نگرش

The present study was conducted in order to investigate the behavior of shrimp buyers and evaluate their preferences with a statistical population of 600 people in Tehran's Besat market. In this research, shrimp buyers were asked three categories of questions. The questions of the first category were related to demographic characteristics and the questions of the second category were related to the amount and reasons for purchasing shrimp, as well as evaluating the preferences of buyers in indicators such as size, types of supply models, and species of shrimp (Friedman test). The third group of questions were prepared based on the Likert five-option scale and in order to investigate the factors affecting the attitude of the statistical community to the purchase of shrimp by using conceptual model design and structural equation modeling method (Lisrel software). The results of this research showed that buyers who purchase 3 or 4 times a year and selected each time 1 to 1.5 kg of shrimp, had the highest frequency (54.33 and 56.34%, respectively). 64.56 percent of the buyers cited the nutritional value and good taste (together) as the main reason for buying and consuming shrimp. In the study of buyer’s preferences, it was found that large size shrimp (26 to 35 pieces per kilogram), bulk shrimp (compared to packaged and combined shrimp), marine shrimps (compared to cultured and combined shrimp) and the size of 500 to 750 grams of shrimp package have more fans. The results of the implementation of the research conceptual model showed that all hypotheses were confirmed; in such a way that variables of size, types of supply and shrimp species were significantly effective on buyer’s attitudes with effect coefficients of 0.19, 0.33 and 0.47, respectively…

Management of groundwater resources is a necessary condition to achieve governance of water resources. Although governance principles have been developed in various fields, their availability for water resource governance has been neglected so far. Groundwater management is a challenge that is influenced by various personal, social, environmental, etc. dimensions. Therefore, in this study, the individual and social aspects of the management and governance of groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain have been investigated. For this purpose, the indicators of knowledge and awareness, attitude, social capital, and water resources management were used in the governance of water resources of the OECD organization. The statistical population of the research included 254 farmers of the Hamadan-Bahar plain. The method of data collection was done using the field method and questionnaire tool, and the data were analyzed using SPSS and Smart PLS.3 software. The result of the overall model fit based on the GOF criterion was 0.65, which shows the excellent and acceptable fit of the model. The results obtained from the t-test statistic and path coefficients (β) also showed that the constructs of social capital, knowledge and awareness, and attitude, through the mediation of water resource management, have the highest and strongest impact on the governance of groundwater resources in the Hamadan-Bahar plain, with values of 0.64, 0.16, and 0.12, respectively. Therefore, by paying attention to and strengthening the social capital of individuals and local communities through the promotion of social skills, organizational capabilities, participatory empowerment, and increasing community awareness about water issues and management methods, it is possible to achieve a suitable and effective governance cycle.

The purpose of this research is to investigate the attitude of forest-dwelling villagers towards forest management, their satisfaction with the way forests are managed, and the level of people's participation in forest administration and natural resources management.

The statistical population of the research including 50 individuals was selected randomly from among the villagers of the villages on the edge of the forests using the Delphi survey method. The questionnaire included nine main topics of natural resource management and 59 executative indicators. The validity of the items was confirmed through the Lavache relationship and the reliability of the research options was confirmed by Cronbach's alpha test. For each index, the product of the average importance was calculated based on the 5-point Likert scale in the normalized weight of the index.

The result of the Kruskal Wallis statistical test showed that there is no significant difference between the experts of 4 selected cities in terms of executive indicators of natural resources and forest management. According to the results of this research, the level of satisfaction of local experts with the functioning of the core activities of the Natural Resources Custodian in Gilan province was declared to be weak. The topics of protection and conservation, education, people's participation for forest administration and protection have the most impact and value. In exploitation, the most value was given to wood farming activities, local exploitation and tourism capacity. The indicators of forest protection and preservation in line with management, the most important factors of forest destruction were valued. Satisfaction with all indicators of restoration and reconstruction of damaged forests (5 indicators) was at a low level. In terms of the effectiveness of the index of people's participation in fire fighting, the activities of NGOs (non-governmental organizations) for the protection and maintenance of natural resources and the reporting of cases of destruction of natural resources by people (people's participation in forest protection) and handling all public reports, were ranked first to third, respectively.

The attitude of the local forest-dwelling leaders towards the performance of the forest administration and natural resources management shows moderate to low satisfaction, which is necessary to be improved by increasing the participation of local communities, the positive impact of the projects on the livelihood of the forest-dwellers and strengthening the implementation measures toward protection, restoration and reconstruction and principled exploitation.

Dogs are one of the most common invasive species, and due to their large population in the city and the creation of conflicts with humans, the management of this species is associated with problems. Obtaining a correct understanding of the native people's attitude is one of the first steps towards population management.In this study, the attitude of people living in Karaj city towards stray dogs was evaluated using a questionnaire and through face-to-face interviews for a period of three months. A total of 500 questionnaires were collected through simple random sampling. Based on the results obtained from the one-way analysis of variance test, people with different educational levels are completely similar in terms of their attitude towards stray dogs. Also, the results of the independent t-test to investigate the difference in attitude of pet owners and  people who did not have petstowards stray dogs, showed that pet owners have a more positive view towards stray dogs. The results of One Sample T-test showed considering that people believe that the presence of stray dogs reduces their well-being, they are not interested in their presence in the city. Finally, according to the findings of this research, it is recommended to take measures such as increasing information about not feeding stray dogs  in the city environment through mass communication media, communicating with people about the negative effects of dog ecology, for Attracting public support and providing effective management solutions to control their population.

Today, the population of Free ranging dogs (FRDs) is increasing all over the world, which has led to conflict between humans and dogs in urban environments. Understanding people's emotion and attitudes towards FRDs can help to solve this conflict. In recent years, the presence of FRDs has increased in the different cities of Iran, which has led to an increase in bites, fear, disturbing the comfort and health of people. The main aim of the present study is to investigate the factors affecting the feeding behavior to FRDs in Jiroft city by people in Kerman province between 23 September and 22 December 2022. For this purpose, the variable of feeding and no feeding as a dependent variable and other variables such as age, sex, education level, fear, agreeing with the fact that the presence of FRDs will threaten people's safety and health, and how many of their neighbors feed FRDs were considered as an independent variable. Finally, in order to investigate these variables, we used logistic regression. Results showed that 34.5% of the respondents fed FRDs. Results indicated that people who are more afraid of FRDs are less inclined to feed them (B=-0.810, P=0.000), as well as, people who perceive FRDs as a threat to their safety and health (B=-0.473, P=0.009) are also reluctant to feed them. Also, results indicated that women are more willing to feed FRDs compared to men (B=-1.060, P=0.000). Age and education have no significant effect on people's feeding behavior. This study shows that sustainable management of FRDs ​​population and solving their conflict with people requires a deep understanding of attitude, perception, emotion and other factors.

The purpose of this research was to evaluate the behavior of packaged fish buyers and to identify their priorities for purchasing the product in Tehran city. For this purpose, a questionnaire based on research assumptions was designed and completed by the statistical community. The statistical population of the research is the whole of Tehran city, that 12 urban areas were randomly selected for the field study with a sample size of 600 people. In order to test the hypotheses and examine the intensity of the relationship between the items, a proportional conceptual model was designed and analyzed by Lisrel software. Also, In order to evaluate and rank the priorities of the statistical population in relation to some of product characteristics, Friedman's test was used. The results showed that the variables of packaging characteristics, fish species, processing models, types of supply and quality factors were significantly effective on the attitude, while the quality variable with an effect coefficient of 0.31 had the greatest effect on the attitude. The purchase place also had a significant effect on the perceived behavior control and the hypothesis related to it was confirmed. Among the three main elements of the model, attitude towards consumption with an effect coefficient of 0.63 was the most effective element on the intention to buy. In the following, it was found that two variables, price and access, do not have a significant effect on the purchase decision, and the hypotheses related to them were also rejected. The ranking of purchase priorities of Tehrani citizens in relation to fish species, cultured species, types of supply, pack weights, processing models and shopping places showed that the first rank is related to Persian Gulf fish, rainbow trout, whole fish (empty stomach with head), weight of 500 to 700 grams, schnitzel and protein supply stores.

In recent years, along with the increasing development of information and communication technologies, many interactions in the real world have been transferred to the virtual world. The routine activities of different societies are being mechanized at an unexpected speed over time due to the global trends. So, the effects of microprocessor revolution are clearly visible everywhere, at home, work, and businesses. Determination and analysis of factors affecting the intention to e-commerce business among the knowledge-based companies of Sistan and Baluchistan province was the main purpose of this study. The sample of research included 162 members of knowledge-based companies who were independent or located in Science and Technology Park of Sistan and Baluchistan province, which were selected through stratified random sampling method. The required data was collected with questionnaire. The content and face validity were checked by a panel of professors of Department of Agricultural Extension and Education at Shiraz University. The reliability was also confirmed through a pilot study conducted with a sample of 30 individuals who were the members of knowledge-based companies in Science and Technology Park of Fars province. According to the results of the SEM, the variables of knowledge about the e-commerce laws, computer and internet literacy, attitude towards e-commerce, subjective norms, and perceived usefulness were the factors that had direct effects on the respondents` intention to e-commerce startup. Computer and internet literacy had the highest effects on the entrepreneurs` intention toward e-commerce. Finally, some applicable suggestions were presented to increase the intention of business owners to start e-business, based on research findings.

Considering the role of seafood consumption in providing public health as well as the increase in the elderly population in Iran, the attitude of the elderly towards the consumption of fresh fish and the factors affecting it were investigated in this research. For this purpose, a questionnaire was designed and standardized based on the library study and the opinions of experts. Questionnaires were sent electronically through cyberspace to elderly people (age 60 and above). SPSS software was used for descriptive statistical analysis and the structural equation model was used in Lisrel software for the intensity of the relationship between the structures. Based on a default model of consumer behavior, the results showed that 7 factors of quality, type of supply, income, access, experimental records, health, and convenience of consumption are significantly effective on the attitude of the elderly towards the consumption of fresh fish (p<0.05). Instead, the two factors of price and advertising did not have a significant effect on the attitude and it was found that the attitude of the elderly towards the consumption of fresh fish is effective on their decision to buy and increase their fish consumption (p<0.05), in this way, by changing and improving each of the factors affecting the attitude, it is possible to increase fish consumption in the elderly. Quality and access were among the most effective factors in the elderly's desire to consume fresh fish. Therefore, by improving the quality and increasing access to fresh fish in different regions of the country, an important step can be taken to facilitate and increase the consumption of fresh fish by the elderly.

 The development process of organic cultivation in Iran is not favorable because the average growth rate of organic agriculture development from 2008 to 2019 according to FAO statistics in 2021 is equal to -0.47% and this is while foods contaminated with various substances Chemicals have an unpleasant effect on the general health of society. According to the statistics of 2021, 600 million people in the world, i.e. 1 out of every 10 people, will get sick after eating food. Since any change in the use of chemicals in agriculture should be based on the behavior of farmers, the purpose of this study is to investigate the behavioral intention to produce organic pistachio production among 5200 pistachio growers in Ardakan county, Yazd province, using the Decomposed Theory of Planned Behavior (DTPB) analysis.

 The current research is classified as a quantitative research and is a descriptive-survey type of research, and in terms of the type of objective, it is considered a part of applied research. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size was determined to be 358 people. Considering the distribution and dispersion of pistachio growers in different sectors, multi-stage random sampling was used. The face and content validity of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of academic experts in the departments of horticulture, agricultural development, plant protection and psychology, as well as experts of Jihad Keshavarzi of the county. To determine the reliability of the questionnaire tool, a pre-test study was conducted among 30 farmers of Aqda Aflatak village, which was part of the villages of Ardakan city, but outside the study sample. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated using Cronbach's alpha test. Cronbach's alpha coefficient was obtained from 0.649 to 0.836, which indicates acceptable reliability. SPSS22 and SmartPLS2 software were used for data analysis.

Descriptive findings showed that 358 respondents were 336 men and 22 women. Among them, 48 people lived in the village and 310 people lived in the city. The statistical results of the present study showed that the average age of the respondents was 53 years old, who had an average of 9 years of formal education. They had an average of 15 years of experience in the field of pistachio farming, and 30% of household income was dependent on pistachio production. According to the statistical sample of the research in terms of age, the highest frequency (137) were in the 41-50 age group. In terms of pistachio cultivation area, 204 farmers had less than one hectare, which constituted 59.9% of the studied sample. The inferential findings of this research showed that the factors affecting farmers' behavioral intention to produce organic pistachio products were perceived mental norms (β= 0/362) and perceived behavioral control (β=0/185). The findings of this research were in line with the results of Yadavar et al (2018). Also, the findings of this study showed the absence of a significant relationship between attitude and behavioral intention, which was not in line with the results of Safi Sis et al. (2020), Fatemi et al. (2018), Yadavar et al. (2018). According to the research model, the lack of a significant effect between the attitude variable and farmers' perception of the compatibility of organic production methods with their current values and needs, including consumers not purchasing organic pistachios, is notable. This lack of impact may be attributed to consumer-related challenges such as higher prices and insufficient information and awareness about organic products, which could hinder the financial feasibility of implementing organic production. Moreover, the research indicates that the attitude variable did not significantly influence farmers' perception of the ease of applying organic pistachio production methods in the orchard. As a result, the attitude variable did not exert a significant effect on behavioral intention in this context.

 The most important factors in the behavioral intention to produce organic pistachios are the variables of subjective norm and perceived behavioral control. In fact, the issue of environmental protection and measures to prevent water, soil and environment pollution were the popular and accepted behaviors among the pistachio growers in the studied area, and the pistachio growers had come to believe that the use of organic production methods is one of the accepted behaviors of important and prominent people in their accepted social network. Therefore, it is suggested that the extension department of Ardakan Agricultural Jihad Management, by holding various meetings centered on leading farmers in the matter of organic production, provides effective networking for more exposure, contact and communication of pistachio farmers, so as to facilitate their decision making process to enter into organic pistachio production. Also, the findings showed that from the point of view of pistachio farmers, the use of organic production methods and operations is under the control and authority of the farmer and he can use it in his garden if he wishes. Therefore, it is suggested that the extension department of Jihad-Kashawarzi management of Ardakan county continues to provide educational, facilities and services support needed by pistachio farmers and in this regard, planning and providing services in the direction of changing the consumer's attitude towards buying organic products in various ways such as festivals, exhibitions and production Media programs. Considering the importance of removing obstacles to the implementation of organic production in pistachio orchards, it is suggested that necessary support measures be established by the government in the field of covering the operational costs of organic pistachio production until the pistachio farmers reach the markets of organic products inside and outside the country. It is also suggested that due to the diversity in the quality of water, soil and pistachio variety of the farmers, the extension department should organize training courses in such a way that they understand the ease of using this kind of methods and its management in the garden.

The theory of planned behavior is used to recognize and understand environmental and personal factors affecting behavior, considering that this theory has been widely used to predict behavior, therefore this research aims to investigate the factors affecting The lack of students' inclination to study in Kermanshah's vocational colleges was based on Ajzen theory of planned behavior. The statistical population of the research included all the students of the third grade of the first secondary school of Kermanshah province in the academic year of 2020-2021 (14824 persons); From this number and based on the table of Bartlett et al., 370 students were selected as a sample in a two-stage cluster and proportional assignment method. The data collection tool was a researcher-made questionnaire based on Ajzen model, the validity and reliability of the questionnaire was confirmed by a panel of experts and the ordinal Theta coefficient. The results showed that the three constructs of belief in self-efficacy, attitude towards agricultural science, and society's norms explain 40 Percent of the variance of students' intention to choose the agricultural science field, and among these three constructs, Society's norms were recognized as the most effective factor.

This study was conducted with the aim of investigating the factors influencing the farmers' behavioral intention to accept Arta tobacco cultivation in the eastern regions of Gholston province. The research type was an applied research which was done by a surveying method. The statistical population was 662 tobacco farmers in Minoodasht and Dozin regions located in the east of the province, of those 154 samples were selected as a sample population by using Cocheran's formula. The data gathering tool was a questionnaire. The questionnaire validity was assessed by discriminant and convergent validity methods and the questionaire reliability was evaluated by composite reliability method using PLS software. The hypotheses test and structural modeling equations results showed that the variables attitude with a coefficient of 0.717, personality with a coefficient of 0.322, perceived ease of use with a coefficient of 0.267, trust with a coefficient of 0.167 and perceived risk with a coefficient of 0.138 were the strongest determination of farmers' behavioral intention in accepting Arta tobacco, respectively.

Due to the adverse effects of conventional agriculture on human health and the environment, there has been a lot of emphasis at the global and national level to move towards sustainable agriculture. Knowing the attitudinal and behavioral status of farmers, as agents of this policy, is very important. In this descriptive-correlational research, the attitudes and behavior of farmers regarding sustainable agriculture were studied with an emphasis on plant conservation. Using multi-stage random sampling method and Cochran's formula, 300 farmers of Arak city were selected and studied. The validity of the research tool was confirmed by using the opinions of experts, and its reliability was also obtained by conducting a preliminary study and calculating Cronbach's alpha greater than 0.86 for composite indicators. The results showed that 86% of farmers had a neutral attitude and only 14% had a favorable attitude regarding sustainable agriculture. The correlation coefficient showed that farmers' behavior has a positive and significant relationship with the variables of attitude towards sustainability, level of education, area of rainfed agricultural land, area of integrated agricultural land, level of interest in integration, contact with agricultural experts, contact with agricultural machinery sales centers, visit to Extension farms, use of radio, neighboring farmers in the village and a negative and significant relationship with farmers' monthly income. Regression analysis also showed that Six variables including attitude, agricultural land area, monthly income, education level, receiving information from input sellers and interest in integrating farms explain 33.9% of the variance of farmers' behavior regarding sustainability.

Human fear of large carnivores can affect human willingness to share the landscape with these species. Also, fear has the potential to influence decision-making processes and the implementation of management interventions. People who fear of large carnivores show more opposition to protect these carnivores and are more likely to support killing them. This study was conducted to investigate the factors affecting the fear of local communities toward brown bears in Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad province. In order to find out the attitude of the local communities towards the bear, a specialized questionnaire was designed and the sample size was estimated at 332, using Cochran's formula. Social network analysis was used to assess the vulnerability of local communities towards brown bears. Based on the results, inadequate knowledge of local communities about bears leads to fear and behavioral changes, when facing this species. Efforts to reduce the human fear of bears should be focused on communication with local people. In order to reduce the conflict between human and bears, it is recommended to increase knowledge and awareness of local communities about the brown bear behavior along with other management measures.

Ponds are large storage pools that arises from the excavation of an area, embankment and its consolidation by creating walls and fences. ponds have multiple uses, in addition to storing agricultural water, they are also used for bird hunting and fishing, etc. Therefore, due to the importance of ponds, the overall purpose of this research was Investigating the legal (property rights) and the operating system of ponds of Guilan province from the perspective of exploiting farmers. This is an applied, descriptive-survey and mixed quantitative-qualitative of concurrent-triangulation mixed methods design. The statistical population of the study is the villagers exploiting the ponds of Soomehsara, Fooman and Shaft cities located in the west of Gilan province, which were selected completely randomly. Research data collection was done through library and field study. The researcher-made questionnaire was the main tool for collecting information required for this research, the validity of which was performed by ten university professors and experts , the reliability was confirmed with a value of 0.83. The result showed that in the opinion of farmers exploiting the ponds , ineffective in developing the area under rice cultivation, increasing the annual income from other occupations (non-rice cultivation), and developing sub-jobs. In supplying rice water, participation in water distribution, job creation and annual income of rice cultivation, farmers' satisfaction with the main and secondary jobs, improving the economic and social situation of farmers have an effect and the relationship between this Variables are significant. It was also found that the relationship between the attitudes of exploitative farmers and the variables related to the the legal system and operation governing ponds (how to distribute water, satisfaction with how to distribute other by-products of ponds, satisfaction The protection of the ponds and the government's policies for the survival of the ponds) are significant and positive.

Recently, water governance has become important due to the increasing complexities associated with water management. So that it is widely acknowledged that the world water crisis is more a crisis of governance than of water scarcity. In recent decades adopting the ‘Water Independence of Provinces’ law has created many social, environmental, economic and managerial crises in the Zayandeh-Rud basin and its two sub-basins (Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari) which have resulted in conflicts between the sub-basin stakeholders. The current applied study was qualitative regarding its methodology and followed a case study approach. The statistical population of the study included managers and senior experts of water governance in two sub-basins (Isfahan and Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari) and finally nine managers and experts in Isfahan sub-basin, four cases in extra-basin level, and six cases in Chaharmahal va Bakhtiari sub-basin were selected as the sample population by means of snowball sampling method till theoretical saturation. Data collection was done by structured questionnaire and interview protocol. Using fuzzy set Qualitative Comparative Analysis (fsQCA), the empirical analysis of water governance systems in two sub-basins showed that a set of factors associated with low performance regarding climate change adaptation. Regarding performance aspect, water governance in Zayandeh-Rud basin and its two sub-basins were Centralized Rent-seeking and Centralized Coordinated, respectively. This means that both basin and sub-basins have low performance regarding climate change adaptation and ability to resilience and adaptation challenges. The reason for the difference in the type of water governance performance at the level of the Zayandeh-Rud basin and its sub-basins was the poor coordination between water related organizations in sub-basins.

the aim of this study was to determine the explaining the intention of consumer behavior of organic products among agricultural students of Tabriz University and is looking for answers to the question that what factors affect consumers' behavior toward organic products? This study was applied and a descriptive one in terms of data collection.

the population of the study consisted 2037 students. The sample (n=268) was selected using Stratified random sampling with proportional assignment method by Cochran's formula.

results of analysis showed that lack of information about organic products was the effective variable in relation to attitude component status. The most effective variable for the subjective norms component is functions of family and reference groups. In terms of empowering component, knowledge factor and its low awareness about organic products is the most important variable. In terms of behavioral intention, respondents are aware of the value and importance of using organic products but they are not confident about the being organic of the products. In terms of consumer behavior students have a positive view of organic products and access to it. In terms of weight and relationship of model components, apart from the empowering component, the components of attitude, subjective norm and behavioral intention were confirmed with relatively high correlation.

The effect of subjective norms on behavioral intention and causal relationship between behavioral intention and consumption behavior are significant.

disadvantages of using sexed semen among dairy producers in terms of outcome and economic efficiency. A questionnaire containing 28 five-choice Likert scale questions was prepared to test the attitudes of respondents concerning the use of sexed sperm in terms of functional, economic, cognitive and infrastructural aspects. The respondents were the researchers, consultants and dairy farm employees. The findings indicated that farm employees, unlike the researchers, believed that sexed sperm was effective in reducing dystocia, and the conception rate was not deleteriously affected in differentclimates (P<0.01). Better performance of sex-sorted semen in heifers compared to multiparous cows was significantly confirmed by farm employees and consultants compared to the researchers (P<0.01). According to the researchers, the use sex- sorted semen is uncommon and hence the use of this type of sperm has a higher risk (P<0.01). The results of this study indicated that the attitude of employees in large industrial dairy farms is largely consistent with the scientific facts published in the field of sex-sorted semen, and the disagreement of this

Paying attention to the needs and wants of consumers is the first step to develop the market of organic products, because recognizing consumer behavior and examining the factors affecting it has a very important role in the success of any economic system. Therefore, this study aimed at examining the intention to buy organic food in the critical situation of the existence of the corona virus and risk perception posed by it as one of the factors affecting the consumer's intention to buy using the theory of planned behavior. For this purpose, the required data and information were collected in 2020 through field surveys and completing a questionnaire. The statistical population of the study included all the organic food consumers in Torbat-e Heydarieh county of Iran. Based on Cochran's formula, the sample size consisted of 210 people. Stratified random sampling method was used for sampling and selecting the individuals in the studid community and structural equation modeling was used for data analysis. The results showed that the correlation coefficients of the organic food consumers' risk perception of corona virus with their attitudes, subjective norm, perceived behavioral control and anticipated fear were 0.222, 0.65, 0.625 and 0.592, respectively and the consumer's attitude (0.452), risk perception (0.268) and anticipated fear (0.101) had the greatest impact on the intention to buy organic food. Therefore, by introducing the benefits of organic products through mass media, people's attitudes towards organic products can be changed; also, by informing the people of the society about the risk of the corona virus, it is possible to create the intention of placing organic products in the consumption basket of the household.