesses and street vendors in the market area has had the greatest impact on increasing the amount of noise pollution at this intersection.

Urbanization and land use changes in urban environments have led to the development of impermeable lands in urban areas. the risk of floods in urban basins compared to non-urban basins has increased and has caused a lot of damage to urban infrastructure, it is necessary to use approaches that, preventing the detrimental effects on the urban environment, provide maximum efficiency in runoff management projects at the source. , in the present study, the combination of structural and non-structural methods of flood management and technical-economic comparison of these methods have been Studied. Bentley StormCAD software has been used as a hydraulic model for structural design and modern LID-BMP approaches have been used as non-structural methods for surface runoff management in Islamic Azad University of Najafabad. Modern approaches have included soakaway, infiltration trench, rain gardens, temporary dry detention basin and vegetated swale. The analysis of results and technical-economic evaluation is based on structural, non-structural scenarios and integrated approach. The results of hydraulic analysis have shown that the average flow rate in the network is 370 lit/s and the minimum flow rate is equal to 10 lit /s, which justifies the possibility of using non-structural methods. Comparison of methods has shown that the use of an integrated approach to a structural approach has reduced costs by 48% and runoff by 90% over a 2 to 10 year return period. During the 50- and 100-year return periods, it also reduced surface runoff at the outlet points of the basin by 74% and 59%, respectively.

Feeling the sense of security has been considered as one of the important criteria of quality of urban life. The urban environment index is one of the factors that in the present study tried to measure its impact on the sense of security in the urban space. In line with this research, with the aim of spatial analysis of citizens' sense of security in the neighborhoods of Kermanshah; Faizabad, 22 Bahman, Javanshir, Abadani and Maskan, Shariati, Saadi, Aghajan, Chenani, Jafarabad and Elahieh neighborhoods were evaluated. The research method was descriptive-analytical in terms of purpose, application, and nature of the method. feeling the sense of security as a dependent variable and environmental quality as an independent variable in the form of six indicators of air pollution, noise pollution, waste, green space per capita, sewer condition and the ratio of durable buildings to total buildings and their impact on feeling the sense of security. After collecting the data, using TOPSIS technique, each neighborhood was evaluated in terms of feeling of urban security based on the proposed index. According to the studies, 22 Bahman neighborhood with proportional distribution of green space, less garbage volume, higher percentage of durable buildings, etc. The most affluent neighborhood of Kermanshah and Faizabad neighborhood with turbulent texture, air pollution, unpleasant odor of sewage, garbage volume, Noise pollution and the lowest distribution of green space, the most deprived neighborhood in terms of urban environment index was assessed among the studied neighborhoods. Accordingly, it was concluded that feeling the sense of security in these neighborhoods is directly related to the quality of environmental indicators. The results of this study can help managers and those involved in Kermanshah in increasing urban security by using environmental indicators.

Today, increasing urbanization and increasing urban settlements have the greatest impact on the environment and the city has become one of the main centers of environmental pollution. Symbolic consumerism, which is a kind of lifestyle, causes people with similar tastes to gather in affluent neighborhoods of cities, while giving a special identity to their place of residence. They prevent people with different lifestyles from entering these neighborhoods. This has led to problems such as segregation in certain areas of the city, which will be addressed in the following article. Therefore, in the present study, the ranking of urban neighborhoods and the extent of separation of target neighborhoods in the city of Ardabil have been measured and evaluated by descriptive and analytical methods using the multi-criteria decision-making method of Idas; To measure the degree of separation, selection of cities and symbolic consumerism of Ardabil. 7 criteria were used to rank the separation of Ardabil city. Relevant indicators were weighted using the Curtink method and the criteria were ranked using the Idas decision-making technique. Based on the metrics used in the research and the result of the implementation of the Idas technique, the neighborhoods of region 3 of Ardabil city are in the most unfavorable situation in terms of consumerism and are in the last place in the neighborhoods of the regions. 4 are in the best position with the most points. District 4 neighborhoods, because they are informal settlements, have had the least negative impact on the environment in terms of consumerism.The formation of human forms and perspectives in relation to the social processes that make them up. Separation in cities is one of the issues that is formed under the influence of different processes and over time. How the process is formed is related to the spaces that define social relations within geographical environments at different times and the dialectical relationship with individuals, society, prevailing ideology, interests, desires, economic characteristics, It is social and cultural in the same society. In this respect, space has a relational and relative state and changes at different times due to the existence of a dialectical relationship within itself. It can be argued that cities are the most important sources of environmental pollution and population centers, machines, industry, buildings and technology. Cities are also centers for the accumulation of pollutants such as air pollution, noise pollution, non-recyclable or industrial waste, and even water pollution. On the other hand, lifestyle, which refers to people's way of life, social values, activities, behavioral patterns, consumption and habits of people throughout life, indicates the sociability of individuals and the culture of society, major influences on It leaves the urban environment. As the urban population increases, the urban environment becomes more important, because increasing urbanization, increasing the growth rate of cities and making them the most common form of human life has had the greatest impact on the environment. The density of urban population has increased and pollution in cities has reached such a level that the city has become one of the main centers of environmental pollution. Specific urban lifestyles, such as the need for more travel and transportation, which increase energy consumption, are among the city's environmental impacts. Since the urban environment is the first environment with which humans are in contact and carry out economic and social activities in its context, the urban space is affected by human activities. Among these, economic activities play a major role in transforming the environment and the city, because "the relationship between man and the environment is done through work." As the economic factor poses the greatest challenges to urban and environmental sustainability. It has become one of the factors causing the environmental crisis. Consumerism is one of the silent enemies of nature, because the higher the consumption, the greater the use of nature as a tool for crop production and waste generation. Among these, cities are the most important origins of consumerism. When consumption is considered to be the most important concern of society in society, subconsciously all social developments and desires are formed in line with the category of consumption and consumerism. Consumer taste is the most important concern in the capitalist system and the place where this taste can be tested is nowhere but the city. Simultaneous postmodernism and globalization have contributed to this and trapped societies in the consumption-diversity cycle. Consumerism has progressed to the point where social classes are also separated by the consumption of goods and the type of consumption. This has caused people with similar consumer characteristics in the heart of Islamic-Iranian cities to try to separate themselves from others. So that the luxury and consumer lifestyle in the cities of Iran today has created a new border. Separation in cities is a phenomenon that can be traced to various factors such as social, cultural, religious, ethnic, economic status of households and citizens. One of the cultural and social characteristics of urban households is their characteristics and consumption characteristics. Why and for what reason a person chooses a particular neighborhood depends on various factors. Different lives have a distinct difference with the neighborhoods of the four cities. The present article intends to investigate the role of symbolic consumerism in the separation and selection of cities in the neighborhoods of the third and fourth districts of Ardabil. In this regard, the current research seeks to answer the following question: Based on the criteria of separation and consumerism studied in the study, what is the priority of neighborhoods in the third and fourth districts of Ardabil?MethodologyThe research method of the present study is based on descriptive-analytical method and is applied in terms of purpose. In order to collect data, documentary and field methods have been used, and then the main part of the research is survey based on the fact that through the distribution of questionnaires, the information required for segregation and consumerism criteria has been collected. The statistical population of the study consists of citizens of regions three and four of Ardabil city (204314 people) of which 383 people were estimated as a sample based on Cochran's formula and since the random sampling method was simple, so 383 questionnaires It was distributed and completed according to the number of households in its areas and neighborhoods. It should be noted that the questionnaire was a researcher-made questionnaire. To like the questions, a five-point Likert scale was used (1 = very low, 2 = low, 3 = medium, 4 = high, 5 = very high). In order to analyze and rank the factors affecting segregation in the city and following the goal that according to the criteria of segregation and consumerism studied, what is the priority of neighborhoods in the third and fourth districts of Ardabil? The indicators of segregation and consumerism criteria were prioritized using the Idas technique. The content validity of the questionnaire questions was confirmed by professors and experts. To calculate the reliability of the questions, the questionnaire was first administered on a sample of 383 people and then the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated by Cronbach's alpha method and the overall coefficient 0.830 was obtained, which indicates the high level of reliability of the questionnaire. Excel software was used to analyze the data and after weighting the studied indicators using the critical method, the target areas were ranked using the EDAS model. EDAS model The Idas model is one of the new multi-criteria decision making techniques. The Idas model means evaluation based on the distance from the mean solution and this technique is used to rank the options. In methods such as TOPSIS or VICOR, we measure the optimal option based on the distance from the positive and negative ideal, that is, the optimal option that has the shortest distance from the positive ideal and the maximum distance from the negative ideal. But in the EDAS method, the best solution is the distance from the average solution (AV). In this method, we do not need to calculate the positive and negative ideals, but consider two criteria for evaluating the desirability of options; The first is a measure of positive distance from the mean (PDA) and the second is a negative distance from the mean (NDA).

Noise pollution is one of the most important pollutants of the environment in urban areas and it is evident for everyone that one of the environmental problems is to reduce noise pollution to increase life quality and decrease its effect on citizens' health. The city traffic and vehicles are the major sources of noise pollution in large cities especially Tehran. Region 6 of Tehran is the most polluted area in terms of noise pollution. Therefore, a noise barrier in length of 511m and an area of 3066m which is situated in the western margin of Kurdistan highway and it is the only highway with the noise barrier in this region. This highway was chosen as our case study.

Feasibility studies and construction of noise barrier of the highway was implemented before changing the intersection of Kurdistan-Gomnam highway from coplanar to non-coplanar type. But the traffic and noise pollution situation changed following the changing of the intersection of the highway. In this study, we attempted to model noise pollution situation of region and the reducer role of noise barrier given the non-coplanar intersection in addition to overview of noise pollution situation of region by the traffic data of three streets leading to intersection and mean sound level at some points and examine improvement and or deterioration level of environment noise pollution.

The modeled maps were compared in four groups after being prepared and the reason for the increase and decrease of the noise level in each situation was stated.

After comparing it was found that by eliminating the cross-level intersection with traffic lights in addition to lowering the noise level at 1.7 m height, the vehicle traffic was also smoother and by distributing acoustic levels at different altitudes, due to the presence of Slope levels of overpass and overpass decreased overall noise pollution concentration at lower altitudes, and positive performance of the audio wall decreased slightly, and environmental management strategies were introduced to control noise pollution further.

Feathers as an excellent way to monitor trace metals in the environment from the 1960s have already been used. The aim of this study is using feather of laughing dove (Streptopelia senegalensis) as an indicator of urban environmental pollution.

The concentration of Cadmium, Lead, Copper and Zinc were evaluated from 58 laughing dove's feather samples from 19 different locations within the city of Yazd. Chemical digestion and atomic absorption spectrometer was used for measuring the concentration of trace metal. Weighing method by 0.001 g accuracy digital scale were used to study the index of two wing asymmetry.

Mean concentration of Lead, Cadmium, Copper and Zinc were 20.13 ± 1.27 μg g-1, 0.85± 0.04 μg g-1, 15.56 ± 0.28 μg g-1 and 209.72 ± 8.77 μg g-1. Due to heterogeneity of human activity and structure in urban environment the concentration of trace metals (lead, cadmium and zinc) showed significant differences in different local scale regions. In this study correlation was observed between Lead and Cadmium with Zinc.

Correlation pattern could simply result from correlated concentrations of these metals in the environment and could be a kind of positive feedback protection against Lead and Cadmium pollution. The results showed considerable trace metals absorption by laughing dove's feather that caused by human activity and efficiency of laughing dove's feather as an indicators of trace metal pollution in urban environment.

Nowadays, cities, of the problems and serious injuries in various fields, especially environmental challenges are suffering. Concentration of population in cities and the disproportion between growth of services and urban infrastructure, particularly in developing countries, Urban areas in terms criterias of environmental sustainability and quality of life with all kinds of environmental damage such as air pollutants, pollutants audio-visual, disposal problems of sewage and garbage disposal problems, health water providing etc confronted. Continuation of such injuries, especially with form and function in developing countries, including Iran, the crisis is creating and alerts based the environmental instability in cities. In this context, the present study is an applied research and descriptive-analytical method. The main purpose of research, analysis and pathology environmental sustainability in Ahvaz city. To achieve the desired aim, by extracting findings from the study experiences internal studies, indicators such as air contaminants, water and urban wastes was selected as environmental damage. The findings indicate that despite the contribution of environmental damage in the analysis of sustainability Indicators and the quality of the urban environment, Can be said that the most important air pollutants are role in environmental instability in Ahvaz city.

Today, the electricity industry and its use are an integral part of life, so even a single minute of electricity can cause billions of losses. If electricity had not been discovered so far, human beings would never have reached such levels of prosperity and still have to use carts and horses. This paper examines the characteristics of urban environments and the effects of electricity transmission lines on the environment and humans. In addition to all the benefits that the electricity industry has, it will also have potentially harmful effects on humans and the environment, making people exposed to power lines more likely to develop cancers than others. Considering human progress, solutions to this problem can be found, for example, the transmission of electricity from underground lines, which have a detrimental effect on both the physical and environmental health of the airline

Environmental protection is a key element in urban management. Due to complex relationships between human and environment in metropolises, the importance of environment is ever-increasing. Heavy environment deterioration and the indicators of the human habitat show significant drop in life satisfaction and life quality in Tehran (Tehran state of the Environment, 2015). A reason for this situation is inter-organizational inconsistencies among those who are in charge of urban environmental management. Sporadic attitudes of the organizations and different policies within the geographical neighboring areas are among managerial and structural deficiencies in the metropolis. This research is an attempted to minimize the effects of such urban difficulties and problems. In this paper The current situation of environment in Tehran metropolis including air, water, biodiversity and human habitat along with the most crucial threats, their effect as well as the associated agencies and organizations have been investigated, using the indicators of OECD (Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development), UNEP (United Nation Environmental Program) and GFF (Global Environmental Fund). The current management of Tehran environment is studied based on a framework and using SWOT analysis. Then, an ideal urban environmental management framework is proposed for Tehran, with regard to the higher order legal documents of national and international levels and the global models such as: UN Habitat Program, Sustainable Cities Program, Policy and Regulatory Framework for Sustainable Cities Program, Healthy Cities Program, Agenda 21, Strategies of the Environmental European commission and a Good Governance Model, as well as the results of the SWOT analysis In this framework, the authorities in charge of urban management and their responsibilities are determined and classified at three levels of policy-making, decision making and implementation and Target, and the relationship between them are clarified.

Important heavy metals such as lead are part of the pollutants produced by vehicles and the traffic flow causes them to be released into the urban environment. In order to study the pollution rate of street margin trees and determining the traffic parameter affecting the amount of lead in plane tree of Rasht city, a case study was selected in this city from four stations on the outskirts of the city for traffic and low traffic. Traffic factors including three superficial stations based on traffic volume per day and per month and a low traffic station. The method was used to determine that 60 species of plane tree at 30 meters intervals were randomly selected from the total tree crown area to determine the amount of adsorption of heavy lead metal which was selected from each sample with amount of 10 grams to test the absorbed lead content.The results of this study showed that lead absorption by plane tree species in three stations and control station, Takhti St. Station had the highest amount of lead (29.53 ppm) than the other three stations. Therefore, the plane tree species can be a suitable type for the margin of streets in the urban area. The results of this research can be used in transportation management and urban traffic control and urban design and urban design and planting.

Nowadays, cities are facing problems such as overheating caused by urban congestion, causing thermal islands and environmental problems, which make life difficult in some places. The wind flow in the urban environment is an important factor affecting the exchange of heat and moisture, particle transport, and urban ventilation. Studies show that physical factors such as enclosure change, the elevation of buildings, and different orientations of passageways in urban texture affect the speed and direction of the wind flow. The purpose of this study was to analyze climate data related to wind flow in two urban areas of Dezful and investigate the effect of enclosure of passages on the wind flow.

In order to carry out the study, two areas of Siah-Pushan and Gozare-Shahi in the range of historical texture of Dezful, with similar and different physical factors, were selected for the analysis of physical conditions by comparing climate data. Data on the intensity of the wind and the ambient temperature of both areas in five periods of 9 -11 am, 11am-1 pm, 2-4 pm, 4-6 pm, and 6-8 pm, and in two seasons, winter and summer, were selected. Then, the enclosure of the collected points was calculated and using the linear regression analysis, the relationship between enclosure and wind speed was assessed.

The results showed that the velocity of the southwest-northeast wind flow was more than other ori entations. Also, surveys showed that increasing the specific enclosure can increase the wind speed by a certain magnitude. In Gozare-Shahi, the results of the regression diagrams in the winter indicated that a direct relationship exists between the enclosure of the cross-sections and the velocity of the wind. With the minimum enclosure (0.35) increasing 1.5 to 3 times, the initial velocity of wind increased up to 31- 121 percent. The results of the linear regression diagrams in Siah-Pushan indicated that with 2 to 6 times increase in the enclosure, the wind speed increases up to 1.1 to 1.8 times. The results obtained  from the linear regression diagrams in Gozare-Shahi passage showed that the enclosure of passways and the velocity of the wind flow are directly correlated. With the minimum enclosure (0.35) increasing 1.5 to 3 fold, the initial velocity of the wind increased 10 to 40 percent. In Siah-Pushan range, the enclosure of transitions was directly correlated with the wind. Also, the results showed that by increasing the enclosure up to 2 to 6 times, the velocity of the wind increased 1.03 to 1.20 times.

Increasing the velocity of the wind led to better ventilation in the urban environment. On the other hand, increasing the enclosure increased the velocity. Uniform buildings, as well as regular enclosures with the least changes, will increase the velocity of the wind stream, as well as less turbulence. Thus, increasing enclosure, as well as regular buildings, can ultimately lead to better urban environments.