جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « bulblet » در نشریات گروه « کشاورزی »

The endosperm (3n) is the food source for the embryo, which has received two polar nuclei from the maternal parent 2n and one sperm cell from the paternal parent 1n. Traditionally, triploid plants are created by crossing between tetraploid plants and diploid plants. To carry out this method, it is necessary to create tetraploid lines, and it is possible to double the chromosomes of diploid species by using substances that inhibit the formation of the division spindle. The advantage of endosperm culture over the traditional method is that the production of triploid plants in endosperm culture is done in a single step, and the time required to generate a triploid plant is less than in the traditional method. Increasing the level of ploidy of the nucleus can affect the plant's physiological and biochemical processes as well as altering the rate of photosynthesis, respiration, activity of genes, enzymes, and expression of isoenzymes compared with diploid types. They will have a new phenotype and can surpass the range of traits of their diploid ancestors such as increasing biomass and changing the quality and concentration of plant active ingredients, increasing resistance to drought stress, and resistance to pests. Therefore, the chance of their selection will increase.

Immature seeds were collected in late May, about 35 to 45 days after pollination, and mature seeds were harvested after fully ripening approximately in late July, and disinfection using a stereomicroscope with 60 times magnification under a laminar hood. The endosperm tissue was separated from the seed coat and embryo. In this study, mature and immature endosperm tissues of the mooseer plant were cultured onto hormonal compounds for callus induction in dark conditions for three months. In further experiments, the effects of sucrose were investigated at two levels of 30 and 50 gl-1 and the combination of BAP and NAA treatments on mooseer production. The flow cytometry method and chromosome counting were used to determine the ploidy levels of regenerated plants.

In this study, the treatment of 1 mg L-1 of NAA and 1 mg L-1 of BAP indicated the highest percentage of callus formation in both mature and immature tissues of mooseer endosperm. Seedlings produced in the treatment of 0.5 mg L-1 of NAA and 3 mg L-1 of BAP in culture medium with 50 g of sucrose caused the production of bulblet with greater length and diameter. The present study identified the cytogenetic properties, chromosome counts, and stomatal sizes of triploid plants regenerated from both mature and immature endosperm tissue of mooseer, using flow cytometry. A total of 12 triploid seedlings were obtained from mature tissue, while 8 seedlings were obtained from immature tissue.

Traditionally, triploids are produced by hybridization between induced superior tetraploids and
diploids, but endosperm culture is a one-step protocol. In this study, according to the sexual and asexual propagation (propagation through daughter bulbs) of mooseer, the modification and production of the triploid plants in mooseer allow the propagation of this plant through daughter bulbs. Generally, triploid plants were successfully produced through the endosperm culture method.

Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis L.) is one of the most popular ornamental bulbous plants in Iran and the world. The commercial propagation of hyacinth is done with vegetative methods and using bulbs. Due to the low ability of hyacinth to produce bulblets, the growth rate of this plant is low. For this reason, the present study was designed and conducted to investigate the possibility of improving the propagation rate of hyacinth. The experiment was performed as factorial in a compactly randomized design with two factors including Inducing method of bulblet formation (scooping and scoring) and plant growth regulators (50 and 100 mg L-1 IBA, GA, or Kin). Distilled water, ethanol and sodium hydroxide were used as control. The results showed that the highest number of bulblets per bulb (14.29) was obtained in the scooping treatment. However, the highest bulblet diameter (2.05 cm), the highest bulblet height (2.75 cm) and the maximum bulblet weight (4.95 g) were obtained in the scoring treatment. As well as, the use of plant growth regulators led to a significant increase in bulb diameter, height and weight, number of roots and root weight. On the other hand, the use of plant growth regulators significantly reduced the number of bulbs produced per bulb.

In order to investigate the effect of different levels of Trichoderma fungus on some morpho-physiological and flowering traits of tuberoseunder drought stress conditions, an experiment was conducted in a factorial based on completely randomized design with three replications in greenhouses of Ferdowsi University in 2017. The first factor was drought stress at three levels (100 (Control), 50 and 25% FC) and the second factor was Trichodermaharzianum biat three levels (20, 10 and 0% pot weight). The results showed that drought stress increased the amount of antioxidant and proline and had a negative significant effect on fresh and dry weights of root and bulblet, Relative water content, leaf number, floret diameter and number of open florets, but Trichoderma largely moderated these negative effects. The highest amount of relative humidity content of leaf water (84.5%) was obtained at 10% level of fungus, which did not show a significant difference from 20% level of fungus. In the rest of the traits, the highest levels were found at 20% level of fungus. The interactions effect of fungus and droght stress on the floret diameter, fresh and dry weights of root and bulblet were significant and Trichoderma fungus improve the negative effects of drought stress. Trichoderma fungus, besides reducing the effects of drought stress, increases vegetative growth and bulblets and increases the number of open florets. Based on results, use of Trichoderma fungus can be suggested as a effective factor in increasing the quality of tuberoseflower in similar conditions.

Eichhornia crassipes is one of the world’s most invasive aquatic weed which in recent years has been considered as a serious threat to most northern Iranian wetlands. The aim of this research was to investigate the effects of compost and vermicompost of this plant as a growing media for lily flower. First, compost and vermicompost were made of water hyacinth. The experiment was a completely randomized design with nine treatments including peat 50% + perlite 50% (control treatment) and 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% compost and vermicompost. Most of cultivars had significant effect on most traits. The highest plant height and number of open buds were produced in peat + perlite. The highest number of bulblet was in 25% compost. The maximum amount of chlorophyll b was in the 25 or 100% compost. The highest air root was found in 100% vermicompost. The concentration of phosphorus in Peat + perlite was maximal. The lowest concentration of potassium was observed in 75% and 100% vermicompost. The highest concentration of calcium was in Peat + perlite, which had no significant difference with 25 and 75% compost. According to the results, Eichhornia crassipes compost and lower vermicompost percentage could be a substitute for peat in lilium plant.

Nasrin plant (Amaryllis) is considered as a valuable bulbous plant. The propagation rate of this ornamental plant in natural condition is low. Therefore, application of modern techniques such as tissue culture is an appropriate way to increase the propagation rate of this ornamental plant. In order to study the effect of explant kind, type and concentration of cytokinin on scale explant regeneration of amaryllis, afctorial experiment was done based on a completely randomized design with 4 replications. Different explants including twin scale with basal plate, single scale with basal plate and single scale without basal plate was used. Explants were cultured on MS basal medium supplemented with different concentration of BA or TDZ (0, 0.5, 1 and 2 mg/l) and 0.1 mg/l NAA, 30 g/l sucrose and 8 g/l agar. Results showed that twin scale explants with basal plate were the best explants for in vitro propagation of amaryllis and produced thicker bulblets. On the other hand, no bulblets were regenerated from single scale without basal plate and these explants became brown over the time. Also cytokinin type had no significant effect on the diameter of regenerated bulblets but in medium containing BA more bulblets were regenerated in comparison to medium supplemented with TDZ. Medium without any hormones produced less and thicker bulblets compared with other treatments. By considering the diameter and number of bulblets, application of twin scale and use of MS medium containing 0.5 mg/l BA in combination with 0.1 mg/l NAA is recommended for in vitro propagation of amaryllis

Narcissus is one of the most important ornamental plants in the world. The deficiency of microelements is a major problem limiting the production of ornamental plants under high-pH soils in most regions of Iran. Cu and Mn are essential microelements for the growth and development of plants as they are involved in many physiological reactions. Fe is involved in the synthesis of chlorophyll and many enzymes, respiration, and nucleic acid metabolism. Cu is a cofactor for numerous enzymes and is also involved in ethylene biosynthesis and activity, respiration, photosynthesis, regulatory proteins, cell membrane metabolism, and hormone signals. The deficiency of microelements, especially Fe, influences productive and reproductive growth of ornamental plants. Thus, this experiment aimed to evaluate the uptake rate of Cu and Mn nano-chelates and their effects on some morphological and physiological Characteristics of ‘jonquil’ narcissus.

This study was carried out in the research garden of Agriculture Faculty of Rafsanjan University in 2015 in factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with two factors of Fe at four levels of 0, 1, 2 and 3 (g/l) and Cu at three levels of 0, 1 and 2 (g/l) in three replications. The weight of the cultivated bulbs were about 8-10 g. They were planted in eight rows spaced 20 cm with on-row spacing of five cm at the depth of 15 cm in each plot in August. According to soil analysis, 40 tons of manure and 100 tons of urea per ha were applied. The nano fertilizer was purchased from Nano-research Biozar Company. Foliar application was done three times: 1- when the plants had three leaves, 2- before flowering and 3- after flowering at 45-day intervals. Different parameters were recorded including plant height, number of leaves, width and length of leaves , number of main bulb, main bulb weight and diameter, , bulblet diameter and weight, flowering stem height and diameter, number of florets, florets diameter, fresh and dry weight of florets, flower vase life, Cu and Fe concentration, protein, chlorophyll and total soluble solids. Foliar spraying was done three times at the intervals of 45 days.

The results showed that the concentration of Cu and Fe in the leaves were enhanced with increase in the rate of each nano-chelate, implying high uptake rate of these nano-chelate by leaves in this plant. The application of Fe (2g/l) and Cu (0.5 g/l) resulted in the highest vegetative growth such as plant height, number of leaves, leaf width and length, number of main bulb, main bulb weight and diameter , and bulblet diameter and weight. High pH in experimental soil caused low absorption of micro elements in this condition. This deficiency was compensated with foliar application of nano-chelates and as a result, the Fe and Cu involved processes were improved in them. On the other hand, enhanced Fe and Cu concentrations in leaves could cause more photosynthesis and higher level of assimilation in plants. Likewise, these elements influence some enzymatic activity such as peroxidase, catalase and cytochrome oxidase; consequently, more vegetative growth was observed. Reproductive growth such as flowering stem height and diameter, number of florets, floret diameter and fresh and dry weight and flower vase life were improved in this experiment. The control of abiotic stress is one of the most important roles of Cu and also it is cofactor of superoxide dismutase that has been known as a free radical scavenger in plants that could increase quantitative and qualitative traits of flower. This treatment resulted in the highest amount of protein, chlorophyll and total soluble solids in the leaves of narcissus. Fe is one of the essential elements for chlorophyll synthesis. It also has an important role in activating nitrate reducates enzyme that uses ammonium to synthesize proteins. Cu is involved in the synthesis of proteins and enzymes that have major roles in such processes as respiration, photosynthesis, phenol metabolism, lignifications and ouxin regulation in plants. Thus, the results of this experiment showed that these nano-chelates were absorbed considerably by leaves of narcissus and they are suitable for foliar application. It should be noted that higher concentration of this fertilizer in this experiment has toxic effects. It is suggested that 2g/l Fe plus 0.5 g/l Cu were used to improve vegetative and reproductive growth of ‘jonquil’ narcissus, especially in high-pH soils.

To evaluate the effects of sucrose and and ultrasound on Chelcheragh lily (Lilium ledebourii Boiss.) under in-vitro condition, an experiment was conducted in a factorial experiment based on completely randomized design with four replications in tissue culture laboratory of Department of Horticultural Science in Mohageg Ardebili University in 2014. Treatments in this study were sucrose in 3 levels (30, 45 and 60 g L-1) and ultrasound with frequency of 35 kHz in 5 levels (0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 seconds) on the 2 types of explants (bulblet and scale). In bulb explants, the results showed that the highest fresh weight, bulbs and roots weight, root and plantlet length was obtained from 60 g L-1 sucrose + 10 seconds ultrasound, but the least amount of total phenolic content was observed from this treatment combination. The highest total phenolic content was obtained from 60 g L-1 sucrose + 30 seconds ultrasound. All levels of ultrasound had positive effect on number of scales, number of leafs and leaf length, but reduced the amount of chlorophyll. The highest number of roots and number of rooted bulbs was observed in MS medium containing 30 g L-1 sucrose. In both explants, MS medium containing 45 g L-1 sucrose was effected in increase of length of root. In second experiment, ultrasound destroyed the scale explants.

In order to investigate the effect of clinoptilolite natural zeolite on vegetative and reproductive properties of tuberose (Polianthes tuberosa L.), this research was performed as a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 100 and 200 g zeolite/kg soil mixture) and 10 replications (each replication consisted of a pot containing two bulbs). Results showed that the use of zeolite in soil mixtures of pot culture of tuberose has significant effects on measured vegetative and reproductive characteristics; although vegetative traits had a positive and significant response to the application of zeolite in soil mixtures compared to reproductive traits. The highest number of leaves, fresh and dry weight of leaf, root and bulblets, longest root length, and root volume were obtained in the application of 25 g zeolite/kg soil mixture. Although the highest flowering stem length and diameter were obtained in the application of 25 g zeolite/kg soil mixture, but no significant difference was observed as compated to control (no zeolite applicaion) treatment. The use of zeolite in growing medium reduced fresh and dry weight of flowering stem, and the highest amounts of these traits were observed in the control treatment. Also, application of zeolite in the medium caused early flowering of the bulbs. In all the measured traits, increasing the amount of zeolite from 25 to 200 g zeolite/kg soil mixture reduced their values. Therefore, according to the results of this study, 25 g zeolite/kg soil mixture could be recommended for pot culture of tuberose; although, more research is needed in this regard.

One of the most important cut flower in the tropical and subtropical areas of world and Iran, is Polianthes tuberosa, which is well-known and popular for its pleasant fragrance and many floral aesthetic features. In this research, the effect of substrate on length, fresh and dry weight of stem, length of floret, daughter bulblet circumference, fresh and dry weight of root and leaves was evaluated in complete random design with 3 replications and 13 treatments that was performed during the 2015-2016, in Isfahan. The soil that received from polianthes producer in Dezful was control treatment. Minerals such as feldspar, talc, dolomite and tuff with amounts of 10, 20 and 40% are added to substrates with 20% manure and balanced by garden clay soil. Results of ANOVA of data showed that in substrate with 40% talc, length, fresh and dry weight of stem and chlorophyll content, in substrate with 10% tuff the length of floret, increased significantly. Also in substrate with 20% dolomite, fresh and dry weight of root and in substrate with 40% feldspar, daughter bulblet circumference, increased significantly. Based on the results of this study, application of talc %40, dolomite %20, feldspar %40 and tuff%10 were effective on improving growth properties of Polianthes tuberosa.

Fritillaria imperialis L. is an ornamental and medicinal plant native to mountainous regions of Iran. This plant genetic resource is in danger of extinction, Because of grazing livestock and pest outbreaks. Therefore, micro propagation of Fritillaria through in vitro regeneration is essential for conservation and commercial production. Thymol and Carvacrol are one of the main essential oil compounds in family Lamiaceae.
Material and Fritillariaimperialis L. bulbs in dormancy stage obtained from mountainous regions of Lorestan in Iran and were placed in cold room at +4 °C for 4-6 weeks. Then, Bulbs were surface-sterilized with 70% ethanol for 45 s followed by immersion in 5% (v/v) NaOCl solution for 20 min with gentle agitation, and then rinsed three times in sterile double distilled water. Present study was conducted in two separate experiments. In first experiment, effect of different concentration of Thymol and Carvacrol and in second experiment, different concentration of NAA and BA on in vitro characteristics of Fritillaria was evaluated. Explants (1× 1 cm) prepared from the lower third of scales with basal plate and were placed in MS basal medium supplemented with different concentrations of Thymol (50, 100, 150 and 300 ppm), Carvacrol (10, 100, 500 and 100 ppm), BA (1, 2 and 4 mg/l) and NAA (1, 2 and 4 mg/l).All cultures were incubated in a growth chamber at 24±2°C, and a photosynthetic photon flux of 40-60 μmol m–2 s–1 was provided by cool white fluorescent lamps with a 16-h photoperiod. This experiment wascarried out in completely randomized designs with fivereplications. Analysis of variance showed that Thymol and Carvacrol were not effective on number of new bulblets but had significant effects on bulb diameter, number and length or roots, number and length leaves and callus induction and diameter of callus obtained from scales (P< 0.05). The highest rate (3 bulblets) of bulblets formation was obtained fromMS medium supplemented with 50 ppm Thymol that showed significantly difference from other treatments. Medium containing 10 ppm Carvacrol gave the highest Bulblet formation (2.5 bulblets) between Carvacrol treatments. Investigation of rooting was done by assessment of the number and length of roots. Mean comparison of the effect of cultivar type on root number showed that the largest number of roots per explant was obtained fromMS medium containing 50 ppm Thymol. Lowest number of roots observed in mediums supplemented with 300 ppm Thymol and 100 ppm Carvacrol. The best medium for increasing the root length per explant (10.90 cm) was MS medium supplemented with 100 ppm Carvacrol, while the least increasing in root length per explant observed from culture mediums contained 300 ppm Thymol and 100 ppm Carvacrol. Also, the largest number of leave formation obtained from culture medium supplemented with 50 ppm Thymol that significantly higher than other treatments. Statistical analysis (ANOVA) of the data showed that high frequency callus induction and formation occurred in MS mediums contained 50, 100 and 150 ppm Thymol and 10 ppm Carvacrol and culture mediums supplemented with 300 ppm Thymol and 1000 ppm Carvacrol showed least callus induction. In contrast, largest callus diameter observed in culture mediums supplemented with 300 ppm Thymol and 500, 100 ppm Carvacrol.
Statistical analysis of results showed that different concentrations of BA and NAA had significant effects on bulblets number and bulblets diameter (P

Background and Objectives Lilium ledebourii is one of the wild species of Lilium genus, growing in northern Iran. This species has high potential for export. Plant tissue culture techniques are widely used in plant propagation, and using these methods can effectively provide micro-propagation of this plant in the large scale. High percentage of regeneration is necessary for plant protection, used in the breeding programs.
Materials and Methods The experiment was factorial based on completely randomized design with four replications and was carried out in tissue culture Lab of Mohaghegh Ardabili University in 2015. For this purpose, segments of explant that were treated with ultrasound were cultured on MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA and BA alone and/or in combination with each other. This experiment conducted Concentrations of NAA at four level Zero, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mgl-1 and Concentrations of BAP at four levels Zero, 0.01, 0.1 and 1 mgl-1 and Ultrasound at four levels zero, 5, 10, 20 and 30 seconds. In order to remove possible contamination from the mediums, all media were autoclaved for 30 minutes at 121 °C. At the end of the experiment, the number of bulblet produced, root length, fresh weight of bulblet and etc were recorded. The cultures were kept at 20°C or 25°C under 16 h photoperiod or in darkness.
Results The results showed the highest number of bulblets produced in 0, 0.01, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA and 5secend ultrasound, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA and 0, 5, 20 and 30 second ultrasound compared with control. The highest frequency of bulblet regeneration was produced in MS medium supplemented with 0, 0.01, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA and 5 second ultrasound. On the other hand, 0.1 mg L-1 NAA and 5 second ultrasound increased number and weight of bulblets. Different concentrations of NAA had also significant effects.
Discussion On the other hand, ultrasound increased the number and weight of bulblets. Mechanical stress and micro streaming by acoustic cavitation might be considered as the most possible cause of the various physiological effects of ultrasound on cells. Low-energy ultrasound can modify cellular metabolisms or facilitate the uptake of nutrient, and make them easily through the cellular walls and membranes. Finally, it seems that ultrasound in combination with growth regulators have the potential to produce the highest average number of bulblets in the scale explant, using plant growth regulators in combination with an abiotic stress in in vitro.

Allium hirtifolium commonly known as Persian shallot is an important wild medicinal plant from Alliaceae family. Persian shallot commonly known as mooseer in Iran is a perennial diploid plant that is native to Iran and grows as a wild plant throughout in the Zagross Mountains range, western and southwestern Iran. It is a bulbous herb and usually consists of a single main bulb or rarely two bulbs. Each bulb has a weight of about 8-15 times of a garlic clove. The bulbs of mooseer has been widely used as a traditional herb and spice plant, added to a variety of foods such as salads, pickles, yogurt and different sauces. Conventionally, Persian shallot propagates through bulbs and seeds but these two methods are not commercially efficient due to low growth rate of bulbs and deep dormancy, low viability and germination rate of seeds. In addition, the natural habitat of this plant is under increasing pressure as a result of excessive incorrect harvest that caused to damage the plant density in Iran rangelands. So, improving the efficiency of A. hirtifolium propagation is necessary. A number of positive effects on the growth and productivity of some plants through cytokinin application have been registered by earlier research. The current study aimed to evaluate the effects of pretreatment and foliar application of forchlorfenuron as a safe cytokinin on improving the bulb production, phytochemical compounds and antioxidant attributes of Persian shallot.
This experiment was done at research green house of Tabriz University in 2015-2016. For pretreated of Persian shallot bulbs, they were soaked in 0, 50 and 10 mg l-1 forchlorfenuron solutions for 24 h. Then they were cultured in pots contained perlite and vermicompost with 3:1 ratio. Foliar application was applied 2, 4 and 6 weeks after culture with 0, 50, 100 and 150 mg l-1 concentrations of forchlorfenuron. At the end of growth season the number of leaves, number of bublets, fresh and dry weight of bulblet were recorded. The phytochemical compound (protein, phenol and allicin), antioxidant enzymes (catalase, peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidases and superoxide dismutase) and antioxidant activity of bulbs were assayed with spectrophotometry methods.
Foliar applications of plant growth regulators such as cytokinins in agriculture crops are reported to be useful in controlling multiple physiological processes, including flower initiation, shoot elongation, bulb production, fruit set and as well as affected the quality characters of products. In this study despite the bulblets number that did not influence by treatments, pretreatment and foliar application of forchlorfenuron significantly increased the leaves number, fresh and dry weight of bulbs in comparison with control plants. The highest leaves number (4.49 per plant) was obtained from pretreatments. The highest fresh weight (91.77 g) was recorded at 5 and 10 mg l-1 pretreatment and 100 mg l-1 (91.63 g) foliar application. The interaction effect of treatments on dry weight was significant and the highest dry weight (19.75 g) was recorded at 10 mg l-1 pretreatment with 100 and 150 mg l-1 foliar application. Allicin content did not show significant variation between treatments and in average was 0.859 mg g-1 FW. Total phenol content significantly influenced by treatments and the highest phenol content (1.585 mg GAE g-1 FW) was recorded at 5 mg l-1 pretreatment with 100 mg l-1 foliar application. The antioxidant enzymes included catalase, peroxidase and ascorbate peroxidase that showed significant increasing under forchlorfenuron treatments. Due to significant effects of forchlorfenuron on antioxidant compounds and enzymes of Persian shallot bulbs, the assay of antioxidant activity also showed a significant increasing in treated bulbs. The maximum percent of antioxidant activity (74.522) was obtained from 100 mg l-1 foliar application. Exogenous application of cytokinins plays an effective role by protecting the fluidity and integrity of plant cell membranes. They properly mediate enzymatic (SOD, APX, and CAT) and non-enzymatic machinery with the result of preventing cell membrane damage by oxidative stress.
Considerable improvement in biochemical and antioxidant attributes of Persian shallot was recorded with pretreatment and foliar application of forchlorfenuron. The present data support the potential uses of the forchlorfenuron for improving the production of weighty bulbs with the high antioxidants attributes in Allium hirtifolium. Pretreated and foliar application at 5 mg l-1 and 100 mg l-1 concentrations of forchlorfenuron, respectively showed the best results and is recommendable for A. hirtifolim production.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is one of the most important plants in Hamadan province. Hamadan province with more than 2000 ha of garlic growing areas ranks first in Iran about 62 percent of garlic of Iran is produced in agronomical farms of this province.
In order to evaluate the effects of sowing date and planting density on some of the agronomic traits and Di-allyl disulfide oxide (Allicine) content of Garlic, (Allium sativum L.), an experiment was conducted in the growing seasons of successive years of 2012- 2013 at the agronomical farms of Hamadan. In this research used from garlic as a medicinal herbaceous plant and the treat ments were various of sowing dates and different of planting density. The experiment performed as split plot layout based on a complete randomized block design with four replications. The main factor was the sowing date with three levels (7 th october -22 th october- 6 th november) and sub factor was plant density with three levels (40000, 80000 and 120000 plants / ha). The agronomic traits that studyed in this research were consist of: bulb diameter, bulb let weight, bulb let length, bulb let diameter, and Di-allyl disulfide oxide (Allicine) Content, and seeds of garlic provided from Hamadan natural resources and agricultural research center. Di-allyl disulfide oxide amount was measured by Gas Chromatography (GC).
The results showed that various of sowing date and different of planting density had significant effects on bulb diameter, a clove weight, clove length and diameter and percentage of Allicine. The interaction effects of different of sowing date and various of planting density had significant difference on percentage of Allicine, but no significant effect on other characters was seen. The highest bulb diameter and clove length was obtained from sowing date of 7th October and 120000 plants per hectare and the highest of clove weight and diameter were obtained from the combination of 7th October and 40000 plants per hectare. The results showed that maximum amount of Di-allyl disulfide oxide was obtained from the combination of 6 th November and 40000 plants / ha.
Based on the result of this experiment, the sowing date of 6 th November and planting density 40000 plants in hectare is suitable to achieve ment to the highest and the best of produce and final yield and Di-allyl disulfide oxide (Allicine) Content of garlic as a medicinal herbaceous plant in Hamadan province.

Micropropagation is the best approach to propagation of Fritillaria and prevention of its extinguishing. The effects of auxin and cytokinin combinations on callus and bulblet production using explants taken from daughter bulb scale of two fritillary clones collected from Arjan and Koohrang plains of Fars province were studied.
For this purpose, 3 types of growth regulator combinations containing three levels of NAA (0, 0.5 and 1 mg L-1) with one of the cytokines (2ip, Kinetin and TDZ) at three levels (0.5, 1.0 and 2 mg L-1) were applied. The base medium was MS containing 4.5 percent sucrose and 8 g/l agar. To evaluate the effects of these factors, experimental design of completely randomized factorial with 4 replications and 5 explants per repeat was used.
Micropropagation is the best approach to propagation of Fritillaria and prevention of its extinction. The effects of auxin and cytokinin combinations on callus and bulbletproduction using explants taken from daughterbulb scale of two fritillary clones collected from Arjan and Koohrang plains of Fars province were studied.
For this purpose, 3 types of growth regulator combinations containing three levels of NAA (0, 0.5 and 1.0 mg L-1) with one of the cytokines (2ip, Kinetin and TDZ) at three levels (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg L-1) were applied. The base medium was MS containing 4.5 percent sucrose and 8 g/l agar. To evaluate the effects of these factors, an experimental design of completely randomized factorial with 4 replications and 5 explants per repeat was used.
Analysis of data revealed that the kinetin and 2ip had no significant effect on callus induction percentage while TDZ was significant on this parameter. The highest callus production was observed in medium containing 0.5 mg L-1 NAA combined with 0.5 mg L-1 TDZ. Using this treatment, 60 percent of explants produced the callus. The most number of direct and indirect regenerated bulblets were recorded in medium complemented with 1.0 mg/l NAA and 1.0 mg L-1 Kinetin. The mean of 5.5 bulbletper explants was obtained in this treatment.
Considering the effectiveness and cost of NAA and environmental issues, its lower concentration is recommended for bulblet regeneration in this plant.

Since conventional propagation methods of Amaryllis are relatively slow and they are not cost effective, therefore the micropropagation of this desirable plant was studied in the current research. Two separate experiments were carried out. In the first experiment, the effect of two media (MS and NL) and different concentrations of 2, 4-D (0.0, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 mg.L-1) were compared. In the second experiment, the effect of media (MS and NL) and different concentrations of BAP (0, 1, 2 mg.L-1) were investigated. Five different explant types (twin scale, single scale with basal plate, single scale without basal plate, scape and basal plate) were used and the rate of bulblet regeneration, the number of regenerated bulblet and diameter of regenerated bulblet were recorrded. Results showed that by increasing the concentration of 2, 4-D, bulblet production was reduced and in some cases it led to the death of explants. However in the second experiment all of explants produced bulblet in the presence of BAP and as the concentrqation of BAP was increased the size of bulblets were also increased. In conclusion, the highest rate of bulblet production were observed in the NL media containing BAP whereas, the highest number of bulblets (4.25) were observed in the NL medium containing 1.0 mg.L-1 of 2,4-D. The largest diameter of bulblets were produced in the first experiment from twin scale and single scale explants in MS medium containing 0.5 mg.L-1 of 2, 4-D. In conclusion, the bulb explants could be used to achieve an optimal micropropagation protocol of Hippeastrum.

In order to study bulblet formation of mooseer from stem disc explants two separate experiments were conducted. In the first experiment، the effect of two concentrations (0. 5 and 1 mg/L) of naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) and deferent levels (0. 5، 1، 2 and 3 mg/L) of benzyladenine (BA) and in the second experiment، the effect of sugar source (sucrose and common sugar) and sugar concentration (30، 45، 60 and 90 g/L) were tested. All of explants were culture in MS medium. Results showed that in media without BA no bulblet were generated and just callus were produced. The highest numbers of bulblets (4. 65) were observed in 2 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L NAA which had no significant difference with 1 mg/L BA and 0. 5 mg/L NAA (4. 55). The biggest bulblets were produced in 3 mg/L BA and 0. 5 mg/L NAA which had no significant difference with 3 mg/L BA and 1 mg/L NAA. The standard (MS medium without hormones) had the least number of bulblets. In second experiment the effect of sugar source and combination effect of sugar source and sugar concentrations were not significant on bulblet production. This showed that common sugar can be use instead of sucrose. By increasing sugar concentration up to 60 g/L bulblet production increased. The lowest number of bulblet was observed in 30 and 90 g/L sugar. In highest concentration of sucrose bigger bulblets were produced compare with other treatments

Lilium ledebourii Boiss is a native flower in the north of Iran, however it is an endangered species. In order to introduce and domesticate endemic plants, the first step is evaluation for propagation. One of the best and most propogation vegetative method of Lilies is in vitro scale culture using plant growth regulators in different condition. This experiment conducted using a completly randomized design (CRC) with four factors. 1- Light period at two levels:A:Lightness (16 hr light and 8 hr dark) B:darkness (24 hr dark). 2- Regional explant at two levels: A:Half distal scale, B:Half basal scale. 3- Concentrations of 6-benzylamynopurine (BAP) at three levels A:Zero or control B:0.01mg1-1 C:0.1mg1-1. 4- Concentrations of -naphtalen acetic acid (NAA) at four level, A:Zero B: 0.01 mg1-1 C:0.05 mg1-1 D:0.1 mg1-1. Analysis of variance was performed on the collected data, and mean comparison was carried out, using Duncan's multiple range test (p<0.05). Results showed that light period increased the total weight, number of bulblets and regeneration percentage, whereas darkness treatment increased weight of bulblets and rooting percentage. Number and weight of bulblets, regeneration percentage and number of roots was better when explant obtained from basal scale. Different concentration of BAP had significant effect on some traits. The highest number of bulblets, rooting and regeneration percentage obtained in control treatment and the greatest weight of bulblets obtained by 0.1 mg1-1 BAP and the highest number of roots obtained in control and 0.01 mg1-1 BAP. Different concentration of NAA had also significant effects on some traits. The greatest total weight and number of bulblets obtained by 0.1 mg1-1 NAA and the weight of bulblets increased in all of the NAA concentrations. Concentrations of 0.05 and 0.1 mg1-1 NAA increased number of roots and rooting percentage.