جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "مدل لاجیت" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

During the last decade, due to the increase in food prices, the cost of a healthy diet in Iran has greatly increased. Although the government's support policies have aimed at improving the living conditions of households, but the cost and income information of the Iranian Statistics Center shows that due to inflationary conditions and its impact on real income and purchasing power of consumers, these programs have not had the necessary effect in reducing poverty and food insecurity. Reducing poverty and increasing the food security index is a requirement for independent countries like Iran. In this regard, knowing the current situation of poverty, food insecurity and factors influencing it, is not only the main condition for preparing future plans, but is necessary to continue this work with the aim of monitoring and evaluating the results of implemented plans and actions.

In the present study, the spatial distribution of poverty and food insecurity in the urban areas of Iran in 1401 has been investigated and then the factors affecting food insecurity have been identified. In order to achieve these goals, the nutritional performance matrix was drawn and calculated per capita calories in 1401 using the household income-expenditure information of Iran Statistics Center. The Aggregate Household Food Security Index (AHFSI) and the Foster, Greere and Thorbeke (FGT) poverty index were calculated and based on these indices, the spatial distribution of poverty and food insecurity in urban areas of Iran was analyzed. Finally, the impact of economic and demographic variables on food insecurity was analyzed in the framework of the logit model.

According to the results, the urban areas of the country are in low food security conditions; so that, only 45% of people have food security and about 55% of the residents of urban areas are either facing food insecurity or are on the border of food insecurity. On the other hand, the per capita calorie intake in the urban areas of the country is 2540 kcal, and generally these calories are supplied from cereals. In addition, there is inequality in the intake of calories in different provinces of the country, and the average intake of calories varies between 1988-3196 kcal among the provinces. Examining the status of food poverty indicators also shows that the average head count, gap and intensity of poverty in urban areas are 55.1%, 15.2% and 6% respectively. Based on these indicators, it can be said that 55.1% of the population of the urban areas of the country had food poverty in 1401 and the calorie intake of the poor households in these areas was 15.2% less than the minimum required daily calories; therefore, to eliminate poverty, the caloric intake of poor households should be increased by 15.2%. Finally, the results of the logit model estimation showed that the variables of age, employment status, working hours of the head of the household, subsidy, income and food diversity have a positive and significant effect on the food security of the households, but the Family size has a negative effect on the food security. In addition, the two variables gender and literacy of the head of the household did not have a significant effect on the food security in urban areas of Iran.

In this regard, although the long-term solution is to increase household purchasing power, stabilize and reduce commodity prices through strengthening production and supply, but in the short-term, increasing salaries and wages in line with the inflation rate and increasing social support programs for the low income deciels and weak society should be taken into consideration. In other words, income policies that can directly or indirectly increase the level of income and thus the purchasing power of the household, can be considered as a scientific and effective solution for food security. Moreover, the social support and poverty alleviation programs should be targeted and applied according to the needs and deficiencies in different geographical, demographic and income conditions. Finally, it should be acknowledged that improving the nutritional literacy of households can increase the nutritional knowledge and awareness of households, and therefore, by improving the variety and quality of the food they consume, it can lead to an increase in food security in urban areas of Iran.

To express the role and importance of the environment and convert it to monetary values, these resources need to be valued using appropriate methods. Environmental attitude is a crucial factor in improving the description and prediction of economic models. The new environmental paradigm (NEP) is the most widely used measure of environmental attitude among the variables used in contingent valuation and willingness to pay. This study aims to estimate the recreational value and willingness to pay of tourists, considering the new environmental paradigm in the Helen Protected Forest, located in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province, Iran, using the contingent valuation method.

This study examines the visitor population of the Helen Protected Forest. To estimate the sample size, a pre-questionnaire was designed and completed by the tourists to determine the variance of the trait under investigation. The number of 230 samples was determined using Cochran’s formula and the information obtained from the pre-questionnaire. The contingent valuation method was applied to assess the willingness of forest tourists to pay, using the Double-bounded Dichotomous Choice questionnaire. In this method, the estimated value is determined based on the conditions of a hypothetical market. Additionally, to investigate environmental attitude, the new environmental paradigm questionnaire was used. This questionnaire contains 15 items in the form of a Likert scale. The required statistics and information were collected through random sampling on different days of the week in different seasons of 2022 with face-to-face interviews of visitors from the mentioned area. In the contingent valuation method, the logit regression model was used to investigate the effect of explanatory variables on visitors’ willingness to pay, and the parameters of this model were estimated based on the maximum likelihood method. Furthermore, using the truncated average willingness to pay, the visitors’ willingness to pay was calculated. For data analysis and estimation of the logit regression economic model, as well as for statistical analysis, the software packages Shazam and Excel were employed.

The results showed that 83.04% of visitors are willing to pay for recreational use of the Helen Protected Forest. The logit model indicated that the variables of the proposed amount and the number of annual visits have negative effects, while the variable of the new environmental paradigm has a positive and significant effect on people’s willingness to pay. The willingness of men and native people of Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari province to pay was significantly higher than that of women and non-native people. The variables of age, education, and income have positive and significant effects on people’s willingness to pay. The environmental statement (Ethics and Consequentialist) showed that the average willingness to pay of ethics people was higher than that of consequentialist people. The contingent valuation method estimated an average WTP of 199,793 IR Rials per household per visit and 519,461.8 IR Rials annually per family. The total annual recreation value for the Helen Protected Forest was estimated at 2,374,683,2564 IR Rials. Significantly, visitors’ environmental attitude emerged as a key factor influencing WTP. Analysis of the NEP scale revealed the highest average score (4.28) for the item “Plants and animals have as much right as humans to exist,” suggesting that visitors recognize the intrinsic value of nature.

The use of the new environmental paradigm, along with socio-economic variables, is one of the most important factors affecting people’s willingness to pay for recreational use of Helen Protected Forest. The high percentage of willingness to pay for using the recreation service of this forest is promising from a management perspective. These results indicate the possibility of expanding recreational services, which may consequently increase economic, social, and cultural development. Additionally, the findings from this research can help adopt a suitable pricing policy to protect the natural resources of Helen Forest.

In this research the factors affecting the willingness of Saman almond and peach orchardists to pay per cubic meter of zayanderood’s water in 2018 according to logit model was studied. Based on the obtained data from face-to-face interviews and the questionnaires filled by 152 orchardists according to random sampling method, the willingness to pay by the gardeners per cubic meter of water was estimated as 14860 Rials. The results of logit model also reveal that the education level, distance from the river, garden price, garden age and the type of product have a positive effect on people willingness to pay while the suggested price, horticultural history and the rate of water right have a negative effect on that. Since possibility of willingness to pay has a direct relationship with the education level and a reverse relationship with horticultural history, it is suggested to teach the importance and value of water to the orchardists by performing promotion education classes.

The poultry industry is currently a significant contributor to the Iranian economy. This industry plays a crucial role in terms of household food consumption, employment opportunities, attracting capital, and its contribution to overall production. However, this activity is also considered high-risk, and any action that can minimize the associated risks will be greatly welcomed. Such measures will help stabilize production and income fluctuations for the producers, ultimately benefiting the consumers as well. One critical factor to consider is the mortality rate in poultry farms, which can be minimized through efficient management and proper implementation of necessary measures. Multiple elements can influence the extent of losses in poultry farms, particularly in the East Azerbaijan province, which is highly involved in the poultry industry. This province accounts for around 11% of egg production and 3% of chicken meat production in the country in 2022, making it the third-largest producer of eggs and the eighth-largest producer of meat chicken, with an annual production of 98 thousand tons of eggs and over 82 thousand tons of meat chicken. This study aims to economically investigate how managerial, technical, and technological factors impact the losses in broiler chicken farms in East Azerbaijan province.

In this research, initially, a team of poultry experts and specialists identified a range of factors, spanning managerial, technical, and technological aspects, that impact the frequency and probability of losses in broiler chicken farms. Subsequently, the necessary data was gathered by administering a questionnaire to the broiler chicken farms. The average mortality was taken as the threshold variable. To data analysis and study the factors affecting mortality rate, the Logit model was estimated. The required data was completed through a questionnaire from 162 broiler chicken farms throughout the province.

The study revealed that broiler chicken farms in the province experienced losses ranging from 3% to 12%, with an average loss of 7%. This average is lower than the country's average loss of 10%. According to the findings, a mere 37% of poultry farm managers have enrolled in the training programs offered by the veterinary office and agriculture-jihad organization. Therefore, it is suggested that providing incentives to encourage poultry farmers to take part in these courses would be beneficial, along with improving the overall quality of the training programs. The likelihood ratio (LR) confirmed the overall significance of the regression. The R2  values were computed and ranged from 0.457 to 0.712, which are acceptable. The model's overall validity was highlighted by the fact that the prediction accuracy was estimated to be more than 85%. The LM Green statistic demonstrates that there is no heteroscedasticity in the model. The logit model estimation findings indicate that certain factors have a significant impact on decreasing losses in broiler chicken farms in the province. In terms of managerial factors, education, participation in scientific meetings, Experience, and taking measures to control insects and rodents play a significant role. Regarding technical factors, variables such as poultry capacity, number of halls, fencing, and type of grain and ration have a significant effect. Additionally, among the technological factors, the heating system, cooling system, type of feeding system, type of drinking system, and water hardness also have a significant effect. In the meantime, the most efficient approach involves implementing the required actions to manage insects and rodents in poultry farms. This control method has the potential to reduce losses by 64%. Installing a fence and implementing an automated plate feeding system can effectively reduce losses by more than 44%. The use of a jet heater heating system and powdered grain also reduces the possibility of losses by 40% each. Additionally, implementing a cooling system has proven to be highly efficient in reducing losses by up to 36%. By implementing a nipple-based drinking system and applying scientific ration formulation, the losses are reduced by over 20%. The number of hatchery halls, the distance of the poultry farm from other breeding units, the hardness of the water used, and the capacity of the poultry farm are also other technical and technological factors that affect the reduction of losses. Further findings from the study indicate that the probability of reducing losses in larger poultry farms is higher than in smaller units.

Based on the results, various aspects of the managerial, technical, and technological factors have different effects on the probability of mortality reduction. It is recommended that managers of poultry farms take into account these factors to effectively reduce the mortality rate. Furthermore, findings have revealed that not only the use or non-use of technical equipment in poultry farms is important, but the specific type of system or equipment used can also play a significant role in reducing losses. This is even though according to the obtained results, the raised issues are not observed at the optimal level in poultry farms.

The agricultural products insurance is an efficient way to reduce the risk of activity in this field, which seeks to improve the economic productivity of the agricultural sector by encouraging farmers to insure their products. The success of it also depends on the farmers' willingness to produce insurance. Considering the importance of insurance in reducing risk and stabilizing the income of farmers, this research has investigated the factors affecting the decreased demand for wheat in Torbat Jam city. This research was conducted by completing questionnaire and sampling method available from 198 people from all wheat farmers of this city in the year of 2020-2021 and it was analyzed using logit model. Based on the information obtained from the Agricultural Jahad of this city, 72 of the farmers in the sample have taken out insurance for the wheat. The results of the showed that factors including the level of education, the area under cultivation of wheat, the years of history of the farmer facing the risk, the timely payment of compensation by the agricultural products insurance fund and the completeness of the level of coverage have a negative effect, and on the other hand, the variables of the amount of income from the sale of wheat, having sources of income other and the distance to the insurance office from the farmers' residence have a positive effect on not applying for insurance by the wheat farmers of this city. it is appropriate to the classification of agricultural risks according to regions.

Today the importance of human capital is such that the socio-economic capabilities of countries are measured based on creative and efficient human resources. Therefore, investing human resources with the purpose of integrated growth and development is a profitable business with high rate of return. One of the goals of implementing educational-extension courses is to increase the economic profitability of crop cultivation, because the final result of all plans and activities of any enterprise or business is reflected in its economic profitability. The main purpose of this study was to investigate the economic profitability of educational-extension courses and the factors affecting the participation of bread and durum wheat producers in these courses in Ilam province.

This research is applied research in terms of purpose and has been conducted through survey method. The statistical population of this study was all bread wheat (N=4175) and durum wheat (N=1255) farmers of Ilam in 2018. Based on Krejcie & Morgan (1980) sampling table, the sample sizes selected from bread and durum wheat farmers in this study were 351 and 293 respondents, respectively. Of the collected questionnaires, 317 and 261 questionnaires were analyzable, respectively. In this study, the bread and durum wheat farmers were classified into two groups; with and without training courses. Data were collected using a questionnaire. For descriptive data analysis, mean was used and for inferential analysis, mean comparison test, logit regression and economic profitability analysis were used. In profitability analysis, production cost, net income, production profit, and percentage of sales return were used.

The results of this study showed that the average of production cost of bread wheat cultivation in the group of farmers who participated in the educational courses was 1 percent more and the net income of this group was about 5 percent less than the group of farmers without training. In addition, the average profit of bread wheat production in the group of respondents with training was also 5 percent less than the other group. However, the average of production cost of durum wheat in the group of farmers who received the education was 2.2 percent less and the net income from this product in this group of farmers was 7.8 percent more than the group of farmers who had not received the educational courses. The average profit of durum wheat production was 8.7 percent more in the group of respondents with training. However, these differences were not statistically significant and this indicates that in general, educational-extension courses have not succeeded in creating a significant difference in the field of yield and also in increasing the profitability of bread and durum wheat cultivation. Variables including age, education level, years of wheat cultivation, crop yield, average of land ownership, and area under cultivation had a positive effect on wheat farmers' participation in educational-extension courses. These explanatory variables have been able to explain 31.4% of the changes in the dependent variable of attending in educational-extension courses in wheat production.

Although more related studies are needed to identify the reasons for the lack of effectiveness of educational courses in bread and durum wheat in the studied region, it can be concluded that compiling the content of educational-extension courses have not benefited from the results of the new research achievements. In addition, in holding educational courses, the educational needs of the farmers are usually not taken into account and the necessary needs assessment is not done in this field. Therefore, conducting a needs assessment of the target audience before compiling the content of the educational-extension courses is necessary and recommended. In addition, it is necessary to take measures to increase communication and synergy between Extension Coordination Offices in agricultural organizations with Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Training Centers in order to be aware of the latest research achievements and to take advantage of the experiences of the researchers.

Designing hypothetical markets and utilizing stated preference models, such as the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM), to assess the value of non-market services provided by natural and environmental resources is accompanied by various problems. These problems can be broadly categorized into two groups according to Williams (2016). Firstly, there are challenges related to the initial stage of study design, which occurs before estimating the econometric model. Secondly, there are problems related to selecting, estimating, and interpreting the results derived from the models. These challenges include selecting the appropriate model type, conducting estimations and ultimately, interpreting the results correctly (Williams, 2016).

In natural resource valuation research, logistic models are commonly employed in various forms including ordinary logistic regression, conditional logistic regression, ordered logistic regression, multinomial logistic regression, as well as other forms like mixed logit and nested logit (Baker and Ruting, 2014; Greene, 2018). This study thoroughly analyzed the interpretability of logistic regression in the normal logistic mode and it was preferred using the risk ratio index over the odd ratio index, because it was found to be more practical. However, the study mainly aimed at calculating the extent of changes in the probability of an event occurring, rather than representing its multiplication. This notion was quantified and articulated through the concept of marginal effect. In the studies conducted in Iran, the values of marginal effect were typically measured and expressed based on the average level of the considered independent input and the average of other independent inputs in the model. In addition, however, the marginal effect concept for each independent variable can be measured and expressed in three different ways (Williams, 2020): 1) Marginal Effect at the Means (the means of independent variables) (MEMs), 2) Average Marginal Effects (AMEs), and 3) Marginal Effects at Representative Values of independent variable (MERs). To calculate the marginal effect in each case, the Adjusted Prediction (AP) index should be calculated. This index is measured in three different ways, depending on the type of marginal effects used in the calculation (Williams, 2020): 1) Adjusted Predictions at the Means (APMs) (Means of Independent Variables), 2) Average Adjusted Predictions, and 3) Adjusted Predictions at Representative Values of Independent Variables. To assess the recreational value of Avidar Lake in Nowshahr County of Iran, the Contingent Valuation Method (CVM) and the One-and-One-Half Bound (OOHB) model were used. During the summer season of 2019, a total of 270 questionnaires were filled out. The odds ratio, risk ratio and marginal effects Indexes were estimated by Eviews software. 

The study findings indicated slight variations in the calculations of Marginal Effects of Means (MEMs) and Average Marginal Effects (AMEs). Furthermore, the results of Marginal Effects at Representative Levels (MERs) calculations demonstrated changes in the marginal effect values of independent variables across different levels of these variables. The average amount that the users were willing to pay for each leisure visit to Avidar Lake was determined as 334900 IRI rials by integrating the area under the curve of visitors' demand. Additionally, the annual recreational value of the lake was calculated to be 8650 million IRI rials. This value would reflect the economic potential of Avidar Lake in terms of creating recreational opportunities. 

Based on the study findings and to enhance its applicability in real-world scenarios and improve its effectiveness in practical policies, it is recommended that studies focusing on the assessment of natural resources and the environment prioritize the calculation of comprehensive outcome indicators using the specific details outlined in this study. More specifically, the study results demonstrate that evaluating the average result across various levels of variable values (rather than solely considering the average value) can effectively capture and illustrate the diverse impacts resulting from policy implementation at these different levels (in terms of the intensity of change impact).

Unpredictable climate change and the resulting risks have always been one of the serious challenges for the agricultural development of developing countries, including Iran. Although ranchers and farmers in arid and semi-arid regions are at risk of losing part of their property due to pests, diseases and climatic shocks. But climatic shocks such as drought and floods are considered to be the most important causes of macro-level damage. Therefore, there is a need to limit the effects of natural disasters such as floods, which increase the active role of residents in flood-prone areas. Because, research has shown that risk management at the property level can reduce the effects of floods. Crop insurance could act as an effective tool for managing risks in Iran. For many years, livestock herder has confronted with the losses from natural disasters without livestock insurance. On average, 30% of natural disaster damages are covered by insurance worldwide. Also, in developed countries such as the United States and Canada, the compensation rate is much higher and is about 50 to 60 percent. Due to the relatively slow expansion of insurance in agricultural farms during economic development programs, as well as the requirements related to the performance of the functions of through the agricultural insurance fund, compulsory insurance as the main mechanism of insurance development and performance of the expected function of the agricultural insurance institution received more attention than before. Therefore, using the legal capacities and authorities to develop insurance, provide statistical information and details of members of provincial and city unions and cooperatives, make the allocation of all inputs and services to ranchers to receive and provide livestock insurance by the rancher and preparation and delivery The list of insurable livestock along with the premium to the relevant agency, expresses the need for ranchers to participate in the compulsory insurance plan. Compulsory small ruminant insurance is considered as an effective way to reduce livestock production risk and the most important strategies to achieve to security of income and stability of production. However, few empirical studies have been done on the influence of socio-economic factors on compulsory livestock insurance in Iran. However, in our country, due to the possibility of climate change and other natural disasters, farmers and ranchers in the event of events such as drought or sudden rains and hail, floods, storms and other events that are under control. They do not have much power, they suffer a lot of damage. Given this important issue, in the present study the factors influence the adoption of compulsory small ruminant insurance in Ahwaz County in the south of Iran is survived.

This study investigates factors affecting adoption of compulsory small ruminant insurance in rural areas of Ahwaz County, using Logit regression model. The main purpose of using the logit model is to answer the question of what factors affect the acceptance or non-acceptance of insurance by farmers. Also at this stage, the question is answered whether farmers affected by the flood of 2019 are more willing to accept compulsory livestock insurance or not?. Therefore, small ruminant ranchers in Ahvaz County should be divided into two general groups. The first group consisted of ranchers who accepted compulsory small ruminant insurance, and the second group included ranchers who did not accept compulsory insurance. In this model, the dependent variable is zero (non-acceptance of insurance) and one (acceptance of insurance). According to the 2019 flood in Ahwaz County as one of the most important region of livestock production, this county selected as the case study of present study. Data and information required for this study are collected using cluster sampling and questionnaires completed livestock producers in 2020. In the first part of the questionnaire, information about economic variables such as number of livestock, income, as well as social variables including age, household size, rancher experience, literacy level, etc. were asked. In this questionnaire, in addition to the above, the impact of damage caused by natural disasters (floods) and as well as the amount of damage in terms of the number of livestock and the amount of damage were also included in the questionnaire. In the second part, ranchers were asked about accepting or not accepting compulsory insurance. The sample size was estimated 250 based on Cochran formula. Also, the reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by calculating Cranach’s alpha coefficient. The factors that affect by livestock herder’s purchase or not pay for the premium of compulsory livestock insurance are contain age, education, herd size, type of livestock, awareness of compulsory livestock insurance, 2019 flood experience, livestock ownership, access to the brokers and veterinary services, benefits and receive of compensation.

The results of the Logit model showed that, age, awareness of insurance benefits, education, type of livestock ownership, access to the broker, access to veterinary services, and the experience of the 2019 flood have a significant effect on compulsory insurance acceptance. Also, all variables have a positive and significant effect on the acceptance of compulsory small ruminants insurance in Ahwaz county and increase the possibility of accepting insurance. The results also showed that, according to the classification intended for the level of satisfaction with previous insurance policies, the level of satisfaction of ranchers (55% of ranchers) of these policies is very low (maximum frequency).

According to the results obtained some suggestions were provided such as allocating facilities and credits to institutions, fulfilling the obligations of the insurer, providing higher quality educational services, and informing ranchers to accept insurance.

Having access to safe drinking water is the biggest key to overall public health. Throughout human history, water has been recognized as the most basic element for survival and referred to as the rare elixir of life. The main purpose of this article is to estimate the economic value of the household water quality in Dehloran city using the contingent valuation method (CVM). Simple random sampling method was used, and the sample size of 384 individuals was determined using the Cochran formula with a 95% confidence level, P=50%, and a 5% error rate. The Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used for the reliability of the questionnaire, and its value was obtained as r=0.86. The logit model was used to measure the willingness to pay, and the parameters of this model were estimated based on the maximum likelihood method. In order to calculate the willingness to pay (WTP), three suggested amounts of 2000 Rials, 4000 Rials and 6000 Rials were presented as three interrelated questions for each family member per month based on the average household water consumption in Dehloran city. The results showed that the average willingness to pay to improving household water quality was 5875 Rials and the economic value of household water quality in Dehlran city is 29316 Rials per month. Moreover, variables such as age, concern about drinking water quality, information about communicable diseases, and monthly water bill have a significant effect on willingness to pay.

Currently, conventional agriculture focuses on the production of agricultural products with excessive use of fertilizers and pesticides, while reports from health organizations and environmentalists point to the harmful effects of this type of agriculture on human health and the environment. One of the most important bases for the development of the consumption of safe products is their acceptance by consumers. Considering the high proportion of cucumbers and tomatoes in the household food basket, the present study investigated the factors influencing the willingness to consume safe cucumbers and tomatoes in Tabriz county. For this purpose, the required data was collected by filling out a questionnaire from 345 households selected by a proportional stratified random sampling procedure. Descriptive results showed that the consumption of safe Cucumber and Tomato is low in Tabriz county. Based on the results of the estimated logit model, family size had a negative influence and age, education level, income level, presence in the household of persons with a professional or educational background in nutrition, the company of persons with a history of diseases caused by the consumption of chemical pesticides in the kinship, awareness index, opinion index, and access and information index had a positive influence on the willingness to consume safe cucumbers and tomatoes.The increase of awareness and development of general public opinion about the benefits of safe products through the media and schools, as well as the expansion of safe product supply centers and the support of the prices of these products by the government, are influential factors in the development of safe produce consumption.

Save John human lives along with providing ease of movement is one of the most important goals of traffic engineering processes. Pedestrians are one of the most important pillars of traffic, so vehicles and pedestrians are the main targets for traffic policing. Pedestrian walkways are places that are built for pedestrians in a variety of different applications. The main purpose of this research is to analyze the factors affecting the citizens' desire to no use pedestrian bridges. This research is applied in terms of its nature and purpose and its research method is analytical-descriptive. Data were collected through field survey and face-to-face interviews with 380 people in 2019 using stratified random sampling method. Questionnaires were used to measure it. In this study Eviews statistical software and Logit model were used for data analysis.The results showed that one of the most important factors affecting students' unwillingness to use the Pedestrian is the height of stairs, fear of elevation, fines or encouragement, escalators, and the creation of mid-way streets. In the public users section of the park factor affecting to use the Pedestrian were the number of stairs, the level of awareness of the people and the construction of the overpass. These factors in the students sector include the slope and height of the stairs, fines or encouragement, escalator placement and waste of time, which in most cases are the same as the student section. Also, the most important factor in the student sector is the creation of the middle of the street, in the public user of park is number of stairs, and in the student sector was waste of time.Escalator construction gives incentives for more people to use the streets to cross the street. Also, standardizing the height and slope of stairs and creating a barrier in the middle of the street makes the public more inclined to use the slopes.

Use of intensive fattening capacity and lessen the dependency of stocks on natural lands is one of the solutions to reduce the pressure on rangelands (overgrazing). This fattening method is one of the important methods to increase red meat production without increasing the number of animals. If the fattening operation is done correctly, the country will not need to import red meat. The aim of this study was to determine the influential factors affecting the acceptance of fattening by pastoralists in the Kaiser area.

The studied area is located 70 kilometers south of Sari city and at the altitude of 1378 meters above sea level. The rangelands of this area are summer grazing lands and are used communally both by villagers and nomads’ herds. This study was conducted by answering the questionnaire items asking from the users, in 2018. A total of 85 questionnaires were distributed among the statistical population. The main variables were determined and the final questionnaires were completed by random sampling in the study area. In these questionnaires, various variables were examined, including socio-economic characteristics of the pastoralists, technical characteristics of the rangelands and other related questions, which were asked in the form of a Likert scale and open questions. The content validity of the questionnaires was determined by professors and experts. Also, in order to calculate the reliability (reliability) of the questionnaire, the pre-test questionnaire was used and the reliability coefficient (Cronbach's alpha) was calculated. To investigate the factors affecting the acceptance / non-acceptance of fattening by rangeland users was used through Logit Model. The logit model parameters were estimated using maximum resolution and Shazam software.

According to the results, about 40% of rangers have welcomed intensive fattening and were ready to change their livestock system. The corrected prediction percentage index of the estimated model is over 83%. This shows a favorable figure and indicates that the estimated model has been able to predict a high percentage of dependent variable values according to explanatory variables. In other words, approximately 83% of respondents correctly were assigned. The results showed that the child education variables, type of exploitation, rangeland level, having a fortune, use of reforestation of farms, duration of manual feeding, the variables of the occupation, knowledge of the benefits of fattening and having a sufficient level of rangeland for animal husbandry are effective factors on willingness of sheep fattening system by pastoralists in Kiasar area. According to the weight elasticity of grazing license variable (-0.67), assuming other factors constant, an increase of one percent in the exploitations with of grazing license reduces the probability of adoption of fattening by 0.67%. On the other hand, an increase of one percent in the area of agricultural land increases the probability of the willingness to fattening by 0.34 percent. In the case of the variable of knowledge about the benefits of fattening, a one percent increase in this variable increases the probability of wanting to fattening by 1.22%.

Therefore, according to the results of research, cultivation of forage plants in agricultural lands and drylands, increasing the awareness of rangers about the benefits of fattening and traditional livestock damage on pastures through holding promotional-educational courses, encouraging incompetent rangers, immigrants and without a grazing license to fattening in addition to supporting organizations related to providing low-interest facilities are operational and scientific solutions to encourage ranchers to fatten in the area.

According to reports from the Iranian Ministry of Health, the food insecurity situation in Tehran province is serious and a significant part of the province's population is facing a lack of nutrients in the food basket; this has led to an increase in the incidence of various diseases among Tehranian households. In this regard, although with the decision of the Working Group on Health and Food Security and the participation of various executive bodies, especially during 2000s and 2010s, various programs have been carried out to improve food security in Tehran province, but the spread of various deficiencies and diseases in the province is likely to be as a result of an unfavorable pattern and food insecurity. Since ensuring health and food security is one of the strategic goals of the 20-year Iran Development Perspective Document, in this study, based on the classification of the commodity groups of the Statistical Center of Iran (SCI) and using the nutritional performance matrix, the food consumption patterns were initially identified in different income deciles of Tehran province; then, following the calculation of food security index for these deciles, the effect of income levels on food security of the households was investigated using the logit model. The results showed that the middle and upper income deciles had more valuable and diverse food baskets than the lower deciles of the society and the consumption of grains and fats among them was lower and in return, they had a higher consumption of legumes, sugar and sweets, meat, fresh fruits, milk, dairy and eggs, nuts, beverages and ready food. Based on the study findings, the variables of membership in the top three income deciles, age of household head, place of residence, size of home, employment of  household head, household income and food diversity had a significantly positive effect on the household food security and the variables of membership in the bottom three income deciles,  gender of household head, place of residence, household size and working hours of the household head had a significantly negative effect on the food security of households.

Desert ecosystems have substantial economic potentials that paying attention to them to attain sustainable development and to get rid of the one-product economy is essential. According to the growing demand for ecotourism, calculating the recreational value of recreational areas seems to be necessary for efficient and effective management. The purpose of this study is to determine the factors affecting the willingness of tourists to pay in the Qaleh-Bala area of Biarjamand city in Semnan province. To examine the factors affecting the willingness to pay, the Logit model was estimated by the maximum likelihood method. To measure the willingness to pay off the Qaleh-Bala Double-bounded Dichotomous Choice, it was used. The required data were prepared and collected by completing a questionnaire and face-to-face interviews with visitors from the area. The tourist samples were selected by a simple random sampling method for 207 people, and then the questionnaires were completed by them. The results of the Logit model showed that the coefficients of the variables number of visits, final destination, and distance from residence, monthly household expenses, and offered price were significant at the level of 1% and 5%. Finally, the average willingness to pay for the use of the area by visitors was 48,220 Rials and the annual recreation value of Qaleh-Bala village was estimated at 434 million Rials

Nowadays, the destructive factors of the environment and natural resources are so widespread that the alarm of destruction of these natural wonders is sounded all over the world. Due to the importance of this topic, the study was conducted to estimate the willingness to pay of local communities to conserve and restore desert areas of Gosht plain in Saravan in order to attract people's participation to finance projects for the preservation and rehabilitation of desert areas. The sampling process was conducted using Cochran's formula with 303 samples by simple random sampling method. Conditional valuation method and Logit model were used to estimate the people’s willingness to pay. The results showed that gender, education, participation in rural government institutions, employment of trusted executives, the history of participation in educational-developmental classes, being native, income and directly being beneficiaries from the environment of the region has a positive and significant effect on the willingness of people to pay for Gosht plain protection. The variable of age and suggested amount had a negative and significant effect on willingness to pay, but the size of household had no significant effect on willingness to pay. Moreover, the variables of existence of a management organization for participation, acquaintance with the environment, having environmental literacy, and government financial support of the projects had a positive and significant effect on the willingness to pay for the Gosht plain protection. The average of peoples’ willingness to pay monthly in 1398, was obtained 113890 Rials per each person.

The utilization of new irrigation technologies is a solution that serves farmers to manage production risk (yield) through the optimal storage and allocation of resources. This study was conducted to predict the factors affecting the adoption of new irrigation technologies among farmers in the Sistan region using the logit model. Sampling in this study was a random cluster method in which 100 farmers were selected from the villages in which the pressurized irrigation project was implemented. The required data were collected using a questionnaire from farmers in the crop year 2019-2020 and were analyzed by SPSS24 software using the logit model. The results of logit regression showed that age, education, ownership, the area under cultivation, and income explain between 71 to 94.6% of the changes in the adoption and non- adoption of pressurized irrigation and social and economic factors have been able to change between 69% to 92% of changes in technology acceptance. only economic factors such as low-interest rates on bank facilities, sufficient amount of bank facilities, farmer investment capacity, etc. had a significant effect (P ≤ 0.05) on the adoption of pressurized irrigation technology by farmers. Therefore, appropriate mechanisms should be provided to eliminate these restrictions according to the conditions of farmers and use scientific and practical training to encourage farmers to accept this technology, on the other hand, due to the hot and dry climate of the region should be suitable crops and gardens with this method, pressurized and environmentally friendly irrigation methods that are more economically efficient and effective, should be introduced to farmers.

Since ensuring health and food security is one of the strategic objectives of the 20-year Prospect Document of Iran, this study aimed at investigating the factors affecting food security of households in Tehran province as the most populous province with about seventeen percent of the total population of the country in 2018. For this purpose, using cost-income information of households in Tehran province, first, food secure and insecure households were identified and then, using the logit model, quantitative and qualitative variables affecting household food security were examined. The results showed that the variables including the age of household head, subsidy received by household, household income, food diversity, housing status, number of rooms of the house and useful area of the house had significantly positive effects on food security and the variables of household size and working hours of household head had significantly negative effects on food security; in addition, while the variable of education did not have a significant effect on household food security, the female-headed households had lower food security.

In light of the increase in demand for recreational forest areas, it is imperative to determine factors influencing visitor attitudes to better anticipate recreational needs and improve the management of these areas. Due to its natural and historical attractions, the Dalab forest area is considered one of the most important areas of tourism potential in the Ilam Province, Iran. By using the contingent valuation method, this study estimated the recreational value of this area. A logit model was evaluated by the likelihood ratio test to investigate the factors affecting the willingness to pay (WTP) for visiting it. The information was collected by filling out questionnaires by 180 visitors to the area with independent income in 2020. The results showed that family size, education level, marriage, owning a car, annual income, and the level of security in the area all contribute positively to visitors' WTP, but being a passenger, the length of the visit, and the amount offered of entry provided negatively affect the quality of this characteristic. 81.66% of respondents were willing to pay an entrance fee to visit the Dalab forest area. It was estimated that the respondents would be willing to spend on average 47690 Rials on a visit to this recreation area. Furthermore, the annual recreational value of the Dalab forest area was estimated at 476.9 million Rials, which is the equivalent of 184.7 thousand Rials per hectare. The results demonstrate that the region has a high recreational value, indicating its importance for sustainable management as one of the Zagros' most valuable ecosystems.