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Product quality includes three variables: design, conformance and use. Measuring the quality of products with respect to all three quality variables is one of the important challenges of the country. Therefore, the present study was an attempt to figure out how quality factors are related to each other and to determine the relative weight of these factors and to provide a product quality measurement model using hesitant fuzzy linguistic terms. The present study falls into the category of applied studies in terms of objective and can be recognized as a quantitative study in terms of methodology. The population of the study incorporates academic experts and university-industry experts. Sample size (n=10) was determined using the purposeful and snowball sampling method. Due to the uncertainty of experts' in determining the mutual impact of product quality factors, the DEMATEL technique was combined with hesitant fuzzy logic, the resulting technique was then integrated with the Network Analysis Process (ANP), and the final model was extracted (DEMATEL based ANP (DANP)). Thanks to this procedure, the present study can be deemed innovative. The cause and effect relationships between the main factors of product quality were identified and extracted using DEMATEL technique. Then, taking into account the intensity of the mutual impact of quality factors on each other and using the DNAP technique, the product quality factors were ranked in three dimensions: design quality, conformance and use. According to the findings, management factors and resources (employees-infrastructure-environment) were identified as causal factors that affect other factors. On the other hand, the DANP output showed that "design quality" is the most important factor in product quality. So, with the relative weights of the factors, the product quality measurement model was obtained.Originality/Value: Researchers and industrial managers at the national level will be able to identify the relationship between quality factors and use this model to measure product quality or the quality rate of goods according to relative weight of each factor.

Explaining the competitive strategies of supply chain management is vital. Therefore, examining supply chain risks to choose the best criteria is a new strategy to manage and control risks and reduce the vulnerability of the supply chain process in order to improve the process and productivity. The purpose of the current research is to identify and rank the risks of the  three-level supply chain (supplier, producer and distributor) with a focus on level (2) of production and operations in order to explain the new strategy in the operating company of oil and gas production. This article has been done by reviewing the studies conducted in the field of identifying and ranking the risks of lean, agile, resilient and green supply chain management, by presenting a hybrid analytical model based on fuzzy Delphi and the network analysis process in the Super-Decision software environment. The risks identified using the literature review, 32 effective components with the contexts and the real space of the supply chain and with a survey of the expert team of 17 people, have been carried out in three stages according to the fuzzy Delphi method. Finally, after refining and evaluating the extracted factors, it led to the identification of 6 criteria (environment, supply, information system, process, control and demand) consisting of 26 risks, categories and ratings. According to the findings of the research, the risks of the process criterion with the highest weight were chosen as the superior criteria and the criteria of supply, control, environment, demand and information system were placed in the next priorities. Explaining the new strategy, agile, lean, resilient and green competitive strategies were prioritized in order.

Today, with the development of e-commerce, society is experiencing a business revolution. E-commerce gradually has been accepted more and more and changed people’s lives. The aim of this research is to determine to the critical performance criteria in balanced evaluation of Iranian online B2C business stores using a hybrid Balanced Scorecard (BSC) and multi criteria decision making (Fuzzy ANP and Fuzzy WASPAS) approach.

Considering research objective, it’s an applied research, regarding method it’s descriptive and based on analysis method, it’s a quantitative- mathematical modeling study. The statistical population of this study includes owners of online businesses in Rasht city.

After reviewing the literature and identifying online stores’ evaluation criteria, these criteria were classified based on the four perspectives of BSC. Next, the importance of the criteria was determined using the Fuzzy Analytical Network Process (ANP) technique, among which operation management (0.15848), sales (0.14957), market share (0.13710), customer satisfaction (0.12409) and customer relationship management (0.10527) are the most important criteria, respectively. Finally, based on the results of evaluating 10 Iranian online stores using Fuzzy WASPAS technique, Digi Kala, Digi Style, and Chareh stores were ranked first to third.

In this research, B2C online store brands were evaluated and ranked with a mixed approach of FANP and FWASPAS and based on the research results, executive and research proposals were presented.

Insurance companies are one of the most important economic institutions in each country and support other economic institutions and their proper functioning has a significant role in boosting the economy. The purpose of this research is Ranking the branches of Parsiyan Insurance Companys using CFA and MCDM Methods. The sample used, includes 30 Parsian Insurance Branches. Also, experts in the insurance industry have been surveyed in terms of extracting rating and valuation criteria. In the first step, similar studies were reviewed and with the help of experts, 29 effective indicators were developed in the framework of a balanced scorecard. These indicators were reduced to 15 final indicators by using a CFA in four dimensions of the balanced scorecard including financial, customer, internal processes, and growth and learning. Then, with the help of the ANP, the indicators are weighed and finally branches are ranked by the PROMETHEE method. According to the results of the research, two dimensions of customer and financial are more important. Also, the two indices of the share premium of the subsidiary and the operating profit of the branch relative to the whole company have a major role in the growth of insurance branches. The two branches AC027 and AC030 rank first and second

Following catastrophic events, there are numerous organizations for general health and relief for disaster victims. However, the lack of coordination between them makes the operation of relief operations difficult. This research is designed to extract and prioritize humanitarian supply chain barriers and is divided into three general stages. At first, the barriers to implementation were identified through the study of the literature of the subject and then co-ordinated with the symposium of the scholars. These barriers are classified into five categories: barriers to human resources, structural barriers, technological barriers, cultural barriers, and financial barriers. In the second step, the research questionnaire was designed, tested and improved so that the views of the managers involved in the disaster relief operation were included. At the last step, barriers were prioritized based on their severity importance using the network analysis process. The results indicate that lack of budget estimation, lack of estimation of needs and inadequate state support are important barriers. This means that in order to overcome barriers to implementing the supply chain, the first step should be to address these issues. The findings of this study provide clear guidelines on supply chain implementation, providing a more efficient, robust and systematic approach to supply chain barriers.

Given the importance of commercialization and the barriers in this respect for nanotechnology products, there needs more emphasis on its process in our industries. The aim of this study is to evaluate the factors affecting the commercialization of nanotechnology in Cultivation and Industry Company of Golestan in order to form the design of commercialization pattern of nanotechnology products in the food industry. This study is an applied research due to the purpose and it is a descriptive survey in terms of the method. In this study, a model has been used with 6 factors and 48 indicators whose fitness approved by Smart Pls. Also, the analytical network process (ANP) and Super Decision Software have been used to prioritize the factors affecting the commercialization. Based on ANP results, the technical factor is the first priority, and the environmental, human resources, financial, structural, organizational, and managerial ones are respectively in the next priorities according to the experts.

Nowadays, Organizational survival depends on the tendency toward new products and the use of new ways to create them. Developing new product is a process through which a new product or a service is offered to the customers. More precisely, the new product development process involves using resources and capabilities to create a new product or improve an existing product. Given the shorter life cycle of products and technology developments, new product development process in the growth, survival, and competitiveness of the utmost importance. There are several risks during new product development process; that in general, are divided into three major categories: technological risks, organizational risks, and marketing risks. According to studies, the technological risks are one of the most important risks. Perceived technological risk refers to a firm’s inability to completely understand or accurately predict some aspects of the technological environment as it relates to NPD projects. Hence identifying and reducing these risks helps to increase the success rate of the new product development process. In this research, by reviewing the literature on the areas of the new product development process, risk and risk management, 20 types of common technological risks in new product development process are extracted from the literature and using a number of experts from Malek Ashtar University of Isfahan who are specialized in this field, they are prioritized by the Analytical Network Process (ANP).

Along with increasing acceleration of developments and changes in the modern world, the process of ongoing transformation is one of the main issues governing human life. Hence, companies and organizations seeking to establish or maintain their competitive advantage are forced to accept flexibility and changes. In such a situation, innovation has become the mainstay of organizations. Success of organizations is primarily rooted in their innovation and management. Competitive advantages arising from innovation change in favor of those organizations which can make use of knowledge, technological skills, and experience to create innovation in their products and the methods to develop and supply them. Given the significance of innovation in the development and performance of organizations, evaluation of innovative capabilities is the most important prerequisite to move toward the deployment of innovative systems in organizations. In this study, Karan Mapna Materials Engineering Company was evaluated using Joe Teide model in five dimensions of organizational processes, organizational climate supportive of innovation, learning, strategy, and external communications. The research method was descriptive-survey and data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was conformed using the judgment of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient running SPSS software. Due to the limited population of the study, census sampling technique was used in this study. Also, to fit the model and confirmatory factor analysis of the indices of the questionnaire, structural equation modeling and PLS software were applied. After the model was fit, 14 indices were removed out of 40 ones. On the other hand, to rank the factors affecting innovation management in Karan Mapna Materials Engineering Company, paired comparison was run using ANP technique in Super Decisions software. Results obtained from the software indicated that strategy was placed in the first rank and learning, processes, structure, organization, and networking factors were placed in the next ranks, respectively.
Using the data in the questionnaires in this study, the situation on innovation management in Karan Mapna Materials Engineering Company was addressed. Findings from the study indicated that networking factor was the poorest one and the strategy had the best situation among other factors.
In this study, Karan Mapna Materials Engineering Company was evaluated using Joe Teide model in five dimensions of organizational processes, organizational climate supportive of innovation, learning, strategy, and external communications. The research method was descriptive-survey and data collection instrument was a questionnaire whose validity was conformed using the judgment of experts and its reliability was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha coefficient running SPSS software. Due to the limited population of the study, census sampling technique was used in this study.
Also, to fit the model and confirmatory factor analysis of the indices of the questionnaire, structural equation modeling and PLS software were applied. After the model was fit, 14 indices were removed out of 40 ones. On the other hand, to rank the factors affecting innovation management Karan Mapna Materials Engineering Company, paired comparisons was run using ANP technique in Super Decisions software. Results obtained from the software indicated that strategy was placed in the first rank and learning, processes, structure, organization, and networking factors were placed in the next ranks, respectively.
Using the data in the questionnaires in this study, the situation on innovation management in Karan Mapna Materials Engineering Company was addressed. Findings from the study indicated that networking factor was the poorest factor and strategy factor had the best situation among other factors.

Product selection is done according to its specifications. In modern competitive markets, product survival refers back to its appropriate price, quality, and innovations in accordance with customers’ needs. In order to increase customers’ satisfaction, the quality of products and services should be improved. In this study, we evaluated different configurations of laptops using Multi-criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approaches. First, we employed a structured questionnaire to collect important features about laptop selection from customers’ viewpoints, and the customers scored the features based on their own opinions. Then, in solving the problem, it was used fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) to weigh criteria such as product weight, price and time spending for full battery charge. Afterwards, TOPSIS-ELECTRE approach was used to rank laptop alternatives to propose the best one. Based on the results, good price and having main features at a desirable level were identified as main factors to improve configuration and customer satisfaction.

Today, the benefits of organizations cannot be achieved by one organization alone, because the organizations are trying to make their business focus on core competence, and they outsourcing other activities to other organizations. Iranian organizations have long spoken of IT outsourcing is a form of serious issues; So managers need to increase their knowledge and techniques in the field of IT outsourcing and decision making methods. This paper presents a quantitative model to rank the IT outsourcing options presented which is used SWOT analysis and the analysis network process (ANP).
Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) analysis is an important support tool for decision-making, and it commonly used as a means to systematically analyze an organization’s internal and external environments. SWOT analysis, does not provides the possibility of determining the importance of the criterion or the ability to evaluate options to make decisions according to these criterions. Analytical Network Process (ANP) is recommended to analyze the structure of the outsourcing problem and determine weights of the criteria, and final ranking as well as using this method can be considered the inner dependency among the main criteria. The results of the case studies show that taking into account dependencies reduces the weight of the strengths and weaknesses and increase the weight opportunities and threats.

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One of the key issues in supply chain management is supplier selection. The distributor in the supply chain, is not only the link between the producer and the consumer, but also is the first part that understands the alterations in demand. Therefore, the major purpose of this study is to reduce the costs to the level which can be claimed that the satisfaction of the client has been achieved. The evaluation in this research is based on modeling using planning models in operations research. Because of the capabilities of multi-issue decision making techniques, taking advantage of these approaches is considered one of the most appropriate methods. Therefore, a combinational approach from fuzzy multi-issue decision making and idealistic planning is applied. In this study, we first recognize the effective factors in the selection of suppliers and carriers, and given the multiplicity of these factors and correlation between them, and also in order to cover the obscured state of decision making, a combination of network analytic process and fuzzy sets theory is employed. And eventually, we allocate orders to suppliers by using the idealistic planning model for a case study in IRAN Pipe and Machinery Company.

Investing in the stock requires sufficient knowledge. This information includes the identification of firms and different stocks and their performance during activities and to achieve the investment objective of profitable investment, choose the best stocks plays an important role. But the analysis of this matter because of the effective and great variables, make double the complexity of the task. In this article, we have tried some of these factors in selecting the optimal stock portfolio and investors priorities with regard to the relationship between agents and ranking them with identify and review using the DEMATEL techniques and analysis network process. Factors considered in this paper, after reviewing the relevant literature and consultation with experts and activists in this area include risk, return on equity, liquidity, dividends, free float stocks, security portfolio, the proportion of shares, financial ratios and market trends measures as the great criterions are in customer preferences and in the stock options have been considered. As well as to review these criteria, risk-free investment bonds options, automobile industry, steel industry and the oil industry stocks is considered. In this paper, using DEMATEL technique for evaluating and ranking factors with regard to internal communication between them and draw cause and effect diagram and analysis network process is used for the final ranking options.

Now days, the use of information systems is a necessity in organizations. Enterprise resource planning system (ERP) is one of the important applications of information technology, especially in the banking industry in our country. There are a lot of providers of ERP software package inside and out. Therefore, it is so important to select suitable ones which cover all needs and aspects of our organization. To solve this problem, we need to build a complete network of all factors involved in the decision and we also need right tools to identify factors into the network. We have used Analytic Network Process (ANP) to make decision making network based on the research findings and innovations and we also have used Balanced Score card to identify effective factors .we have connected the two method together by using questionnaires to the 45experts and professionals in banking system and the 25implementing experts of this software package in Iranian companies. We have applied SPSS and Super Decision software’s to solve proposed model and make valid research results. As a result, an ERP software package of SAP Company is proposed with 0.375 score as the most appropriate one rather than Mysis and Douran for Bank.

L‌a‌c‌k o‌f r‌e‌s‌o‌u‌r‌c‌e‌s i‌s o‌n‌e o‌f t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌b‌l‌e‌m‌s o‌f t‌o‌d‌a‌y's o‌r‌g‌a‌n‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s, h‌a‌v‌i‌n‌g a s‌p‌e‌c‌i‌a‌l c‌h‌a‌r‌a‌c‌t‌e‌r i‌n e‌a‌c‌h p‌e‌r‌i‌o‌d o‌f t‌i‌m‌e. P‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n s‌t‌a‌n‌d‌s f‌o‌r t‌h‌e p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y o‌f p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s a‌n‌d a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n o‌f o‌r‌g‌a‌n‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n r‌e‌s‌o‌u‌r‌c‌e‌s o‌n‌l‌y f‌o‌r t‌h‌o‌s‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s t‌h‌a‌t h‌a‌v‌e g‌o‌t‌t‌e‌n t‌h‌e g‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌s‌t p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y, a‌n‌d f‌r‌o‌m w‌h‌i‌c‌h, d‌u‌e t‌o s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n a‌n‌d a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n, o‌r‌g‌a‌n‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n p‌r‌o‌f‌i‌t w‌i‌l‌l b‌e m‌a‌x‌i‌m‌u‌m. D‌i‌f‌f‌e‌r‌e‌n‌t f‌a‌c‌t‌o‌r‌s c‌a‌n h‌a‌v‌e a‌n e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t, i‌n‌c‌l‌u‌d‌i‌n‌g q‌u‌a‌n‌t‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e a‌n‌d q‌u‌a‌l‌i‌t‌a‌t‌i‌v‌e c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a, a‌n‌d p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d a‌n‌d g‌i‌v‌e‌n p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y b‌e‌c‌a‌u‌s‌e o‌f t‌h‌e‌m. I‌t i‌s w‌o‌r‌t‌h m‌e‌n‌t‌i‌o‌n‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌a‌t t‌h‌e‌r‌e i‌s a‌n i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s‌h‌i‌p b‌e‌t‌w‌e‌e‌n t‌h‌o‌s‌e c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a, a‌n‌d t‌a‌k‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌i‌s r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s‌h‌i‌p i‌n‌t‌o a‌c‌c‌o‌u‌n‌t c‌a‌n h‌a‌v‌e a‌n e‌f‌f‌e‌c‌t o‌n t‌h‌e c‌o‌n‌d‌i‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s o‌f p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y a‌n‌d s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌i‌o‌n. T‌h‌e o‌b‌j‌e‌c‌t‌i‌v‌e o‌f t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r i‌s t‌o p‌r‌e‌s‌e‌n‌t a s‌y‌s‌t‌e‌m‌a‌t‌i‌c m‌e‌t‌h‌o‌d t‌h‌a‌t c‌o‌n‌s‌i‌d‌e‌r‌s i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌n‌t r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌m‌o‌n‌g c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a, t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s t‌h‌a‌t h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n g‌i‌v‌e‌n p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y d‌u‌e t‌o t‌h‌e‌s‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌n‌d t‌h‌e o‌r‌g‌a‌n‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n r‌e‌s‌o‌u‌r‌c‌e‌s t‌h‌a‌t a‌r‌e a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d t‌o p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s w‌i‌t‌h t‌h‌e g‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌r p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y. I‌n t‌h‌i‌s p‌a‌p‌e‌r, i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌n‌c‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌m‌o‌n‌g c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a a‌r‌e d‌e‌t‌e‌r‌m‌i‌n‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g a‌n a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌t‌i‌c n‌e‌t‌w‌o‌r‌k p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s t‌o f‌i‌n‌d t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s t‌h‌a‌t h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n g‌i‌v‌e‌n p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y. I‌n t‌h‌e n‌e‌x‌t s‌t‌e‌p, t‌h‌e o‌r‌g‌a‌n‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s r‌e‌s‌o‌u‌r‌c‌e‌s a‌m‌o‌n‌g t‌h‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s g‌i‌v‌e‌n t‌h‌e g‌r‌e‌a‌t‌e‌s‌t p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌y a‌r‌e a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d u‌s‌i‌n‌g z‌e‌r‌o-o‌n‌e g‌o‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌g‌r‌a‌m‌m‌i‌n‌g. T‌h‌e r‌e‌s‌u‌l‌t o‌f t‌h‌e q‌u‌e‌s‌t‌i‌o‌n‌e‌d m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f p‌e‌r‌f‌o‌r‌m‌a‌n‌c‌e i‌n t‌h‌e s‌t‌u‌d‌i‌e‌d o‌r‌g‌a‌n‌i‌z‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n w‌a‌s i‌n t‌h‌e f‌o‌l‌l‌o‌w‌i‌n‌g m‌a‌n‌n‌e‌r: S‌i‌x c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a w‌e‌r‌e s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d i‌n t‌h‌e u‌s‌e o‌f t‌h‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l, a‌n‌d, d‌u‌e t‌o e‌x‌p‌e‌r‌t v‌i‌e‌w‌p‌o‌i‌n‌t‌s, t‌h‌e i‌n‌t‌e‌r‌d‌e‌p‌e‌n‌d‌e‌n‌c‌e r‌e‌l‌a‌t‌i‌o‌n‌s a‌m‌o‌n‌g t‌h‌e c‌r‌i‌t‌e‌r‌i‌a w‌e‌r‌e i‌d‌e‌n‌t‌i‌f‌i‌e‌d. D‌u‌e t‌o t‌a‌k‌i‌n‌g p‌r‌i‌o‌r‌i‌t‌i‌e‌s f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e a‌n‌a‌l‌y‌t‌i‌c n‌e‌t‌w‌o‌r‌k p‌r‌o‌c‌e‌s‌s, t‌h‌e m‌o‌d‌e‌l o‌f z‌e‌r‌o-o‌n‌e g‌o‌a‌l p‌r‌o‌g‌r‌a‌m‌m‌i‌n‌g i‌s f‌o‌r‌m‌u‌l‌i‌z‌e‌d i‌n s‌u‌c‌h a w‌a‌y t‌h‌a‌t b‌y s‌o‌l‌v‌i‌n‌g t‌h‌i‌s m‌o‌d‌e‌l f‌r‌o‌m a‌m‌o‌n‌g s‌e‌v‌e‌n p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s, t‌h‌e q‌u‌e‌s‌t‌i‌o‌n‌e‌d f‌i‌v‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s h‌a‌v‌e b‌e‌e‌n s‌e‌l‌e‌c‌t‌e‌d, a‌n‌d r‌e‌s‌o‌u‌r‌c‌e‌s a‌r‌e a‌l‌l‌o‌c‌a‌t‌e‌d f‌r‌o‌m t‌h‌e‌s‌e f‌i‌v‌e p‌r‌o‌j‌e‌c‌t‌s.

The most important goals in marring of a country is to destroy it's military and industrial centers. One of the most important and essential measures for preventing the vital damages to these centers or limiting them is to locate accurately these vital and critical industries. Accurate and material location of these centers is one of the most important measures which lead to decrease of future considerable related costs and to increase securely index of them. Therefore by increasing the passive defense capability of these centers the enemy's attacks possibility and destruction effects of possible attacks will be decreased. Through this study a combined model for locating of critical centers is suggested by identifying the effective factors in locating of these critical military centers and emphasizing of passive defense. In developing of the model, Hybrid model, Analytical network process, P-dispersion mathematical model, and an Improved numerical Taxonomy clustering technique (HAPIT) are used. It has been tried that these centers to be considered through three aspects of common, undesirable and military facilities.