جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "وزن تر" در نشریات گروه "کشاورزی"

Sour orange, among the cold, drought tolerant rootstocks, is suitable for planting in poor drainage soils. Since salinity is one of the destructive stresses on the growth of citrus plants,  providing a suitable solution can be effective in reducing its harmful effects. So, a factorial pot research as a completely randomized design with three replications was conducted to evaluate the impact of saline water and potassium phosphite on sour orange plant. Sour orange plants were healthy and free disease six-months seedlings (height about 60 cm). The treatments were included salinity (1.5, 3, 4.5 and 6 dS/m) and potassium phosphite (0, 1.5 and 3 g L-1). The results showed that the high level of salinity led to a decrease in stem fresh and dry weight (63 and 60.22%, respectively), nitrogen, potassium, phosphorus, calcium and iron contents (4, 15.7, 8, 18.6 and 12.2 %, respectively) in sour orange. Potassium phosphite treatment (1.5 g L-1) increased the potassium, phosphorus, nitrogen, iron (32.6, 20.6, 19.7, 46.5%, respectively) contents, the fresh and dry weight of the stem (63.9 and 60.2%, respectively), the fresh and dry weight of roots (58.18 and 61.01 %, respectively) and finally the harmful impacts of salinity stress were reduced in sour orange plant. Generally, the application of potassium phosphite (1.5 g L-1) improved morphological characteristics, absorption of elements and reduced the adverse effects of salinity in Sour orange.

Alfalfa is the most important leguminous forage that plays a key role in providing fodder needed for the production of human protein and dairy products. This plant has high nutritional value with high adaptability to different conditions. Alfalfa is recommended for sustainable agriculture because it has a deep root system and is a perennial plant, hence it can prevent soil erosion. Alfalfa is an excellent source for the biological fixation of air nitrogen. Researchers believe that 65% of the total nitrogen used in agriculture is through biological nitrogen fixation. It is very palatable and effective in the growth of livestock in terms of fodder quality and the optimal amount of energy from plants. In addition to protein, this plant is rich in vitamins, especially A, C, E, and K, as well as mineral compounds such as calcium. The distribution of the types of annual alfalfa at the global level, especially in arid and semi-arid regions, shows their resistance to water shortage and drought conditions. Alfalfa can be used as a successful plant to prevent desertification and the expansion of deserts. Among annual alfalfas, some species can adapt to 80-100 mm of winter rain for improvement and development in dry areas and desert pastures. However, most of Iran is suffering from water shortage, and one of the limitations of breeding for drought stress is the lack of resistance sources among crop genotypes. For this purpose, the evaluation of wild genotypes can be an important step in this direction.

This research was conducted on perennial alfalfa genotypes (one variety) and one-year alfalfa (nine samples) in a factorial experiment (alfalfa genotypes and stress as the first and second factors, respectively) with three replications in a block design. Samples of alfalfa were evaluated in normal and severe stress conditions in the greenhouse of the Faculty of Agricultural Technology, University of Tehran (Abureihan Campus) during 2012-2013. The factorial experiment was conducted based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The irrigation factor was water deficit stress including irrigation when soil moisture reached 30% of field capacity (severe stress), and the second irrigation level was normal conditions. Cultivation was carried out in May at a temperature of 22 °C, a photoperiod with 16 hours of light, and adequate humidity. Sixty medium plastic pots with an opening diameter of 15 cm, a height of 15 cm, and a capacity of 2 kg were filled with soil. Before planting, the seeds were broken by pulling soft sandpaper on their surfaces and performing stratification, followed by the seed germination test. Light irrigation was done one day before planting. Then, seven seeds were planted in each pot at a depth of 1 cm, and the soil surface was covered with cocopeat to protect soil moisture. The soil of the pots was watered with a sprinkler twice a day until the stress application. After reaching a height of 15 cm, 50% Hoagland's solution was used to feed the plants. After 55 days from the time of planting, the morphological traits, such as stem number, plant height, leaf number, internode number, internode length, leaf area, dry leaf weight, and dry stem weight, were evaluated at the vegetative growth stage. The weight method was used to adjust the soil moisture content. Excel software was used to draw graphs, and data were analyzed using SAS software. Means were compared using Duncan's method.

Drought stress negatively affected the evaluated traits. The differences between all evaluated genotypes were significant at the 1% probability level, revealing the existence of genetic diversity between genotypes that can be used for the selection of drought-tolerant genotypes in a subsequent study. The interaction effect of the genotype in stress conditions showed that the changes of different genotypes in different moisture conditions were not the same for most of the traits and genotypes. The heritability calculation results showed high general heritability for all the studied traits. The highest heritability belonged to the leaf dry weight trait (92.96 and 91.77 under full irrigation and severe stress conditions, respectively), and the lowest heritability was observed for the internode number trait (71.83 and 66.93 under full irrigation and severe stress conditions, respectively). The highest coefficient of variation belonged to the number of branches per plant trait (22.49) and the lowest value was observed for the leaf dry weight trait (8.86). In this study, Kermanshah130 and Azarbayjan175 were the most tolerant genotypes with the lowest decrease for leaf dry weight, stem dry weight, stem number, plant height, leaf number, and internode length.

Since the wild genotypes Kermanshah 130 and Azarbayjan 175 were the most tolerant genotypes in this study, they can be used as new sources of resistance in future breeding programs.

Grasses are narrow-leaved plants that are used as cover plants in landscape. These plants are one of the basic and necessary components of the green cover of most gardens, parks and as the background color of landscape. In Iran, due to the high costs of planting and management of grass, high water requirements, climatic incompatibility and damage to water and soil salinity, it is recommended to remove from the green space in some cities, especially in areas with low water and water and soil saline. If it is possible to benefit from the role and influence of these plants by observing the technical points and choosing the best species for each area. Salinity stress is the second limiting factor for the growth of plants in the world after drought, which affects the efficiency and performance of plants. Increase in salinity causes a decrease in the water potential in the soil. In this condition, the plant spends most of its energy to maintain the water potential, cell mass, and water absorption to have minimal growth. The aim of this research is the effect of external application of glycine betaine on the accumulation of osmolality compounds and the antioxidant system of sports grass under salt stress.

 This research was carried out in 2022 in pots in the research greenhouse of Ilam University as a factorial  based on a completely random design with three replications. Experimental treatments included three salinity levels with sodium chloride salt (without salinity, 50 and 100 mM sodium chloride) and three levels of glycine betaine foliar spraying (0, 5 and 10 mM). Glycine betaine application was performed after mowing twice with a distance of 48h from each other, and then salinity with sodium chloride salts was applied. 4 weeks after application of salinity stress, some morphological and biochemical characteristics of plants were  measured. The results were analysed using SAS software (v.9.2), and Tukey's test was used to compare the means at the 5% probability level.

The results showed that salinity stress decreased all the study morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters including plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller, leaf area, chlorophyll content, protein and total antioxidant capacity in the studied plants. It also increased peroxidase enzyme, H2O2 and proline in plants, but glycine betaine application significantly improved the morpho-physiological characteristics of plants compared to the control under salt stress conditions. Thus, the highest height, shoot fresh and dry weight, leaf area, number of tiller, chlorophyll content, and protein and antioxidant capacity were observed in plants sprayed with glycine betaine. Also, the highest content of glycine betaine and activity of catalase and peroxidase enzymes and the lowest content of glycine betaine and H2O2 were observed in in plants sprayed with glycine betaine and 10 mM glycine betaine was more effective than 5 mM. The occurrence of salinity in plants disrupts the absorption of ions and causes the reduction of nutrients and increases sodium ions. One of the effects of salinity in plants is the reduction of photosynthetic activity, which results in the reduction of chlorophyll, carbon dioxide absorption, photosynthetic capacity, plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller and leaf area. One of the most strategies to deal with stress is accumulation of osmolyte and increasing the antioxidant activity, which makes plants resistant to environmental stresses. Salinity, through the toxic effect of Na+ and Cl- ions, affects the growth and performance of the plant by reducing the soil water potential, disrupting water absorption and imbalance of nutrients in the plant. The results obtained from comparing the average results of glycine betaine show that glycine betaine increased plant height, shoot fresh and dry weight, number of tiller, leaf area, chlorophyll content, total protein and antioxidant capacity, but on the other hand, it increased proline and H2O2 decreased, which is due to the accumulation of glycine betaine as a protector in plants under salt stress conditions. In stress conditions, glycine betaine can protect photosynthetic activities including photosynthetic enzymes, proteins and lipids in thylakoid membranes in the combination of photosystem II, and also the task of protecting cell membranes against osmotic stresses in the plant.

The results obtained from this research showed that salinity stress reduced all the morphological, physiological and biochemical characteristics in the sport grass plants, but glycine betaine application played a positive role in reducing salinity damage and maintaining plant quality. Glycine betaine is known as one of the effective molecules in stress signaling, so it can protect the plant cells against stress by reducing the destruction of the membrane and by increasing the salt tolerance mechanisms. Also, glycine betaine 10 mM is introduced as the best treatment to reduce salinity damage in sport grass during present study.

In order to evaluate the effects of soil and foliar applications of Zargrain organic fertilizer on water-use efficiency, yield and yield components of wheat under drought conditions, two separate factorial experiments (completely randomized design of three replications) were conducted in the greenhouse. Treatments in the first experiment were four levels of foliar application (zero, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 L/1000L) and three moisture levels (field capacity, 75 and 50% of field capacity(FC)) and in the second experiment four levels of soil application (zero, 5, 10 and 20 L/ha) and the mentioned moisture levels. Greenness index, number of claws, number and height of spike, number of seeds per spike, plant height, fresh and dry weights were measured and water-use efficiency was calculated. Both soil and foliar applications methods increased grain yield, plant dry weight, greenness index and water-use efficiency compared to control. Application of 20 L/ha caused a 13% increase in the number of spikes, and the application of 5 to 20 L/ha increased the number of seeds in spike by 22 to 31%, respectively. The number of seeds per spike increased by 7.5 L/1000L foliar application. The highest greenness index (38% increase in 0.75FC treatment) and water-use efficiency (0.55 g/L in 0.5FC condition) was observed with soil application of 20 L/ha fertilizer. Fertilizer application in dry conditions prevented dry-weight loss and soil application was more effective. Application of fertilizer increases the growth/performance of the plant and it can be used to improve the quantity/quality of the yield, especially in arid/semi-arid regions.

In order to investigate the effect of priming on different aspects of germination of aged pumpkin seeds under drought stress, a factorial experiment was conducted based on a completely randomized design with four replications in the laboratory. Treatments included different levels of aging (control, 85% and 75% of control germination), drought stress (0, -0.75 and -1.5 MPa), and priming with 100 μM of (control, hydro, gibberellin, GR24, benzyl aminopurine and spermidine). The seeds reached the desired vigor level by accelerated ageing test. Results of mean comparison showed that the lowest germination rate (2.11), fresh weight of radical (0.075 g), fresh weight of plumule (0.123 g), dry weight of radical (0.0082 g), dry weight of plumule (0.0079 g), chlorophyll a (0.403 mg.g-1FW), chlorophyll b (0.43 mg.g-1FW), chlorophyll a/b (0.99), photosynthesis 0.723 µmolCO2.mm-1.s-1) and α-amylase activity (12.37 μgSturch.g-1.minFW) were related to drought treatment with an intensity of -1.5 MPa and with 75% aging in the absence of priming. The lowest of germination uniformity (0.97) was obtained in the absence of drought and aging in priming with gibberllin. The lowest amount of carbohydrates (354.33 µmol.g-1FW) and total oil percentage (11.16) were obtained in the absence of drought and priming with 75% aging. The highest germination rate (15.56) in hormone-priming with gibberllin, fresh weight of radical (0.255 g) in priming with hydropriming, fresh weight of plumule (0.305 g) in priming with hydropriming, dry weight of radical (0.014 g) in hormone-priming with gibberllin, dry weight of plumule (0.0188 g) in priming with gibberllin, chlorophyll a (1.876 mg.g-1FW) in priming with spermimin, chlorophyll b (0.76 mg.g-1FW) in priming with spermimin, chlorophyll a/b (0.99) in priming with hydropriming, photosynthesis (5.833 µmolCO2.mm-1.s-1) in priming with spermimin and α-amylase activity (66.4 μgSturch.g-1.minFW) in hormone-priming with gibberlin were obtained in the absence of drought and aging stress. The highest germination uniformity (4.87) was related to drought treatment with an intensity of -1.5 MPa and with 75% aging in the absence of priming. The highest amount of carbohydrate (1561.33 µmol.g-1FW) was related to drought treatment with an intensity of -0.75 MPa and in the absence of aging and with of priming hydropriming. The highest amount of total oil percentage (21.2) was related to drought treatment with an intensity of -1.5 MPa, absence of ageing and priming with spermidin.

In order to evaluate the efficacy of mesosulfuron + iodosulfuron + diflufenican (Othello OD( herbicide doses under temperature and soil moisture conditions in the control of wheat weeds, field experiments were carried out in Fars and Alborz provinces during 2017 to 2018. Treatments included spraying at different times after irrigation (different soil moisture conditions) as main plots in three levels (2 and 7 days after irrigation and 1 day before next irrigation), dose of herbicide as a subplot at 6 levels (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 and 125% of recommended dose), and spraying day time as sub-sub plots at two levels (7-8 am, and 11-12am). The results showed that in the condition that moisture had provided after spraying, reduced doses of these herbicides were more effective in reducing the dry weight of broad leaves weeds than other conditions. 33, 66 and 99 g ai/ha herbicide doses (25, 50 and 75% of recommended concentration), especially in 2 days after irrigation and 1 day before irrigation tratments, weed dry weight of grass weeds had more difference than 7 days after irrigation conditions, compared to control treatment. Under normal moisture conditions (field capacity), the reduced concentrations were more efficient in controlling the weeds and the higher moisture stress resulted in the lower efficiency of the reduced concentrations.

Salinity stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses that effects on many agronomic, nutritional, physiological, and biochemical processes of crops.

To assess response of fresh weight, osmolytes, pigment contents, RWC, Na+, and K+ levels in maize cultivars, a factorial experiment based on completely randomize design with three replications under greenhouse conditions at the Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources-Moghan was carried out. The first factors were six maize cultivars as SC647, TWC647, SC704, SC705, SC706 and SC715, and the second factors were three levels of salinity stress as 0, 100 and 200 mM NaCl.

The results indicated that NaCl stress significantly reduced fresh weight, photosynthetic pigment, and RWC, but significantly increased glycine betaine and proline, Na+, and K+ contents. There were significant differences between maize cultivars in terms of fresh weight, osmolytes, pigment contents, RWC, Na+, and K+ levels. The applied salt stress as 100 and 200 mM NaCl reduced fresh weight about 10 and 18 percent, respectively.  Significant correlations were observed between fresh weight and Na+/K+ ratio, and also significant correlations were observed between osmolytes, pigment contents, and Na+, and K+ levels. TWC647 cultivar with high fresh weight, K+, glycine betaine, and proline contents was salt-tolerance.

The results indicated that salt-tolerance maize cultivars via increase osmolytes, and regulation between Na+, and K+ ions can tolerate salinity stress damage in maize plant.

A greenhouse study was conducted during the 2019-2020 at the Plant Protection Research Institute in Tehran. A completely randomized design in factorial arrangement with four replications was used evaluate the effects of five adjuvants (first factor), different doses in conjunction with mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methylsodium herbicide(second factor) on the resistantandsensitive populations of wild oat to clodinafop-propargyl herbicide (third factor). At the 2 to 3 leaf stage of the wild oat, spraying was done doses of 1.05, 1.2, 1.35, 1.5 liters per hectare, with five types of additives in the amount of four, two, 0.1, 0.04 and 0.03 liters per hectare. Four weeks after spraying percentage of fresh weight, dry weight and survival of the plants were measured. In all doses, Ino Alg NPK (NG) adjuvant had the greatest effect on reducing the fresh weight of sensitive and resistant wild oat biotypes. Among the four doses of mesosulfuron-methyl+iodosulfuron-methylsodium herbicide, the doses of 1.5 and 1.05 times the recommended dose, had the highest and lowest efficacy in fresh weight loss and dry weight in sensitive and resistant populations of wild oat, respectively. According to the EWRC index data, the effectiveness of all adjuvants was the same on sensitive associations (100%) but different on resistant associations. Also, based on this index, sensitive and resistant populations in almost all doses showed almost the same percentage of control. In general, in this experiment, Ino Alg NPK (NG) adjuvant and 1.5 times the recommended dose showed the highest efficiency in controlling both susceptible and resistant populations of wild oat.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effect of different water hardness levels on the efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl and mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+mefenpyr-diethyl with and without adjuvants in control of winter wild oat (Avena ludoviciana). The experiment was conducted as a randomized complete block design in factorial arrangement with three replications at the research greenhouse of Iranian Research Institute of Plant Protection during 2017-2019. The experiment factors included herbicides doses at four levels of 25, 50, 75% and 100% of the recommended field rate of each herbicide (the recommended dose for Topik and Atlantis were 64 and 18 g a.i ha-1 , respectively), concentrations of hardness at five levels (0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 ppm of Calcium bicarbonate) and different levels of ammonium sulfate and urea ammonium nitrate adjuvants at three levels (0, 1 and 2% v/v). The results indicated that the water hardness higher than 500 ppm led to a reduction in the efficacy of clodinafop-propargyl in control of winter wild oat. However, the efficacy of mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+mefenpyr-diethyl was not influenced by any level of water hardness. According to the results of this experiment, the use of ammonium sulfate 2% or ammonium urea nitrate 1 to 2% reduced the negative effects of hard water containing calcium carbonate with a concentration of more than 500 ppm on the effectiveness of the herbicide clodinafop-propargyl, and reduced the recommended dose of this herbicide by 25 to 50%. Furthermore, the use of ammonium sulfate 2% or urea ammonium nitrate 1% increased the efficacy of mesosulfuron+iodosulfuron+mefenpyr-diethyl.

Little mallow is a common weed in wheat fields of Khuzestan province, which is often controlled by tribenuron-methyl and 2,4-D+MCPA, from acetolactae synthase inhibitors and synthetic auxin herbicides. Recently, there have been some reports about poor control of this plant with these herbicides, especially in wheat fields of Southern Khuzestan. Therefore, due to the lack of research on the occurance of mallow resistance to the mentioned herbicides and to estimate the resistance level among the mallow populations, little mallow seeds were collected from wheat fields in southern Khuzestan and whole plant assays were carried out in the pot. Dose-response results revealed that the resistance factor (RF) based on fresh weight for resistant (R) populations to tribenuron-methyl, and 2,4-D+MCPA were 2.05-10.11 and 2.51-3.09 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant, respectively. Similarly, the resistance factor (RF) based on survival plants for resistant (R) populations to tribenuron-methyl, and 2, 4-D+MCPA were 2.14-34.93 and 1.99-2.91 fold higher than susceptible (S) plant, respectively. The E population, however, was not significantly different from S population in response to tribenuron-methyl.

In the past decades, chemical fertilizers are used by farmers have numerous environmental impacts, including various types of water and soil contamination, and cause many problems to human health and other organisms. Sustainable agricultural policy and sustainable agricultural development have prompted experts to make greater use of soil organisms to meet the plant's nutritional needs, and that is why the production of biofertilizers began. Biological imbalances in the field of sustainable agriculture can be attributed to the fungi of myoderma and its species. According to various studies, it seems that this microorganism having high ability to compete for food and space, and the establishment of spores in the environment and in particular soil around the roots of most crops and non-farm and can induce plant resistance not only reduces pathogen agents Vermicompost is a microbiologically rich, nutrient-rich, organic modifier that is produced by the interaction between earthworms and microorganisms during the decomposition of organic matter. This type of organic fertilizer contains the waste of certain species of earthworms as a result of alteration, conversion, and relative organic residues as they pass through the digestive tract of these animals. Research has shown that vermicompost has a positive effect on growth, crop development, and crop yield. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different amounts of vermicompost and different concentrations of Trichoderma Bi isolate on different properties of celery.
This study was conducted to investigate the effects of Trichoderma and vermicompost as a biofertilizer promoting growth in research greenhouse at the Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with an average daily temperature of 15-27 °C and relative humidity of 40-70%. The present study was a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design with three replicates as a pot experiment under no-tillage conditions in the greenhouse. The first factor consisted of four concentrations of Trichoderma harizianum isolate Bi: zero percent (control), 5%, 10%, and 15% volume of 50 liters of water consumed. The second factor also included four vermicompost treatments: zero percent (control), 25 percent, 50 percent, and 75 percent pot volume. Celery seeds were sown in transplant trays. The transplants were ready for transfer to the main litter after 10 weeks. The pots used were of plastic-type with a span diameter of 20 cm and a height of 25 cm. The plant media consisted of a mixture of 20% cocoon and 80% perlite, the roots of which were easily separable. After full harvest of plants at the commercial size, when a complete set of petiole sets was created (40 days after transplanting) morphological traits including the fresh and dry weight of roots and stems, a number of leaves, stem diameter, stem and root lengths were evaluated. The dry and dry weight of plant root was measured using a digital marking scale and with an accuracy of 0.01 g. Dry weight was determined after placing the specimens in the oven at 72 ° C for 48 hours. Also, the stem diameter was measured using a caliper machine with 0.01 mm accuracy. Root and shoot lengths were measured separately in the laboratory by a ruler in cm. Chlorophyll a, b and carotenoids were read at 663 nm, 653 nm and 470 nm for absorption by spectrophotometer, respectively. Data were analyzed using JMP8 software and ANOVA was performed using the LSD test at 5% probability level. Charts were drawn using Excel 2013 software.
The results of this study showed a positive and optimal effect of combined vermicompost and Trichoderma fungi. The highest shoot dry weight (49.23 g), leaf number (46), stem diameter (15 mm) and chlorophyll and carotenoid were observed in the effect of vermicompost and Trichoderma fungi compared to the control treatment. The main stem length (77.20 cm) was affected by the fungus with a 10% concentration at the highest rate compared to other treatments. Also, 50% vermicompost treatment had the highest root length (36.66 cm). The highest chlorophyll a was observed at 75% vermicompost interaction at 15% fungi concentration (10.02 mg / g fresh leaf weight). Application of vermicompost in the culture medium and application of Trichoderma fungus extract resulted in improved growth and yield. As can be seen in the results, the best treatment was 15% and 75% vermicompost, respectively. They can be used to improve plant growth and function. Many researchers believe that mainly isolates of Trichoderma produce biochemical stimuli to stimulate plant growth or reduce the inhibitory effects of certain compounds, biological and chemical toxins. According to available reports, the application of vermicompost with 30% volume in ornamental Lilium increased leaf area, fresh and dry weight of plant and plant height. So, fresh and dry weights of bean stem under vermicompost application significantly increased compared to the control treatment, which is in line with the results of this study. However, the researchers believe that the wet and dry weight gain of the plant body if used with vermicompost is probably due to the high amount of humic acids in this biofertilizer.
Based on the results of this study and other studies on vermicompost as an enriched fertilizer with numerous growth enzymes and hormones, as well as Trichoderma, it can be concluded that the use of bio-fertilizers plays an important role in the production of high-quality products. Also, the effect we find depends on the concentration used, but in the end, even their application at the lowest concentration compared to the control treatment increased growth and morphological characteristics of the plant. Overall, the results of this study showed that, in the case of the studied species, the combination of vermicompost and Trichoderma had a significant advantage over their separate application, and considering the superiority results of most traits at the time of application of these two together. Therefore, a combination of Trichoderma and vermicompost based on the results (concurrent use of 15% fungus extract and 75% vermicompost) is recommended to improve plant growth and yield.

This studywas conducted as a completely randomized design with 3 replicates at Research Greenhouse of National Salinity Research Center, during 2017-18 growing season. Treatments were seven levels of water salinity: 3 (control), 10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 60 dS.m-1. Throughout the experiment, plant length, fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll content, soluble sugars and proline were measured. Results showed that salinity treatments significantly affected all the traits. Salinity significantly reduced plant height, such that plants in 60 dS/m were 12.37% shorter than those of 3 dS/m. Fresh weight, dry weight, leaf area, chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll were increased by increasing stress level from 3 to 30 dS/m, but then significantly decreased by increasing salinity up to 60 dS/m. Increasing salinity from 3 to 30 dS/m increased plant dry weight by 3.7 g per plant, but increasing it to 60 dS/m reduced dry weight. Increasing salinity to 60 dS/m led to enhanced proline (52.03%) and soluble sugars (21.21%). Salinity tolerance threshold of Suaeda fruticosa was 31 dS m-1 and the slope of dry matter decrease was 0.22% per increase in each salinity unit.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the spear (edible part of asparagus) nutritional value of Iranian asparagus species in terms of macronutrients nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium and assessment of its relationship with soil and environmental factors by Canonical correlation analysis. Spears were collected from 12 regions of Iran. By noticed to our results, wild Asparagus species in Iran are distributed in different climates as wet.warm temperate in the north, dry.desertic in the south, cold and dry in the west, warm and dry in the center and cool with mediterranean conditions. The results revealed that the average fresh weight of one spear in male was 6.57g and in female was 7.42g. Dry matter in male gender (16.56%) was obtained more than in female gender (14.63%). According to the t test difference between male and female genders were not significant in term of phosphorus, nitrogen and potassium. Standard canonical coefficients in the first canonical variable environmental factors showed the effects of AminT and AT on spear nitrogen and phosphorus content. Canonical loadings result clear that spears with high phosphorus (more than 0.7%) were produced in areas with low pH (less than 8.2 and next to 7), while in this condition potassium level was reduced (to 2.98%). Spears with high potassium (more than 8%) were obtained in areas with low rainfall (annually 154mm) and high altitude (1600m). Reduction rainfall and increasing altitude had caused reducing amount of spear nitrogen (less than 0.84%).

  Management of organic fertilizers utilization is of the main components of organic crops production which can greatly affect the yield and quality of plants. Due to the short time course of leafy vegetables production, farmers commonly use nitrogenous chemical fertilizers for the nourishment of plants. The results are huge nitrate accumulation on the edible parts of the vegetables and hence the deteriorating health side effects. So, owing to the necessity of vegetables in the daily diet, resorting to the production methods to reduce the nitrate accumulation and even preserve and add up the nutritious quality of vegetables is of great interest. This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of deferent levels of cow, vermicompost and poultry organic fertilizers (0, 10, 20 and 30% in volume) and urea (102, 204 and 306 g Kg/ha) on nitrate accumulation (morning and evening sampling time) and Fe2+, Zn2+ and potassium concentration and total phenolic content as well as on some growth characteristics of spinach as RBCD design with three replications in Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University during 2016. The results revealed that the highest morning nitrate accumulation (2435 mg Kg-1 Fwt) and that of evening (2052 mg Kg-1 Fwt) belonged to 306 kg/ha urea treatment. Leaf length was effected by 20% (3.6 cm) and 30% (8.8 cm) of poultry manure. The highest data for TSS and root fresh and dry weight were attained by 10 and 20% of cow manure. The treatments, 20 and 30% of vermicompost, cow manure and 30% poultry manure increased the leaves fresh and dry weight. All levels of poultry and vermicompost manure had positive effects on potassium content. The highest amounts of Fe2+, Zn2+ and total phenolic content were recorded in 10, 20 and 30% cow manure and vermicompost manure Nitrate accumulation in vegetables is dependent upon several intrinsic and extrinsic factors of which, mineral nutrition is of crucial importance. Considering the positive response of spinach to the application of organic fertilizers, it seems that using these organic fertilizers would greatly decline the chemical fertilizers input as well as reduces the environmental side effects of chemicals and virtually goes to the production of safe organic products under sustainable production systems.

Titanium is the ninth most abundant element and the second most transition metal found in the earth’s crust (about 6.320 ppm). There has been a rising demand for nanotechnology-based products in recent years, particularly in areas directly related to humans. Nanotechnology has many applications in agricultural research, such as in reproductive science and technology, the transfer of agricultural and food waste to energy and other helpful by-products through enzymatic nanobioprocessing.
An important effect of titanium compounds on plants used for improvement of yield (about 10–20%) in various crops. Other effects of titanium on plants are increasing contents of some essential elements in plant tissue; an increase in enzyme activity such as peroxidase, catalase, and nitrate reductase activities in plant tissue, and research has shown increased chlorophyll content in paprika (Capsicum anuum L.) and green alga (Chlorella pyrenoidosa). Nanotechnologyapplication is now widely distributed throughout life, and especially in agricultural systems. Nano particles, because of their physicochemical characteristics, have been considered the potential candidates for modulating the redox status and changing in seed germination, growth, performance, and quality of plants.nano-TiO2 has shown to be potential for agricultural application because of its photocatalytic disinfection and photobiological effects. Also,stalinizationof soils or waters is one of the world’s most serious environmental problemsin agriculture. During initial exposure to salinity, plants experience water stress, which in return reduces leaf expansion. during long-term exposure to salinity, plants experience to ionic stress, which can lead to premature senescence of adult leaves, which led to a reduction in the photosynthetic area available to support plants growth.However,a few studies have been done on the effects of nanoparticles on ornamental plants. Nanosized TiO2 is a frequently used nanoparticle, consequently there has been an exponential increase in data collection on the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on different species. There is much less information on the effects of nanoparticles on plants compared to animals. Studies of the effects of TiO2 nanoparticles on plants provide information about the positive and stimulating effects as well as any negative impact. In this study, weaimedto findout the phytotoxicity or positive effects of different concentrations of Bulk TiO2 and nanosized TiO2 on plant growth of Petunia hybridain salinity stress.
Material and experiments were done to assess the effect of different concentrationsof bulk and nanosized TiO2 on petunia growthin salinity stress in a factorial test based on completely randomized design with 3 replications in agriculture faculty of Ferdowsi University, Mashhad. There were 3 factors, including1- three concentrations (0, 75 and 150 mM) of NaCl, 2- bulk and Nanosized titanium dioxide and 3- six concentrations (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 40 ppm) of TiO2. Titanium dioxide treatments for foliar application was applied 5 times with intervals of seven days (three times before, and twice after starting salinity stress). The experiment was performed at the College of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. during the flowering, flower number, corolla length, flower diameter and flower fresh weight were measured. At the end of the flowering phase, parameters such as leaf area, shoot and leaf fresh weight, lateral shoot number, leaf number, chlorophyll a, b, total and cartenoidwere measured. The data were subjected to Analysis of Variance, was done using Mstat-C statistical. The means were separated, using LSD test. Results showed that interaction of salinity, bulk and nanosized titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide concentrationsweresignificanton total chlorophyll, cartenoides, biomass, leaf area and flower number. The highest amount of total chlorophyll concentrations was measured in 20 and 40 ppm TiO2 and 5 ppm Nano treatments, respectively. The highest leaf area (608 cm2) was in 15 ppm Nano treatment. Among levels of nano TiO2,foliar application with 5 ppm had the best flower diameter in general, foliar application of nano titanium dioxide and titanium dioxide have been effective in improving the effects of salinity stress. In addition, the use of titanium dioxide in the highest level (40 ppm) and use of nano titanium dioxide in less concentration in Petunia plant had better effect on morphological traits. An important effect of titanium compounds on plants used for various crops is yield improvement. The positive effects of TiO2 could be probably due to the antimicrobial properties of engineered nanoparticles, which can enhance strength andresistance of plants to stress.

Birch (Betula pendula Roth.) is one of the most important species exposed to extinction due to the limited natural habitat and lack of regeneration. Plant tissue culture technique is an appropriate solution for asexual reproduction of this species and to protect it in controlled conditions. In this research, callogenesis of B. pendula was investigated using five types of explants (leave, stem, nodal, petiole and bark) in WPM and NT media enriched with two hormonal combinations including A) 1mg/l BAP, 0.1 mg/l 2,4-D and B) 0.1 mg/l BAP, 0.01mg/l TDZ). The results indicated that the minimum callogenesis was observed in nodal and petiole explants in NT medium enriched with A hormonal combination. Callogenesis, fresh and dry weight of bark, stem and leave explants were significantly decreased in WPM and NT media containing B hormonal combination as compared with A hormonal combination. The maximum callogenesis was observed in bark explant in WPM (81.14) and NT (70.36) media with A hormonal combination as compared with other explants. The average fresh and dry weight of this explant in NT medium was more than that of WPM medium with the same hormonal combination.

To study the effect of salicylic acid and ascorbic acid foliar application on yield and specification of corn under drought stress, an experiment was performed in Khoy in 2013-14 as split plot with basis of randomized complete block design in four replications. Main factor: drought stress doing through irrigation after 75±5 and 150±5 mm evaporation on Pan. Sub factor was including of foliar application of ascorbic acid and salicylic acid in 100, 200 and 300 mg/lit and control treatment (non- foliar application). Effect of year was significant only on RWC. Drought stress had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, chlorophyll a, b and chlorophyll a. Foliar application had significantly effect on all characters. Interactions effect of year and foliar application were significant on fresh forage yield and chlorophyll a. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in 2013 year treatment with average of 74.46 ton/ha and non- foliar application in 2014 year treatment with average of 59.47 ton/ha had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield. Maximum and minimum of chlorophyll a seen in 300 mg/lit ascorbic acid foliar application in 2014 year and non-foliar application in 2013 year. Interaction of drought stress and foliar application had significantly effect on fresh forage yield, only. 100 mg/lit salicylic acid foliar application in normal irrigation treatment (80.82 ton/ha) and non- foliar application in drought irrigaton treatment (52.74 ton/ha) had maximum and minimum of fresh forage yield, respectivly.

Due to the limited available water resources and the other hand, population growth and increasing water demand use of any solution to save water and increase the area under cultivation is of utmost importance. This study was to evaluate the effect of irrigation with treated wastewater on some quantitative and qualitative characteristics of pinto beans number G-01437. The experiment was laid out in a randomized block design with four levels (0, 50, 75 and 100 percent sewage). Results indicated that irrigation with completely wastewater increased plant height, and fresh and dry weight products by 17.6, 22.5, and 18.1 percent in compare to control, respectively. The most concentration values of chlorophyll a, b and the total was associated with 100% irrigation with wastewater. In the meantime, irrigation with increasing level of wastewater increased the absorption level of N, P and K in compare to control. So, even with relatively low use of wastewater was significantly increased the performance of this product. Use of sewage, in addition to permanent monitoring of their quality were recommended.

In order to evaluate the effect of different levels of Nano iron chelated fertilizer on the yield and yield components of saffron a randomized complete block design with three replications and three treatments was conducted in a four-year-old farm in South Khorasan during 2013-2014. Fertilizer treatment included three levels (zero, five, and 10 kg/ha). After the treatment application, traits including, the number of flowers in 50 grams, total number of flowers per m2, fresh and dry stigma weight and fresh flowers weight were measured. Analysis of variance showed a significant difference (P≤ 0/01) for the number of flowers per 50 gram, total number of flowers per m2 and fresh flowers weight in different levels of fertilizer. Mean comparisons showed that the 10 kg of fertilizer had a positive and significant effect on all traits. Correlation analysis indicated a positive and significant correlation between the total number of flowers with fresh and dry stigma weight and fresh flower weight. The results of linear regression analysis showed that the trait of the fresh flower weight justified about 77 percent of the total variations and the results of this analysis were similar with simple correlation analysis. So, dry stigma weight had significant and positive correlation (correlation of 100%) with fresh sigma weight in correlation analysis. Because so far, Chelated iron fertilizer at the nanoscale and microscale in terms of the effect on saffron yield not compared, this study was conducted to evaluate the effect of Nano-iron on the yield of saffron.