جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آنزیم کاتالاز » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

Different compounds of naphthalene acetic / indole acetic acid and humic acid have an important role in plant growth and development; therefore, an experiment was conducted in Shahid Salemi farm in Ahvaz in 2017-18 and 2018-19. The experiment was performed in a randomized complete block statistical design with split plot-factorial in three replications. Experimental treatments include two hybrids of corn SC 704 and AS71 in the main plot and factorial treatments of hormone mixing ratio in three levels of control (without mixing), mixing naphthalene acetic / indole acetic acid in the ratio of 100/200 and 200/400 mg/kg and humic acid at three levels of control (without use), 500 and 1000 g/ha were compared in subplots. The results show that the application of 500 and 1000 g/ha of humic acid had a significant effect on all studied traits. The lowest amount was obtained in the control treatment or no consumption of humic acid. There was no significant difference between the consumption of 500 and 1000 g/ha of humic acid in all studied traits except grain yield, harvest index, and catalase enzyme. The highest grain yield in SC704 hybrids was observed in mixing ratios of 7391 and 7291 kg/ha, respectively. Also, the grain yield in AS71 hybrid in the mixing ratio of 200/400 mg of naphthalene acetic/indole acetic acid was not significantly different. The lowest grain yield was observed in AS 71 hybrid in control treatment at 5945 kg/ha. According to the results of this study, the use of hormones and humic acid can positively affect increasing the yield and morphological traits of corn. Seed yield was increased by improving plant growth, which can be attributed to the effect and role of hormones and the use of humic acid.

Water deficit stress is one of the most common abiotic stresses that reduce the growth and yield of crops such as oilseed rape. The utilization of micronutrients in oilseed crops is one of the most useful and effective approach for improving the grain yield and plant adaptation under drought stress conditions. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to investigate the effect of foliar application of selenium nanoparticles on physiological, biochemical and agronomic characteristics of oilseed rape under the end season drought stress.

To investigate the effect of selenium nanoparticles on on some physiological, biochemical and agricultural characteristics of oilseed rape under the end season drought stress, a split-plot experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications at research farm station of University of Mohaghegh Ardabili in 2017-2018. The treatments were irrigation (normal irrigation and omitting irrigation at the flowering stage) as main plots and selenium nanoparticles foliar application ((0 (control), 25 and 50 mg/l) as sub-plots. The cultivar studied was Hayola 401. The measured traits included Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Total Chlorophyll, Carotenoid, F0, Fm, Fv, Fv/Fm, relative water content, ion leakage, malondialdehyde, Catalase and grain yield. Analysis of variance and comparison of their means using by LSD test were done by the SAS software (version 9).

According to the results, drought stress significantly reduced the amount of photosynthetic pigment, relative water content and grain yield while amount malondialdehyde, ion leakage and chlorophyll fluorescence increased under drought stress conditions. Foliar spraying of nanoselenium with a concentration of 50 mg/liter increased catalase enzyme activity (82%), relative leaf water content (29 %), total chlorophyll (64 %) and decreased electrical conductivity of materials leaked from leaves by 23% could reduce the negative effects of drought stress. so that the grain yield increased (45%) by spraying 50 mg/l selenium nanoparticles in under drought stress conditions. The most positive and significantc orrelations were observed between grain yield and chlorophyll a, total chlorophyll (96** %).

The results of this study indicated that the using of molybdenum oxide nanoparticles under favorable irrigation conditions and drought stress could improve photosynthetic indices and biochemical traits. Foliar application of selenium nanoparticles, especially at 50 mg/l concentration, reduced the effects of drought stress by increasing the synthesis of chlorophyll and improving the process of photosynthesis and improved physiological and biochemical indices, thus improving the grain yield in favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions.

Seed priming is the simplest and the best method to increase seed germination speed.

To address this, in a study aimed at the effect of priming of different barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) cultivars on various germination characteristics, in the form of a factorial experiment was conducted using a completely randomized design with four replications in the research greenhouse of the Agricultural and Natural Resources Research Center of Hamadan province in 2022. Treatments including priming of seeds with fertilizers 1. Biozar, 2. Seafull amino zinc, 3. Sabzine, 4. Royesh, 5. Ecobooster, and 6. control (no fertilizer application), and different barley cultivars including Jolgeh, Bahman, Azaran, Abidar, Ghaflan, and Sahand.

The results indicated a significant effect of seed priming on the evaluated characteristics compared to the control treatment. The highest enzyme activities of catalase (0.117 Unit/ml) and peroxidase (85.08 Unit/ml) were obtained in seedlings obtained from seeds priming with Seafull amino zinc, which were 72 and 33% more than control treatments, respectively. The highest seedling vigor index was related to the seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer (26.55), which was significantly higher than the control treatment (22.84) and other treatments. Also, the germination percentage of seeds priming with seafull amino zinc fertilizer was significantly higher (3.5%) than the control.

Considering that seed priming is a cost-effective and easy method and at the same time it is simple and does not require complex technical knowledge, it can be easily implemented by farmers. Therefore, this method is recommended to improve germination, seedling growth, and the quality and strength of barley seeds.

 Medicinal plants have long had a special role in the traditional ‎agricultural system of Iran and the use of these plants as medicine to prevent and treat diseases has been considered by ‎traditional medicine experts since ancient times. Medicinal plants with rich sources of secondary metabolites provide the ‎basic active ingredients of many medicines. Although the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites is genetically controlled, ‎but their construction is strongly influenced by environmental factors. One of the important climatic factors that affect the ‎distribution of plants around the world and can cause morphological, physiological and biochemical changes in the plant is ‎the lack of available water. Basil seems to show little resistance to water stress. For this reason, there is a need for protective mechanisms for the ‎basil plant against stress due to water shortage. Plants are able to reduce or eliminate the effects of water shortage ‎stress by coexisting with a number of soil microorganisms. Inoculation of the plants with Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) has been exploited as an applicable strategy for reducing detrimental effects of water deficit stress. Present study was performed to evaluate the effects of three AMF on some physiological responses of Ocimum basilicum under water deficit stress.

 The pot experiments were conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design blocks with three replications. The experimental factors were three AMF namely Glomus etunicatum, Glomus mosseae and Glomus intraradices and various soil moisture including severe stress, moderate stress, mild stress. Water stress was applied from the beginning to the end of flowering stage. After flowering stage, plants ‎were harvested and traits such as total phenols and flavonoids, antioxidant ‎capacity (DPPH), malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase and peroxidase enzymes were measured. To analyze the data, first the test of data normality and uniformity of variance within the treatment was performed and confirmed. The mean of treatments was compared by Duncan test at the level of 5% probability. SAS software (Ver. 9.3) was used to analyze the data and Excel software was used to draw the graphs.

 The results of analysis of variance of the effect of mycorrhiza fungus and soil moisture on the studied parameters show that the effect of different levels of soil moisture on all traits was significant. The results of analysis of variance also showed that the effect of mycorrhiza on phenol and total flavonoids, antioxidant activity, catalase and peroxidase and malondialdehyde was significant at the level of one percent probability. According to the results of analysis of variance, the interaction effect of mycorrhiza on soil moisture on antioxidant activity was significant at 5% probability level and on total phenols and flavonoids, malondialdehyde, catalase and peroxidase at 1% probability level. Results showed that AMFs improve activity of catalase and peroxidase, antioxidant capacity and total phenols which led to decrease malondialdehyde content. Antioxidants as physiologically active compounds play an important role in plant resistance to stress. Increased oxygen species due to dehydration stress are a warning sign for plants and increase the activity of antioxidant enzymes. The plant's defense system increases the production of antioxidant enzymes to neutralize toxic oxygen forms, and fungi improve the intensity of this increase, which may be due to the chemical structure of the metal isoenzymes copper, zinc, and manganese. Factors sent to make antioxidant enzymes also contain the elements zinc and calcium. Mycorrhizal fungi increase the absorption of nutrients by sending more hormonal factors and increasing the activity of enzymes, all of which can be effective in increasing the activity of antioxidant enzymes.

 When plants are exposed to dehydration stress, reactive oxygen species in them increase. The expression of antioxidant genes and the activity of antioxidants to eliminate reactive oxygen species are increased and the antioxidant defense system is improved and the tolerance to dehydration stress in the plant is increased. Scientists believe that peroxidase is involved in metabolic processes such as hormone catabolism, defense against pathogens, phenol oxidation, binding to cell structural proteins and cell wall polysaccharides. Present study revealed that application of AMFs can be good strategy for reducing harmful effects of water deficit stress in plants. Research has also shown that impregnating seeds with mycorrhiza increases antioxidants and reduces the amount of reactive oxygen species, a characteristic of resistance induction that occurs by this antagonist.   ‎
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Plants often encounter unfavorable conditions, which interrupts their growth and productivity. Among the various abiotic stresses, drought is the major factor that limits crop productivity worldwide. Shortage of water causes drought that is the most dangerous hazard to food security all over the world. Because water supply is limited all over the world, food demand becomes a major problem. Priming of plant seeds is an easy, low-cost, low-risk, and effective approach to improve plant tolerance under stressful environment. . Priming of plant seeds is an easy, low-cost, low-risk, and effective approach to improve plant tolerance under stressful environments. In nutrient priming, seeds are pretreated (primed) in solutions containing the limiting nutrients instead of being soaked just in water. The physico-chemical and anti-oxidative properties of selenium (Se) have raised the curiosity of biologists in recent past. Research shows that selenium promotes the plant growth and may act as heavy metal opponent as it is a necessary micronutrient with some physiological and anti oxidative properties. However, for plants, studies has shown that although low concentrations of selenium can effectively promote plant growth, high concentrations of selenium have a significant toxic effect on plants.

Thus in order to investigate different concentrations of selenium (Na2Seo4) on antioxidant properties and photosynthetic pigments of quinoa under experimental drought stress conditions with 5 levels of selenium priming with sodium selenate source (0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 mg l-1), and two levels of hydropriming without priming and three levels of drought stress using polyethylene glycol (PEG) (0.4, 0.8 and 1.2 MPa) with three replications in Seed Technology Laboratory of Shahed University of Agricultural Sciences was conducted in 1398. Measured traits include antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, and photosynthetic pigments, proline, and protein. Statistical analysis of the data included analysis of variance using AS 9.1 software and comparison of mean of traits evaluated by LSD test at 5% probability level.

The results showed that the application of drought and prime stress with sodium selenate had a positive and significant effect on antioxidant enzymes, photosynthetic pigments, proline and protein content. Seed priming with sodium selenate increased the activity of antioxidant enzymes including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase under drought stress. Based on the results under stress conditions, protein content and photosynthetic pigments showed a decreasing trend and prime with sodium selenate slowed down this decreasing trend. The highest amount of proline in stress of 1.2 MPa and prime with sodium selenate with a concentration of 4.5 mg l-1 showed a 66% increase compared to drought stress of 0.4 MPa and no priming.

in this study, the effect of silver nanoparticles and humic acid on some morphological characteristics of quinoa seedlings under drought stress was investigated. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The experiment consisted of three levels of silver nanoparticles (0, 10 and 20 mg L-1 AgNPs), three levels of humic acid (0, 100 and 300 mg L-1) and three levels of drought stress (0, -6 and -12 bar). In this study, Titicaca cultivar was used. The highest amount of seed vigor and seed germination rate were observed in the highest level of AgNPs and humic acid, which indicates the positive effect of AgNPs and humic acid on germination percentage, germination rate and quinoa seed vigor. According to the obtained results, drought stress led to a decrease in germination percentage and growth characteristics of quinoa seeds. AgNPs and humic acid had a positive effect on germination and growth characteristics of quinoa seedlings under drought stress conditions compared to control treatment. With increasing the concentration of AgNPs and humic acid, the amount of proline, soluble sugars, total phenol, flavonoids and catalase activity under drought stress increased, indicating the positive role of AgNPs and humic acid to increase drought tolerance in quinoa. Therefore, the use of humic acid at a concentration of 300 mg L-1 along with 20 mg L-1 AgNPs is recommended to improve germination and seed growth of quinoa under drought stress conditions

Drought stress is a major constraint to agricultural productivity all around the world. Drought is the most significant threat to global food security. Food demand becomes a huge issue because water supply is restricted around the planet. Plant seed priming is a simple, low-cost, low-risk, and effective way to boost plant tolerance under stressful situations.In nutrient priming, seeds are pretreated (primed) in solutions containing the limiting nutrients instead of being soaked just in water. Microelements, which are required in very small quantities, play important roles in improving crop productivity and quality. Oxidative stress is caused by the formation of active oxygen species (ROS) in response to water stress. Antioxidant enzymes are regarded to be the "first line of defense" against reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by a variety of environmental injury species. Selenium's strategies for decreasing the effects of drought are mostly anti-antioxidant defense activation. Quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) is a stress-tolerant pseudo cereal that has been cultivated for over 7000 years in the Andes, in a variety of environments, with Peru and Bolivia being the main producers. Quinoa is a high-protein food (12-16.5 percent), with protein quality comparable to casein. Furthermore, this "wonder grain" is gluten-free and high in bioactive substances such as antioxidants, polyphenols, flavonoids, vitamins, and minerals that imparts various health benefiting characteristics to this grain. Quinoa plants, including seeds and leaves, can be eaten to provide nutrition to humans and animals. Quinoa is also great for digestion because it has twice the amount of nutritional fibre as other cereals.

Thus a factorial experiment in a completely randomised design with three replications was conducted in the Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Shahed University in 2020 to investigate the effect of sodium selenite pre-treatment on germination indices and prolin content of quinoa plants under drought stress. The variables in the experiment Include four levels of sodium selenite (0.5, 1.5, 3, 4.5, and 6 mg/lit), two levels of hydroprimind and no priming, and three levels of drought stress induced by polyethylene glycol (0.4, 0.8, and 1.2 MP). Germination percentage (GP), mean germination time (MGT), germination speed (GR), and SVI: seedling longitudinal index, seedling length, changes in the number of photosynthetic pigments, and proline content, and Catalase enzyme levels were among the traits that were assessed. Statistical analysis of the data included analysis of variance using AS 9.1 software and comparison of the mean of traits evaluated by LSD test at 5% probability level.

The results showed that prime with selenium and drought stress had a significant effect on most germination traits and photosynthetic pigments, proline levels and catalase enzyme. Prime with selenium at its proper concentration led to the early emergence of seedlings in drought-tolerant conditions, but showed an inhibitory effect by increasing the concentration of selenium and increasing the levels of drought stress. Pre-treatment with selenium at 30 mg / L showed the highest percentage of germination (94%) with a 58% increase compared to non-priming and severe stress treatment. Also, seedlings that were primed with selenium had more photosynthetic pigments than non-priming and hydrophilicity under stress. The highest levels of proline and catalase were observed in extreme stress conditions with molar concentrations of 1.5 and 1.5 mg/lit, respectively. As a result, seed priming with selenium can be used to boost quinoa seedling germination and early growth under field circumstances.

Coneflower herbal medicinal plant is from the Asteraceae family, native to North America. Because of its immune-boosting properties, it is used to treat a variety of pathogens. The seed germination stage is one of the crucial and crucial stages in the growth cycle of plant species that can play an important role in the production process by optimal establishment of seedlings. Seed of Coneflower germinates and grows very slowly and weakly. Therefore, the use of some plant growth regulators, such as the gibberellin hormone, can play an important role in improving seed germination. The aim of this study was investigate the effect of hormone seed priming using gibberellin on seed germination quality of Coneflower.

A factorial experiment was conducted based on the complete randomized design arranged with three replications. The experiment was conducted at the seed technology laboratory of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources University of Khuzestan, 2018. Experimental treatments were different concentrations of gibberellin (0, 50, 100, 200, 400, and 800 mg/l) as the first factor and the durations of seed priming (12, 24, and 48 hour) as the second factor.

Results of in vitro studies showed that the interaction of gibberellin in priming time on percentage, rate and mean germination time, root and shoot length, seed vigor index, peroxidase activity at 1% and Seed soluble protein content was significant at 5% level. Seed germination quality and protein content increased by the application of 200 mg/l gibberellin for the 24 hours, whereas at the concentrations of 400 and 800 mg/l, gibberellin reduced germination quality and antioxidant enzymes activities. Results of stepwise regression models of antioxidant enzymes activity and protein content with germination indices showed that these traits were significantly entered into the prediction model. It was observed that in all traits except for the rate and the mean germination time, the amount of protein entered the prediction equation. In general, stepwise regression models predicted stem length and power index better than other traits and showed the highest coefficients in these traits with values of 0.85 and 0.83. Also, catalase and peroxidase activities were significantly correlated with rate and mean germination time only. The amount of soluble protein had a positive and significant correlation with all studied traits except germination rate and mean germination time. The highest correlation coefficients for protein content were obtained from longitudinal power index with correlation coefficient (r = 0.856).

Based on the obtained results, the best hormone priming treatment was 200 mg/l gibberellin for the durations of 24 hour. 

1- The role of gibberellin hormone on seed germination traits Coneflower was evaluated2- The effect of gibberellin hormone on the activity of antioxidant enzymes and soluble proteins during seed germination was investigated.

Polyamines are low molecular weight organic polycations containing two or more amino groups and their application in agriculture is going to increase as a result of their positive impact on plant physiological responses. This greenhouse study was applied in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design to evaluate the effects of polyamines (putrescine and spermine) at four levels (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mM) on morphophysiological characteristics of Dutch iris (Iris hollandica 'Blue Magic'). Foliar spraying treatments were performed from 3-leaf stage, weekly. The results showed that putrescine and spermine increased vase life and flower diameter and the highest record was observed in 2 mM putrescine treatment. Plants that treated with 2 mM putrescine and spermine had the greatest amount of petals anthocyanin and leaf chlorophyll content. All polyamines treatments increased post-harvest flower fresh weight and petals soluble solids content and the maximum rise was detected by 2 mM putrescine application. According to the results of this study, the best results were found in both 2 mM putrescine and 1 mM spermine treatments, where the lowest electrolyte leakage and malondialdehyde content and the most antioxidant enzymes catalase and ascorbate peroxidase activities was obtained.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of salicylic acid and zinc applications on physiological, growth and menthol properties of peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) under water stress conditions in 2019 at Varamin as a split plot factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment consisted of three factors, including water stress based on evaporation from Class A evaporation pan (50, 70 and 90 mm evaporation from Class A pan) as main plots and salicylic acid foliar application at two levels of 0 and 1 mM and zinc spraying at 0, 2 and 4 g/L in the sub plots. The highest amount of catalase (1.24 Units/mg proteins) was obtained under the application of 4 g Zn per L with salicylic acid and 50 mm evaporation from evaporation pan at. At all levels of drought stress, salicylic acid and zinc sulfate applications increased the catalase content. The main and interaction effects of all treatments except the interaction effects of salicylic acid on ascorbate peroxidase were significant. The results showed that the highest amount of ascorbate peroxidase (1.63 Units/mg protein) was obtained in the treatment of 4 g Zn/L with salicylic acid and in the 90 ml evaporation treatment the evaporation pan. The lowest value ​​(0.53 Units/mg protein) was obtained in the zero zinc and salicylic acid treatments at 50 mm evaporation from the evaporation pan. Zinc sulfate and salicylic acid consumption can be effective in the enzymes activity enhancement, especially catalase, where the highest catalase activity (1.24 unit / mg protein) was obtained in 4 g zinc per liter with salicylic acid and 50 ml evaporation in the evaporation pan, as well as increasing the amount of menthol, which is highly used in the pharmaceutical industry.

In order to study of lead and cadmium effects onseed germination and enzyme activities an experiment was conducted in seed laboratory of department of agronomy in Islamic Azad University, Varamin, Iran in 2015 on seed corn. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with treatments arranged in a factorial scheme with five levels of lead (0, 10, 40, 700 and 100 μM.Lit-1) by five levels cadmium application (0, 10, 40, 700 and 100 μM.Lit-1), with three replicates. The results showed that lead and cadmium effects treatment significantly for all experimental traits. Also with increased concentrations of heavy metals decreased germination percentage, germination rate , plumule dry weight, radicle dry weight, α-amylase enzyme and phosphatase enzyme activity, by contrast catalase enzyme activity was increased. Also interaction between lead and cadmium effect showed the lowest and greatest germination rate respectively 5.68 and 8.92 (Seed per day), radicle dry weight 0.34 and 0.66 (g), α-amylase enzyme 3.3 and 5.9 (IU. g FW-1) and phosphatase enzyme 0.9 and 4.3 (IU. g FW-1) activity was obtained when seed corn was exposure in 100 μM.Lit-1 to lead and cadmium used together respectively.

In order to evaluate the allelopathic effects of aqueous extract of sorghum, eucalyptus, helianthus annuus and nicotiana sylvestris on some germination, biochemical and enzymes of two weeds of avena fatua and sinapis arvensis an experiment was conducted in factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications at in Seed Technology Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Shahed University, Iran in 2018. Four concentrations (control, 5, 10 and 20 percent) from four plants (sorghum, eucalyptus, helianthus annuus and nicotiana sylvestris) and two weed seeds (sinapis arvensis and avena fatua) were the treatments. The results of analysis of variance showed that germination percentage, germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity of two weeds at 1% level were affected by different concentrations of aqueous extracts of plants. The results showed that increasing the concentration of aqueous extract of the plant, percent and germination rate, seedling length, seedling dry weight, catalase activity of two weeds decreased however their lipid peroxidation increased. In different concentrations of the aqueous extract of the plant The highest rate was affected avena fatua  the highest influence than sinapis arvensis  and the highest inhibitory affected was observed at a concentration of 20%. Different concentrations of aqueous extract of sorghum compared to other aqueous extracts of plants had a greater inhibitory affected on weeds, so that 20% concentration resulted in more inhibition of both weeds. This aqueous extracts showed the most allelopathic effect, which could be a promising way to produce herbal extracts of natural origin.

Salinity is one of the most important environmental factors that severely inhibit plant growth. To improve the salinity tolerance of wheat through diallel cross, six modified genotypes (Arta, Bezvestia, Koohdasht, Moghan3, Ohadi, and Star), 15 hybrids of crossing these genotypes (Bezvestia×Koohdasht, Bezvestia×Ohadi, Bezvestia×Moghan3, Bezvestia×Arta, Bezvestia×Star, Koohdasht×Ohadi, Koohdasht×Moghan3, Koohdasht×Arta, Koohdasht×Star, Ohadi×Moghan3, Ohadi×Arta, Ohadi×Star, Moghan3×Arta, Moghan3×Star, Arta×Star) in two levels of salinity (0. 20 ds.m-1), were sown in greenhouse as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The estimation of electrical conductivity of water and inlet solutions and water output from the pot had been lasted for two weeks, and followed by traits such as leaf relative water content, osmotic regulation, seed yield, 100 seed weight, seed number per spike, and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes were measured. The results of the experiment showed that with increasing salinity, the traits related to the yield and relative content of water of wheat bread leaf decreased significantly. The traits related to yield and relative content of leaf water in Arta and Ohadi genotypes showed the highest decrease in stress conditions than control, while the progenies obtained from the cross between these two sensitive genotypes showed a significant decrease in the traits related to yield. The rate of activity of a catalase-peroxidase enzyme in stress conditions in the crossroads caused by the confluence of Bezostaya and Kohdasht due to heterozygosity in both parents that resulted in resistance to stress conditions. Considering the superiority of heterozygosity through intelligent crossings, it can be taken measures to improve the salt tolerance of herbs.

Plums are highly perishable and deteriorate quickly during storage and shelf life. On the other hand the use of chemicals in postharvest technology of horticultural products is highly limited and it is necessary to introduce natural and safe methods to maintain the safety of food products. In this experiment, the effect of postharvest treatment with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) (at 0, 10 and 20 mM) and salicylic acid (at 0, 1 and 2 mM) during 16 and 34 days of storage at 1 ± 0.5 °C with 85 to 95% RH on some biochemical indices of plum fruit was studied. The study was carried out as a factorial completely randomized design with four replications. Biochemical indices including catalase enzyme activity, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase (PAL) enzymes activity, total phenolics and total flavonoid content were measured after 16 and 34 days of cold storage plus 24 H at 25 0C. Combination of GABA and salicylic acid significantly maintained fruit total phenolic and total flavonoid contents and enhanced PAL enzyme activity, and treatment with salicylic acid at 2 mM increased catalase enzyme activity in comparison to the control and other treatments. Overall, results revealed that the use of GABA and salicylic acid treatments can maintain the quality of "Shablon" plum fruit during cold storage.

Cereals, have particular and important role in consume pattern in any country in the world. Study of the physiological responses of different cereal species to drought stress can be help to identify the mechanisms involved in resistance to drought. Drought stress is considered to be the major environmental factor limiting crop growth and yield. This stress induces many biochemical, molecular, and physiological changes and responses that influence various cellular and whole plant processes that affect crop yield and quality. Some studies suggest that drought stress influences the thermal tolerance of photosynthesis. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of water stress on the growth, chlorophyll, Catalaz, accumulations of proline and carbohydrates of cold cereals. Therefore, an experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of the low irrigation on chlorophyll a, b, total, proline, soluble sugar content, catalase enzyme and grain yield as a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with three replications in the greenhouse of College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, Gonbad Kavoos University in growing season of 2015. The first factor was different cereal species including Kohdasht bread wheat, durum wheat Seimareh, six-row barley varieties of desert, two-row barley varieties Khorram, and Line 17 of hulless barley, triticale varieties Javanilu and the second factor was different levels of low irrigation including without drought stress (control) , moderate irrigation (5 days water disruption), severe low irrigation (10 days water disruption). In this study low irrigation was applied at flowering stage. Results showed that there was a significant differences between low irrigation levels for chlorophyll a, b and total, proline, soluble sugars and catalase (p < 0.01). The highest chlorophyll a content in moderate irrigation and sereve low irrigation were found in durum wheat and Kuhdasht by 0.33 and 0.21 mg/g, respectively. Maximum content of chlorophyll b and total in moderate irrigation and severe low irrigation conditions was obtained from Kuhdasht wheat. According to our results, maximum and minimum content of proline in under moderate irrigation were observed in Kuhdasht wheat by 98.34, 15.83 mg/g, respectively, while under severe low irrigation, the highest and the lowest content of proline were found in Line 17 of hulless barley by 103.90 and 16.50 mg/g. In this study, the highest soluble sugar content (190.87 mg/g) was recorded in the durum wheat under severe low irrigation conditions. According to the results of this study, different levels of drought stress caused a different response among cereal species, which can be attributed to genetic differences and their tolerance levels. As with the duration of irrigation, the amount of chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b and total chlorophyll in grain species decreased compared to the control. However, Kuhdasht cultivar was more resistant to drought stress than other species.

To determine the effect of seed deterioration on germination, biochemical and enzymatic activity of buckwheat, an experiment was conducted as factorial based on completely randomized design in Seed Science and Technology Laboratory of Shahed University, Iran. The treatments consisted of ageing duration (non-aging, 2, 4 and 7 days) and seed moisture content (10, 20 and 30%). Parameters such as germination percentage, mean germination time, electrical conductivity, lipid peroxidation and catalase activity were measured. The effect of aging duration, seed moisture content and their interaction on traits were significant. Germination percentage, mean germination time, electrical conductivity, lipid peroxidation, and catalase enzyme activity were significantly affected by aging duration and seed moisture content. The highest germination percentage and catalase enzyme activity in aged seeds was observed during two days with 20% moisture content. Mean germination time, electrical conductivity and lipid peroxidation in aged seeds for seven days was in the highest level in seeds with 30% moisture content. Seed moisture content and aging duration increased the mechanisms involved in seed aging and cell membrane phospholipids affected by deterioration, which increased the electrical conductivity and lipid peroxidation and reduced germination and catalase enzyme activity. To prevent buckwheat seed deterioration in long and short term storage, it is recommended that seed moisture content is kept about 10%.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of spraying of Origanum vulgare and Zatria mutifora essence on quantitative and qualitative characteristics of sesame (Naz cultivar) under drought stress conditions. This experiment was conducted as split plot factorial in two years as a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments included two different irrigation regimes (every 15 days) and drought stress (every 25 days), three levels of Origanum vulgare include 0, 40 and 60% and 3 levels of Zatria mutifora include 0, 10 and 20%. Results indicated that drought stress significantly reduced the measured indices compared to control conditions. The results also showed that water stress reduced oil content and increased protein content and activity of catalase, ascorbate peroxidase and superoxide dismutase enzymes. It was found that the most measured indices in both control and stress conditions were associated with 60% Origanum vulgare 20% Zatria mutifora essence. The use of Origanum vulgare and Zatria mutifora essence, under suitable irrigation conditions, increased the seed yield of 27.5% compared to control, whereas it increased 58% under stress conditions. Therefore, it can be stated that under dry conditions, the use of Origanum vulgare Zatria mutifora essence can induce tolerance in the plant in response to drought conditions. Since less cost is needed compared to other methods, therefore, in areas with low water conditions, it is recommended to use the Origanum vulgare and Zatria mutifora essence.

In order to evaluate the effect of safflower aqueous extracts on seedling growth and enzymes activity of wild oat and barnyard grass, this experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design (CRD) with five replications in 2 separated experiments. Effect of different concentrations of safflower extracts (0, 10, 20, 30 and 40%) were examined on seed germination characters of wild oat and barnyard grass weeds. The results showed that in the concentrations of 30 and 40% of safflower aquatic extract, wild oat germination was 33.3% and 46.6%, respectively, and significantly decreased in comparison with control (93.3%). While, under 30 and 40% concentrations, barnyard grass germination was 30% lower than control treatment. Safflower extract reduced the activity of α-amylase enzymes in barnyard grass seeds. The activity level of α-amylase enzymes and wild oat seedlings in the treatment of 40% safflower extract was 2.2 and 1.9 nmol / g protein / min, respectively. Increasing the concentration of safflower extract resulted in degradation of cell membranes, increased free fatty acid levels, and decreased activity of barnyard grass catalase enzymes. In general, the allelopathic compounds in the aqueous extract of safflower reduced the amount and speed of germination of wild grasshoppers and wild oat by reducing the activity of α-amylase enzyme and increasing the peroxidation of membrane fats. Germination and seedling growth of wild oat compared to barnyard grass were more susceptible to safflower extract.

In order to study on the effect of six medicinal plants of resistant to drought on some growth and biochemical parameters of sesame (Sesamum indicum), an experiment was conducted in a factorial arrangement based on completely randomized design with three replications in laboratory of Agricultural Faculty of Bardsir, Shahid Bahonar University of Kerman during 2016-2017. The experimental treatments were plant extract in six levels (Sugebrush (Artemisia annua), Licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), Camel thorn (Alhagi pseudoalhagi), Stinking assa (Ferula ssafoetida), Black saxaul (Haloxylon ammodendron), Thyme (Thymes vulgaris)) and extract concentrations at 7 levels (0, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, and 20000 ppm). The results showed that growth parameters as percentage and speed of germination, dry weight of plantlets, vigor index and biochemical parameters (CAT (Catalaze) and APX (Ascorbate peroxidase) activity) were affected by main and interaction effects of extract and concentration (P≤0.01). The GPX (Gayacol peroxsidase) activity was influenced by the main effect of extract concentration (P≤0.01). GPX activity increased with increasing of extract concentration to 5000 ppm and decreased at concentration of 10000 ppm. The percentage and speed of germination, dry weight of plantlets and CAT and APX activity were increased with increasing of Licorice extract concentration. Thyme, Sugebrush and Black saxaul extract reduced growth parameters and CAT activity and increased the APX activity. Camel thorn and Stinking assa extract increased root length and vigor index of plantlets and decreased APX activity.

Increasing of visual quality and nutraceutical properties of fruits plays an important role in fruit marketability and economic incomes of gardeners. Silicon and calcium can play an important role in fruits quality improvement. This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of foliar application with calcium silicate (0, 50, 100 and 200 mg/L) on some fruit quantitative and qualitative characteristics, total antioxidant and calcium content of two strawberry cultivars (‘Camarosa’ and ‘Selva’). The experiment was performed in a factorial based on randomized complete block design with 5 replications. Results showed that fruit length, fruit length to width ratio, fruit fresh and dry weight, vitamin C content in ‘Camarosa’ fruits were more than ‘Selva’ fruits, whereas fruit firmness, TA, TSS, total phenolic, antioxidant content, amount of calcium and catalase enzyme activity of ‘Selva’ fruits were significantly more than the ‘Camarosa’. With application of calcium silicate, fruit length, fruit fresh and dry weight, fruit firmness, the amount of vitamin C, TA, TSS, total phenolic, antioxidant, calcium content and catalase enzyme activity were increased. According to the results, foliar application of calcium silicate at 200 mg/L had the highest effect on improvement of quantitative and qualitative traits of strawberry fruits.