جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « سلول خورشیدی » در نشریات گروه « فنی و مهندسی »

Current paper has been focused on development of perovskite textile solar cells with mechanical flexibility, low-temperature manufacturing, and cost-effectiveness. Polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become the substrate of choice compared to other transparent plastic substrates like polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) because it is not only chemically stable but also much cheaper, as an important factor for the photovoltaics (PV) technology development. Herein, spiro-OMeTAD was substituted with CZTS nanoparticles for the first time as an inorganic hole transporting material in flexible perovskite solar cells based on SnO2 electron transport layer. Trough Optimization of CZTS concentration in IPA, the maximum PCE of 2.4% with open-circuit voltage (VOC) of 0.87 V, short current (JSC) of 9.1 mA/cm2 and fill factor (FF) of 30.1% was achieved at a concentration of 15 mg/mL and particle size of 10 nm. The enhanced PV performance of these cells is related to more efficient hole-extraction and reduced carrier recombination, leading to less transport resistance of hole transport layer compared to other concentrations. Subsequently, the flexible cells were successfully embedded on a textile substrate, indicating cells can be seamlessly integrated with portable and wearable smart electronics.

Precise recognition of unknown variables for different types of solar cells is important in design, control, quality, cost estimation, and prediction of solar cell performance. Development of a single solar cell to a set of cells (solar panels) is usually based on a single operating point on the current-voltage characteristic curve. In recent years, a new method to predict cell performance and cell screening by modeling the cell is presented using an equivalent electrical circuit in which each variable corresponds to a physical phenomenon in the solar cell. These analytical models can be represented by a five-variable, seven-variable models, and recently nine-variable model. Due to the nonlinearities and inability of traditional methods in identifying the unknown variables of the system, recently intelligent algorithms have attracted considerable attentions in solving engineering problems. Neural network algorithm (NNA) is a metaheuristic optimization algorithm that is inspired by the function of the neural network of human brain. In this article, the optimum parameter identification technique of a silicon commercial solar cell is used for single diode, two diode, and three diode models. The obtained optimization results of this research are compared with other optimizers in the literature and the surrounding discussions are done. The improvement level reported by the NNA in comparison with the best reported results in the literature for one, two, and three diode models are 0.44, 0.085, and 17.97 percent, respectively. The obtained results of the proposed NNA method have the highest accuracy among the other optimizers in the literature.

Hydrogen is considered as a new source of energy. One of the most used methods of hydrogen gas production is water electrolysis. Electrolysis of water by an electrolyzer and by passing an electric current through water molecules, using an intercellular membrane causes the breakdown of water molecules into hydrogen and oxygen. If the intercellular membrane is removed, hydrogen gas and oxygen are mixed and hydroxy gas is produced. This gas, which includes hydrogen and oxygen molecules, has been considered as an auxiliary fuel. For this purpose, in this research, the design and construction of a multi-cell electrolyzer producing hydroxy gas without a membrane using 316 steel sheet has been discussed. To increase the conductivity of water, potassium hydroxide electrolyte was used, and solar panels with different powers were used to supply the required energy consumption of the electrolyzer. Then, by conducting various experiments, the application of this technology using solar energy has been investigated. The results of the tests show that each electrolyzer plate has a voltage of 2 to 3 volts and there must be a proper proportion between the number of electrolyzer plates and the voltage of the panels. The production per solar panel surface for the three studied conditions was obtained as 1919, 4542.5 and 6919 liters per square meter, respectively, which indicates that there are optimal values corresponding to the panel surface and the area of the electrolyzer plates, which leads to an optimal current passing. It becomes more appropriate from the device and its performance.

The development of photovoltaic solar systems as one of the solutions for electricity supply in the form of sustainable and modern development has attracted much attention in recent years. Nevertheless, since these systems are located in open environments, they are exposed to a set of external harsh conditions and stresses during their working period. Ultraviolet radiation, fluctuating temperature, and humidity cycles, rain, snow and hail, wind, dust and sand storms, or salt deposition can severely affect the efficiency of photovoltaic power plants and the lifespan of these systems. Accurate prediction knowledge of the types of possible failures for these systems can lead to better management of the systems and their higher productivity. Therefore, in the present study, a content analysis method was used to review previous research in this field to categorize and explain the types of failures reported for these systems as well as the reasons for such failures and the affected components. The studies conducted in this field showed that among the degradation mechanisms related to weather and environment, the degradation mechanisms of ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, and the stability relationships of this material in silicon-based solar panels have been investigated. The effects caused by the degradation of this polymer such as color change, layering, bubble formation, and corrosion, and their relationship with polymer structure, and chemical, mechanical, optical, and electrical properties have also been studied. The results of this research have been presented to researchers and decision-makers in the field of photovoltaic solar systems and the efficiency of the electricity industry.

In the upcoming research, the issue of consumption and energy management in residential buildings has been discussed using the energy hub system. The purpose of using energy hub is the simultaneous and optimal use of several energy carriers for the appropriate, reliable and economical supply of consumer needs while complying with the conditions of satisfaction and comfort of the residents. The optimization problem in this study is formulated as mixed integer linear programming. In order to solve the optimization problem of the optimization problem, Gam’s software has been used. During the implementation of problem solving, the effect of three conventional pricing models, including hourly, time of use and instant pricing, was investigated in Iran, and part of the results are presented in the form of tables and graphs. In all cases, the possibility of selling jointly produced electricity to the grid is included; Therefore, it is possible to pay more attention to the energy hub technology even in the climatic conditions and pricing policies of Iran, and by creating a suitable investment environment, especially in large residential complexes and building blocks, to increase security. Energy, reducing the consumption of fossil fuels and expanding the use of various energy sources in different regions helped.

The solar cell parameters by combining two organic cations formamidinium (FA) and methylammonium (MA) in site A of triple-cations and double-anions perovskite absorbing layer including Br and I in site x have been investigated by simulation with SCAPS software. First, the defect density of the perovskite layer was changed from 1×1013 to 1×1017 (cm-3) and its effect on the performance of the solar cell was investigated. Then, the thickness of the perovskite absorber layer was changed from 200 to 1200 nm and for the different density of the perovskite layer defects, the manner and extent of the changes in the parameters of the solar cell were observed. In the next step, by changing the defect density of the perovskite/ETL interface from 1×1011 to 2×1013 (cm-3), the capacitor of the interface has increased which has reduced the efficiency and fill factor of the solar cell. Finally, the diffusion length of the carriers (L) has been changed from zero to about 4 μm and with its increase, the functional parameters of the solar cell have increased.

Conductive gridline is essential part of electronic devices. Direct ink writing is fast and simple method for gridline deposition. In this work, silver ink suitable for direct ink writing was synthesized. Thereafter, the effect of writing process parameters was investigated. Then, silver conductive lines were deposited on electrodes of the dye sensitized solar cell (DSSC) by direct ink writing and its role in increasing the efficiency of DSSC was investigated.    

Silver ink was synthesized according to Lewis-Walker method. Silver acetate was dissolved in ammonium hydroxide and formic acid was added as reducing agent. The viscosity of ink was tuned by adding hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC). Direct ink writing apparatus was built in our lab. Different ink writing process parameters were investigated. Photoanode and counter electrode of DSSC were fabricated on FTO substrates. Photoanode composed of N719 dye sensitized TiO2 nanoparticles and counter electrode consisted of platinum thin film. The distance between electrodes was filled by electrolyte. Finally, silver lines were written on electrodes of DSSC to obtain conductive gridlines.    

2.3 wt% HEC gave the best result. It was found that nozzle-substrate distance has no influence on shape and electrical resistance. However, at higher distances printed lines became disconnected. Width and thickness of silver gridline increased with injection rate and value of 0.48 ml/min was optimum value. Sintering at 360 ˚C was proposed for following steps. By applying silver gridlines on DSSC, fill factor and power conversion efficiency (η) increased significantly. η increased from 1.5% to 2.8%.

In recent years, perovskite solar cells have attracted attention due to their increased power conversion efficiency, simple manufacturing process, low-cost materials, and unique properties such as band tunability, high electron and hole mobility, and low exciton binding energy. Also, the efficiency of perovskite solar cells has exceeded 25 % due to the high quality of perovskite film, synthesis methods, coating, and appropriate electrode materials. This article examines the recent progress of perovskite solar cells, structure, and types of coating methods to understand better and gain complete insight into perovskite solar cells. In the following, some types of perovskites, holes, and electron transfer layers are compared, and their effect on solar cell efficiency is reported. Finally, the types of perovskite coating methods with large and small areas are discussed, and the challenges and opportunities of perovskite solar cell commercialization are suggested.

This paper examines the security risks and challenges associated with energy sources for ships, including increasing fuel prices, tightening international pollution laws, and limited space and fuel on board. With the rise of modern naval warfare and technological advances, energy production for vessels has become a strategic priority. This study focuses on identifying threats in electricity generation for ships and investigates the reliability and availability of various energy production systems. Using a Markov model, the study compares different energy production systems by considering their advantages and disadvantages, influential factors, and level of reliability and availability. Results show that the use of solar energy in combination with diesel generators has the highest reliability (0.988) and availability (0.997) compared to other production sources. The study demonstrates that solar energy can be used to meet a portion of the ship's power consumption needs, reduce maintenance and repair costs, extend the life of generators, increase the duration of navigation, ensure continuity of energy supply, and improve passive defense in the field of electrical energy for marine vessels.

Due to the limited space of the military vessel, rising fuel prices, the intensification of international laws on pollution, carbon dioxide emissions, as well as the acceptable availability of solar energy on board, the use of new technologies such as the use of solar energy can significantly It can be used to provide part of the power of consumers in ships.The purpose of this paper is to design and simulate the supply of part of the power in the ship using solar energy as a complementary energy source to reduce fuel consumption, increase reliability, longer life at sea and increase ship space. In this regard, according to the hypothetical floating shape, the solar panels on the roof of the helicopter hangar, which has the highest loss of solar energy, have been feasibility and installed.The solar system is designed according to the roof area of ​​the helicopter hangar and can be used to supply electricity for lighting, three-phase and single-phase pumps, refrigerators and refrigerators, as an emergency or in parallel with the floating power supply network. The calculations in this paper are performed as mathematical relations and are simulated with pv syst software. The results show that the use of solar energy, in addition to providing 25% of the consumption of military floating power, can reduce maintenance and repairs, reduce costs, increase the life of generators and increase the duration of navigation.

In this paper, the effect of germanium content in Zn1-xGexO as a buffer layer on the performance and efficiency of a solar cell based copper oxide (Cu2O) is investigated. The physical parameters of the solar cell model were selected according to the experimental data and then the new parameters of ZnGeO buffer layer was calculated based on the interpolated parameters of the energy levels of the band structure of binary compounds ZnO and GeO2 to study the solar cell performance for the germanium composition, ranged from 0.35 to 0.75. First, the accuracy of the initial model of the solar cell was verified by comparing its electrical characteristics with experimental data. Then, the characteristics of the initial model were analyzed and characterized in presence of buffer layer. By examining the cell efficiency for the changes of buffer composition (35% to 75% germanium), the minimum efficiency was observed 5.31% at x = 0.35 and the maximum was 7.02% at x = 0.65. The results show that using Zn0.35Ge0.65O buffer, the short circuit current of the cell reaches 11.15 mA with an open circuit voltage up to 1.08 volts.

Nowadays, the need has increased to manage distributed energy resources due to advances in the renewable energies industry, the distance between energy resources and local loads, growth in the number of electric vehicles, and high power transmission costs. In this regard, important challenges, such as power exchange management between distributed energy resources and electric vehicle batteries, have been raised for optimal use of the power generated from these resources. Since home consumers are supposed to have wind turbines or photovoltaics installed to the supply part of their power consumption, the impact of wind and solar radiation uncertainties on their output power should be considered. Considering these challenges and in an attempt to flatten the difference curve between the generated power of resources and consumption power of local loads, this paper proposes an efficient method based on mean-field theory to control the charge and discharge of electric vehicle batteries. On the other hand, with the increase in the number of electric vehicles and distributed energy resources, the control of charging and discharging of too many batteries requires heavy and time-consuming calculations. This paper proposes an innovative method by introducing some coefficients for online estimation of the charge and discharge of batteries, which leads to a reduction in the volume of calculations. To this end, a compromise has been made between the performance, the volume of calculation reduction, and the necessity of these calculations. Simulation results illustrate the quality and efficiency of the charge and discharge estimation of batteries based on the proposed method.

In this paper, we study the microgrid network including solar energy, battery and supercapacitor using fuzzy controller. Due to the voltage changes in the DC bus, it is necessary to adjust the solar cell and the battery using the control method and converter. Also, with the help of batteries and supercapacitors, this equipment is used when there is a need for more power in the load. Supercapacitors are used for instantaneous times and batteries for longer periods of time to power output loads. A fuzzy control system is a control system based on the fuzzy-mathematical logic of a system that analyzes analog input values in terms of the logical variables they contain and is used in several parts of the system to improve performance. The simulation is performed in MATLAB / Simulink software and the output results confirm the accuracy and validity of the system used.

In recent years, electricity consumption growth, reduction of fossil resources and environmental issues have led to an increase in energy production by photovoltaic systems. One of the applications of solar photovoltaics is solar power plants, which have been expanded in recent years due to better performance in water cooling and consequently reduced water evaporation. In this study, as an introduction to the technology of floating solar power plants, the advantages and disadvantages of different solar power plants, especially the floating solar power plant, the mechanism of floating solar power plants and the equipment related have been investigated. In addition to energy generation, this system provides some advantages over the land-based system such as decrease in land and the water use and increase in the efficiency of the module. This study comprehensively reviews the literature and then proposes a practical framework to evaluate the potential of using floating solar photovoltaic (FSPV).

Today, due to the development of renewable energy sources, the global energy crisis, issues related to environmental pollution and international restrictions, the use of solar energy along with energy storage systems on ships has attracted much attention. has done. However, in the electrical system of ships, there is a lot of sensitive equipment that can be very sensitive to voltage disturbances, and if the disturbances of the voltage are greater than the weight of the tank, it is too heavy. Voltage disturbances are mainly caused by a decrease in voltage, an increase in voltage, a decrease in voltage, a decrease in the voltage on the floor and a half. امی Dynamic voltage measurement DVR is one of the most effective and common tools that can be used to reduce voltage disturbances. In this paper, a hybrid system consisting of a synchronous generator and a solar cell with the presence of dynamic voltage recovery is presented for use in the ship. The simulation results obtained by Matlab / Simulink software also show the presence of dynamic voltage recovery. Reduce disturbances

Carbon is cheap and abundant in nature which can significantly reduce the cost of solar cell fabrication. In recent years, carbon nanostructures have gained special attention for application in perovskite solar cells. In this research, graphene oxide quantum dots (GOQDs) have been used in a planar perovskite solar cell. For this purpose, GOQDs with sizes smaller than 10 nm were synthesized by the hydrothermal method. The GOQDs were spin coated on ITO to make a planar n-i-p perovskite solar cell with the structure ITO/GOQD/MAPbI3/Spiro-OMETAD/Ag. The absorption spectrum of the GOQDs shows no overlap with absorption band of the MAPbI3 perovskite layer. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis show that a uniform film of crystalline MAPbI3 perovskite has been formed on the GOQD layer. The best device performance achieved in this research for the planar perovskite solar cell is as follows: Jsc=21.9 mA/cm2, Voc=1.02 V, FF=0.67 and PCE=15%.