جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "روی" در نشریات گروه "اقتصاد کشاورزی"

The brand name in a product will create different preferences for the consumer. The medicinal and sweetening properties of licorice plants in two forms of nanoparticles or their traditional supply have different economic justifications. With environmental compatibility and scalability, green nanoparticles (NP) production is a new field of nanotechnology that outperforms both physical and chemical approaches.

In this research, knowing the livelihood of rural people in Kermanshah region of Iran with the potential to harvest the wild and medicinal licorice plant, in terms of cost efficiency, biocompatibility, value added of nanoparticles were investigated using the benefit-cost method. The economic analysis was based on welfare theory. Crop cultivation information in the fall of 2022 was collected in the form of daily prices in the online market. The sensitivity analysis for licorice medicinal plant products in terms of economic production was estimated by a cost-benefit index value of 4.09.

The investment return period in the case of licorice nanoparticle processing is 1.2 years, which is more economical compared to the usual licorice product of 3.7 years. The internal rate of return increased from 27 to 80 percent, which showed the high profitability of supplying raw materials or other forms of consumption except nano, in contrast to the processing of dry licorice root, due to its medicinal properties, it includes more diverse uses in the production of new products.

Conclusion and Suggestions:

 It is suggested to increase the region's income for the new market by equipping the arable areas with industry and nanoparticle processing devices.

The development of groundwater withdrawal, after receiving the pumping technology, triggered to depletion of watertables levels in many regions of the world. After that, many researches and studies in the fields of hydrology, management and governance of groundwater, have been conducted in order to accurately understand the concept of groundwater renewability and therefore determine the appropriate amount of withdrawal from these resources. Unfortunately, in Iran serious attention has not been given to the results of these studies. In this article, firstly, international experiences and findings are briefly reviewed. Then, the management of underground water in Iran, during the last decades, has been analyzed. At the end, some remedial solutions have been suggested.

The supply chain starts at the production of primary products and ends with the consumption of final product. This chain includes all the economic activities taken place within the various stages of input, production, processing, distribution, wholesale and retail. Regarding the supply chain of agricultural products, timely and sufficient supply of scarce, high-quality inputs at reasonable prices, facilitating the farmer's access to production inputs, reducing the risk of production, increasing the capacity of warehousing and storing products, improving the transportation system and appropriate distribution, internal and external marketing and export of agricultural products can lead to timely meeting the needs of consumers, reducing exchange costs and waste, increasing the income and profitability of producers, creating employment and improving food security.

This study aimed at investigating the links of the egg value chain components in descriptive methods.

The study results indicated that the major challenges from production to egg supply included exhaustion of buildings and equipment of laying hens, import dependency on inputs, increased exchange rate, lack of liquidity, price fluctuation and government interventions (especially the export ban).

Conclusion and Suggestions: 

Based on the study findings, in order to solve the existing challenges, it is suggested that production planning be based on the discovery and stabilization of export markets. In addition, facilitating exports and preventing inappropriate interventions by the government, granting bank facilities to support the development of poultry feed factories, especially mechanized factories for the production of feed for laying hens, and increasing public awareness about egg consumption through educational, promotional and cultural programs as well as supporting consumers in the first five income deciles are other important issues that can lead to the prosperity of the chicken and egg industry in Iran.

So far, there has not been a comprehensive study on the effect of climate change and global warming on horticultural products such as fruits, flowers, vegetables, and medicinal plants. Despite this, the few available data show that these changes are more effective on fruit trees, especially temperate and semi-tropical fruit trees. Climate change and global warming affect fruit production and phenology, cold requirement, temperature stress, pollination, water and soil status of orchards, pests and diseases, and fruit quality as well as boundaries of fruit tree cultivation. The strategies to cope with these difficulties are breeding cultivars with low cold requirement, cooling to compensate for cold requirement, dealing with hot winters and early warming, using appropriate rootstocks, avoiding entering dormancy, managing orchard water and soil, using new technologies, using chemical compounds and growth regulators, creating crop diversity, using different types of greenhouses, Attention to plant migration, modeling of climate, zoning and changing the cultivation pattern. Challenges of climate change and global warming in horticulture and strategies to adapt to them, are fully discussed in this article.

Garlic ranks second among Allium crops after onion in regard to production. The highest percentage of dry matterin vegetables belong to garlic. Recommended cultivation dates varied from early September to early November depending on climatic conditions and clones in different regions of Iran. Although some Iranian garlic clonesare bolting types, their pollens are sterile and do not produce seed. Application of over dose nitrogen increased garlic rust disease and decreased qualitative characters of bulb. In drip irrigation system amount of water supply was lower but water use efficiency was higher than surface irrigation system. The productivity of all production factors included water, seed (clove), fertilizer and poisonouschemical (chemical control) in sprinkler irrigation system, were significantly higher as compared with surface irrigation system. In intercropping of garlic with Spinach, fleawort, marigold and fenugreekland equivalent ratio indexwas higher than unity so that usefulness the intrercropping of garlic with these crops was confirmed. Oxyfluorofen herbicides control weeds in garlic farms.  Garlic rust is the most important disease of garlic in Iran.

This research was carried out to study the application of deficit irrigation in the method of alternate furrow irrigation in different stages of potato growth with full irrigation in two methods of furrow and tape drip irrigation in farm condition in the farm land of the Shahrekord region. For this purpose in the spring of 2018, three lands were selected in the vicinity of each other and cultivated with potato (CV Burren). In two pieces of land irrigation management based on deficit irrigation of alternate furrow and tape drip irrigation method and in another piece full irrigation management in furrow irrigation method was conducted. The results showed there was a significant difference between the amount of tubers yield, tubers yield per plant, number of tuber per plant and water amount in the plot compared to the control pieces. The amount of tubers yield in the method of alternate furrow irrigation, tape drip irrigation and furrow irrigation was 58.5, 46.8 and 50.5 ton/ha, respectively. The decrease in water amount in the method of alternate furrow irrigation and tape drip irrigation in comparison to full irrigation management in furrow irrigation method were 25.6 and 42 percent, respectively. Therefore, for optimizing water use, in areas where potatoes are irrigated by surface irrigation, method of alternate furrow irrigation and tape drip irrigation can be one of the ways to fight water scarcity cultivate this product in arid and semi-arid areas.

Bemisia tabaci is one of the most important pests of crops. In this study, the preference of free and non-free hosts, the growth period, and the percentage of pre-maturation mortality of this pest on certain cucumber cultivars under greenhouse conditions were carried out in a completely randomized block design. the results showed that the effect of different cucumber cultivars on total insect attraction and free spawning rate was significant. The highest and lowest total number of insects per unit leaf area was recorded at 10.97 and 7.18 on Y353 and Brilliant, respectively. additionally, the highest and lowest number of eggs per unit leaf area was observed at 56.29 and 28.13 on Y353 and Brilliant, respectively. The results showed that there was a significant difference among tomato cultivars in terms of non-free spawning preference at a 1% level. the highest and lowest number of eggs per unit leaf area was observed on Y353 (43.77) and Brilliant (23.82), respectively. The effect of the host cultivar had a significant impact on both the length of the growth period and the percentage of mortality before reaching maturity. the highest growth period (32.86 days) and the highest percentage of mortality (60.20 days) were recorded on the Brilliant cultivar and the lowest growth period (26.74 days) and the lowest percentage of mortality (43.63 days) were recorded on the Y353 cultivar. Therefore, Brilliant is less suitable than other cultivars for controlling B. tabaci, making it an appropriate choice for pest management strategies to minimize damage.

Arches are known as one of the main decomposers of organic substances in nature, which can decompose a wide range of natural substances, including cellulose and lignin, into organic substances. The humidity in two cultivars of Stropharia cubensis was The experiment was conducted as a factorial in a completely randomized design. The treatments included two different cultivars from the P. cubensis family, two humidity levels and three types of culture media. The substrate had a significant effect on the psilocybin content in the mushroom. Moisture stress strongly affected the content of psilocybin (Psilocybin) and the growth density of mushrooms. The cultivar Albino A+ in ideal humidity with a numerical average of 66% compared to the same cultivar in the studied humidity had the highest amount of total fresh weight in this grouping. The results indicated that in conditions of moisture stress, the first cultivar (Golden Cap) is better than The second digit (Albino A+) has worked. The highest amount of psilocybin was seen in the second variety and the substrate containing peat moss and plant fibers. The results of this study showed that the culture medium had a significant effect on the content of psilocybin in the mushroom. It was also observed that moisture stress strongly affected the content of psilocybin and the growth density of mushrooms. In this research, the cultivation substrate and ideal humidity in both cultivars increased the growth density of mushrooms. The best performance compared to the tested variables was seen in the substrate containing peat moss, saturated moisture and Albino A+ variety.

All countries consider food security to be an important development objective, and reducing food insecurity is seen as a crucial political goal for all people. One of the ways to study food insecurity is using indirect measures such as consumption behavior. This article examines the concept of urban household food insecurity in Alborz province of Iran and depicts the findings of food insecurity indicators. Household food insecurity scale, household hunger scale and coping strategies were used to obtain information. In a statistical population (1000 households) random classification method among the cities of the province, data were extracted by means of standard questionnaires and in the field. The dispersion coefficient ranking method was used to investigate the difference in food insecurity in the cities of Alborz province. In the next step, the level of food insecurity in all defined indicators was drawn using remote sensing technique and conventional color spectrum. What was obtained from these classifications showed that in the difference of prevalence estimates, firstly, the statistical population is different in food insecurity indicators. Secondly, each indicator has a different sensitivity range of food insecurity severity and these ranges do not overlap. Third, the classification of the prevalence of food insecurity depends very much on the selected spatial and temporal cut-off. Based on this, it is not possible to estimate food insecurity using a unique accepted standard measure. Accordingly, it is recommended to use more than one indicator. In addition, the use of images to show this information facilitates the accuracy, disaggregation and correct interpretation of the information.

One of the basic strategies to strengthen the sustainable livelihood of local communities against environmental crises, including climate change, is to increase the resilience of these communities against disruption and chaos created in ecological systems. therefore The present research was conducted with the goal of gardeners' sustainable livelihood resilience model to climate change in Hamadan province. The research method was descriptive-correlational and causal-relational. The statistical population included the gardeners of Hamedan province (N=53785). The sample size was 380 people using the Krejcie and Morgan table, and the stage sampling method was used. In this research, the situation of sustainable livelihood resilience model of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change was analyzed by using questionnaire tool and using statistical software SPSS22 and SMART PLS3 and the reliability and validity of the model were confirmed according to the calculated indicators. In total, based on the average of 3.22 out of 5 (sd=1.01), it can be concluded that the livelihood resilience of gardeners in the face of climate change in Hamedan province is evaluated at an average level. The results of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) indicate that environmental norms (β=0.691) and adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.606) have a positive and significant effect on the resilience of sustainable livelihoods, the environmental attitude variable It has a positive and significant effect on environmental beliefs (β=0.617), place attachment has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity (β=0.610) and the environmental attitude of gardeners in the face of climate change (β=0.567). Also, based on the results, the variable of environmental awareness has a positive and significant effect on adaptation capacity with climate fluctuations (β=0.536) and the variable of environmental beliefs also has a positive and significant effect on environmental norms in the face of climate change (β=0.667). In total, based on the findings, 0.72 of the changes in the dependent variable of sustainable livelihood resilience are directly or indirectly explained by the independent variables of environmental attitude, environmental awareness, environmental beliefs, environmental norms, place attachment and adaptation capacity. The results of this research can be useful and practical for decision-makers in the field of agriculture, especially horticulture, from the point of view of environmental psychology. The findings of this research can be used for policy making and planning and decision-making in order to develop resilience and stabilize the livelihood of gardeners in Hamedan province in the face of climate change.

Global environmental changes have become a significant challenge for humanity, highlighting the need for robust support for environmental projects across all dimensions, including financial and economic. Integrating ethics and human and social values with environmental concerns in economic activities creates a new approach for sectors such as banking, manufacturing, industry, and insurance, reshaping their operations in response to these challenges. It is necessary to put aside the purely market-oriented approaches focused on the rapid development of financial markets at any cost, so that other policies with greater health can replace them. Meanwhile, the concept called "green banking" is one of the most important examples of this support. This kind of banking, as an important part of ethical banking, plays a special role in protecting the environment. With a comprehensive explanation of green banking and by using theoretical studies and international experiences and obtaining opinions from relevant experts and experts, this research identified the factors affecting the trend of the country's banking network towards green banking by using the Delphi method, questionnaire analysis and Friedman's test.

The current research is completely practical in terms of its purpose and qualitative and descriptive-analytical in terms of implementation method. First, by using the Delphi method, the factors affecting the tendency of the banking to implement green banking are identified, and then the relevant data is collected using a questionnaire. In the following, the known factors are ranked and prioritized with Friedman's test. The statistical population of this research was all managers and banking experts in Tehran. In the Delphi method, a standard statistical sample typically ranges from 10 to 30 questionnaires, with 28 initially considered for this research. After follow-up, 23 questionnaires were completed and included in the analysis. Additionally, 142 questionnaires were prepared and collected for Friedman's test implementation. At this stage, a Likert scale was used for the research questions, scored by managers, branch heads, and banking experts. A combined method has been used in the collection of research statistical data. At first, the concepts of green banking and ethical banking have been explained by using the library method and conducting free theoretical and field studies. In the following, with the Delphi technique and obtaining the opinions of relevant experts and experts, the most important factors affecting the tendency of the banking network to implement green banking have been calculated. In the following, the remaining important factors have been added to the set of factors with the method of intellectual generation.

Based on the results of the research, four main economic, structural, managerial and social criteria were identified in order to influence this tendency. In the sub-criteria section, the high inflation rate, the relative cheapness of energy prices and the presence of profitable parallel markets along with green deposits are mentioned as the most important reasons for the low tendency towards green banking. Also, the laws and regulations and the legal system, the recruitment system, the promotion and encouragement of bank managers and employees, the central bank's supervisory system, the senior managers' attitudes towards environmental issues, corporate governance, the bank's internal supervision, the attention to green banking in the selection and decision Customers, society's attitude towards environmental issues and the culture of demand among the most important sub-criteria affecting the trend of the Iranian banking towards green banking have been evaluated and introduced.

This research tried to identify and analyze the factors affecting the tendency of Iranian banking network towards green banking with a more comprehensive explanation of green banking and by using theoretical studies and international experiences and obtaining opinions from relevant experts and experts. Based on the research results, four main structural, economic, managerial and social factors influencing this trend were identified. Surveys showed that in the first place, economic factors were more effective than other factors in the trend of the banking towards green banking. Among the study factors categories, structural, managerial and social factors have the most influence on the trend of the country's banking network towards green banking. It is suggested that for the greater desire and tendency of the banking to implement and realize green banking, it is necessary to improve the economic components with the aim of more stabilization, inflation control, strengthening of supervisory dimensions and balance sheet reform of the banking network. Also, reforming the legal system in the supervision and support of green bankers, reforming the incentive and recruitment system, strengthening the attitude of senior bank managers and the general public to the necessity of protecting the environment, as well as reviewing the frameworks and processes of corporate governance in banks with a green perspective to encourage Iranian banking, is necessary towards green banking. In the meantime, undoubtedly the role of the central bank as the supervisory body and upstream regulatory body in reforming the general structures of the banking system and improving the management situation of the public sector of the banking network can be useful and effective in increasing the tendency of banks to establish green banking and comply with its criteria.

Given the rapid process of industrialization, expansion of agriculture, increased reliance on fossil fuels, and the intensification of climatic conditions, air quality has rapidly deteriorated in recent years. One of the most important issues and challenges facing the world today is air pollution, particularly PM2.5 pollution. This problem has evolved into one of the most complex and serious dilemmas affecting the lives of people worldwide. Exposure to high levels of air pollution has negative health implications. The present study aims to measure the willingness to pay of Mashhad city residents for the improvement of PM2.5 pollution and identify the factors influencing this willingness to pay.

This study used contingent valuation and the multiple-bound discrete choice model to calculate individuals' willingness to pay. The research focused on the certainty level of "definitely yes" and generated 13 different proposals ranging from 10,000 Toman to 200,000 Toman. The ordered logit regression model was employed to analyze the factors influencing the willingness of Mashhad citizens to pay for air quality improvement. The study collected 343 questionnaires from Mashhad city residents, considering variables such as education level, age, gender, marital status, family size, presence of children, chronic respiratory diseases and individuals' income. The dependent variable was the public's willingness to pay for improving air quality regarding PM2.5.

The study found that a significant portion of respondents were willing to pay for air quality improvement. About 22.45% were willing to pay less than 10,000 Toman, 60.06% were willing to pay between 45,000 and 58,000 Toman, 5.83% were willing to pay between 95,000 and 120,000 Toman, and 11.66% were willing to pay between 155,000 and 200,000 Toman. The average willingness to pay for PM2.5 pollutant improvement in Mashhad was estimated to be 55,488 Toman. Education, age, respiratory diseases, income, and family size were found to affect willingness to pay.

 Conclusion :

Improving air quality and reducing pollution requires costly efforts and collaboration from society. This research examines individuals' willingness to financially contribute to air quality enhancement. Factors influencing their willingness to pay are also studied. Based on the findings, it is recommended that the government and municipal authorities impose taxes and levies on polluting sectors, considering the calculated value of air pollution and its sources. Educational programs tailored to diverse educational backgrounds, along with technology and social media, can raise environmental awareness among youth. Developing cost-effective public transportation systems and providing discounts for low-income individuals can also help reduce pollution. Financial programs and incentives for cleaner resources are another solution for improving air quality.

Drought-tolerant fodders extension, including sorghum, is of great importance to the Iranian Ministry of Agriculture. Regarding, the limited adoption of fodder sorghum in Iran, this research was conducted to develop strategies for improving fodder sorghum consumption in Tehran province. The statistical population of the qualitative phase was the key informants of sorghum, 18 of whom were selected for in-depth interviews using the purposeful snowball sampling method. Grounded theory was applied to extract strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats. Two questionnaires were prepared to measure the importance and intensity of external and internal factors, by 10 and 6 experts, respectively. Analyzing the external and internal environment, 21 strategies including eight (SO) strategies, four (WO) strategies, six (ST) strategies, and three (WT) strategies were extracted. Analysis of the strategic space showed (ST) strategies for adopting sorghum among dairy farmers in Tehran province had a higher priority. These strategies were "increasing the information of experts and farmers about the possibility of using sorghum Speedfeed variety in specific cattle or as a percentage of the ration in industrial cattle"; "increasing the information of experts and farmers about sorghum agronomic strengths"; "using sorghum in the ratio of cattle breeds with lower milk yield special milk quality such as Jersey or Simmental or native cattle"; "promoting agronomic strengths of sorghum, especially among farmers owning agricultural land"; "promoting agronomic strengths of sorghum by establishing model sites in dairy farms owning arable land" and "explaining the importance and strengths of sorghum for officials and decision-makers".

In recent decades, the issue of climate change has become one of the global issues and has affected the agricultural sector. The continuation of agriculture regardless of the water shortage crisis has had an inappropriate effect on the sustainability and growth of this sector. On the other hand, the destructive effect of excessive use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on water, soil, health of ecosystems, humans and other living beings is undeniable. For this reason, the void of using an efficient model that can provide all economic and environmental aspects at the same time was completely felt. The aim of this study was to provide an optimal cropping pattern using the integrated method of Goal and Grey planning. For this purpose, the farmers of the agronomy sub-sector of Tajan Basin were selected as the statistical population. In this regard, time series information was collected from the aggregation of the average data of 401 settlements located in this area during the years 2017-2021 from the annual reports of experts.

The Linear Programming (LP) Model quantifies an optimal way of integrating constraints to satisfy the objective function to optimize crop production and profits for irrigation farmers. To use LP, one must convert the problem into a mathematical model. To do this, an objective such as maximizing profit or minimizing losses is required. The model must also include decision variables that affect those objectives, and constraints that limit what user can do. Therefore, the LP Model is a single-objective method. Goal Programming (GP) is an extension of LP in which targets are specified for a set of constraints. GP is used to perform three types of analysis: Determining the required resources to achieve a desired set of objectives. Determining the degree of attainment of the goals with the available resources. Providing the best satisfying solution under a varying amount of resources and priorities of the goals. Thus, the GP model is a multi-objective method. The Grey system theory is identified as an effective methodology that can be used to solve uncertain problems with partially known information. Grey modelling approach uses accident data for estimating the model parameters. The model can reflect the dynamics, balance the conflicting the multidimensional targets of cropping patterns, and promoting the sustainable use of cultivated land. For achieving different goals in unstable economic and environmental conditions, we used a Goal-Grey model that was obtained from the integration of Goal programing and Grey Programing. The Goal-Grey model, by considering the uncertainty in the data, leads to overlap between the economic and environmental goals and provides the scope of cultivation for the selected products.

By estimating the Linear Programming (LP) Model, crops like wheat and canola are removed from the cropping pattern, while the cultivation areas for barley and high-yielding long-grain rice increase by 644% and 31%, respectively. In contrast, the cultivation areas for high-quality long-grain rice and maize decrease by 89% and 10%, respectively. Implementing this model boosts the gross profit of farmers in the Tajan region by 14% solely through adjusting the crop composition, without altering the current input levels. Additionally, the findings show that applying the LP Model results in fertilizer savings of 5%, 13%, and 10% for phosphate, nitrogen, and potash, respectively. The amount of herbicide and fungicide consumption in the LP Model is exactly equal to the current model of the region. However, the implementation of this model will lead to a 5% increase in the consumption of insecticides poison. The amount of irrigation water consumption in the LP Model was calculated to be 2% less than the current model of the region. In addition, the results indicate that by estimating the Goal-Grey Model, only canola is removed from the cropping pattern. Also, in order to achieve the defined goals in this study, the cultivation area of wheat and maize should be equal to 208 and 7356 hectares respectively. However, the flexibility of input usage enables adjustments to other crop cultivation areas, facilitating high-quality long-grain rice production on 970 to 18,157 hectares. Plus, the cultivation area of long-grain rice can vary from 7654 to 9995 hectares. In this model, barley can be removed from the crop composition like the linear pattern or cultivated on a maximum of 2553 hectares. The implementation of the Goal-Grey model will lead to a maximum 2% increase in the gross profit of the farmers of Tajan region compared to the current model of this region. Also, by implementing the Goal-Grey Model, on average, phosphate, nitrogen, and potash fertilizer consumption is saved by 16, 27, and 20 percent, respectively. In addition, with the implementation of the Goal-Grey Model, the consumption of agricultural pesticides will decrease from 733 to 355 thousand liters on average.

The LP Model is designed based on current regional conditions; however, as a single-objective model with fixed parameters, it lacks the flexibility to offer an adaptable program for farmers during drought or wet periods or when inputs are limited. Findings indicate that under current conditions, there is excessive use of chemical inputs and irrigation water. By accounting for data uncertainty, the Goal-Gray model addresses these limitations, balancing economic and environmental objectives and defining a cultivation range for selected crops.

Branding of organic agricultural products is an essential requirement that plays a vital role in the economic growth and development of societies. In the field of the creation and development of organic agricultural brands, there are many development and driving factors that require careful planning. The present research, has been conducted to identify the driving factors of organic agriculture branding in Tabriz County. This research is mixed and practical and based on the survey. First, based on the Foundations Data Approach, necessary qualitative content was collected, then quantitative data was collected based on survey strategy (questionnaire). The population was specialists and experts who were first using targeted sampling and then using the snowball method; a half structured interview was conducted with 17 people until theoretical saturation was reached. In this method, data analysis was done in three ways: open coding, central coding and selective coding. To check the reliability, transferability and verifiability and validity criteria, were used. Based on the analysis of the qualitative stage, the central and selective branding codes were identified, and a questionnaire was shown in the framework of the matrix of cross-effects between regulatory factors and to evaluate the influence and effectiveness of driving factors, the matrix of cross-effects was conducted, using MicMac software. Based on the results, 16 drivers were identified as the key drivers that had the most impact on branding, among which the media, single organization, financial and credit support, and public sector infrastructure play the most crucial role in branding organic agricultural products.

Managing the pollution of water resources while allocating water resources appropriately to different sectors can lead to socio-economic and environmental developments. Surface water sources have a high pollution load in the south of Tehran Province due to the upstream discharge of domestic and industrial wastewater. However, these sources are used for irrigation in the agricultural sector, leading to environmental problems. As a measure to solve this problem, a plan is to build surface water treatment plants before using the water for agricultural and industrial purposes. This study investigates the economic and environmental effects of the using treated wastewater in the south of Tehran Province. This study employed a hydro-economic model under conditions of uncertainty. The results indicate that under the existing conditions, the net system benefit will decrease in pursuit of the economic-environmental optimal state. So that for reducing each ton of nitrate input to water resources due to the reduction of the level of economic activities, the net system benefit is reduced by 36167 million rials. This decline in benefit can be compensated by adopting solutions such as the application of treated wastewater, using the fertilizer potential of water sources or increasing the treatment level of the wastewater generated in industrial and municipal sectors.

Nowadays, as an efficient approach, microfinance play a vital role in supporting small businesses and creating job opportunities. Therefore, microfinance pave the way for saving and development. Evidence indicates that microfinance funds face some challenges despite their achievements in credit services provided for strengthening the job status of rural residents. Therefore, the extant study was conducted to identify and analyze challenges related to rural microfinance funds in Ghalehganj County. The statistical population comprised 21.000 villagers who were members of the microfinance funds established in Ghalehganj County. The data were collected by questionnaires. Besides measures of central tendency and dispersion statistics, exploratory factor analysis were employed for data analysis. Findings introduced some challenges, including low perception towards job-creation capabilities and entrepreneurial talents, low financial power of households, undesired loan conditions, lack of skills and appropriate technology, lack of infrastructures, and production factors as the most substantial barriers to the effectiveness of associated microfinance funds in business development. The findings of this study can play an important role in giving the accurate insights to the practitioners of microfinance funds, particularly regarding to the lack of the sufficient and appropriate empirical literature in Iran.

Considering the position of chicken meat in people's food basket, the broiler industry plays a strategic role in the food security of countries. The main problem of this industry in the country is the traditional business approach of the companies. The current research aims to take a systematic look at the current state of this industry from the point of view of the business model and provide innovative solutions to improve this industry as much as possible. The current research method is the qualitative method of thematic analysis. The research community consisted of expert producers in the central province and especially in the city of Dilijan. The sampling method was judgmental and snowball, and the study continued until reaching theoretical saturation. After conducting in-depth semi-structured interviews, the components of the business model canvas were extracted using open coding, basic, constructive and overarching themes. By analyzing the data, the current state of the business model in the poultry industry in each of the components of the ecosystem including customers, channels, relationships with customers, value propositions, revenue streams, cost structure, key resources, activities Key and key partners were identified. Then, based on the opinions of experts, the innovative canvas of the business was also drawn. In this regard, many innovative solutions were proposed such as new customers, different channels, various communication methods, innovation in main products, packaging. Distinctive, different proposed values, diverse income generation solutions, innovation in activities and key resources such as broiler breeding and immunogenic and therapeutic processes, etc.

Inflation is one of the major economic problems in developing countries as well as emerging economies. Therefore, ensuring stable prices is always one of the main goals of the monetary authorities and indeed the government. Meanwhile, inflation is particularly important in the food sector, because the vital and constant human need for food increases the vulnerability of low-income people and makes them face a serious challenge in meeting their life needs. Factors affecting food inflation can be examined from two viewpoints: structuralists and monetarists. Structuralists believe that real impulses in certain sectors of the economy cause price increases in that sector, and this issue is especially important in developing countries. According to this view, factors such as the elasticity of the supply of agricultural products, currency restrictions, wages and high prices in the food sector result in inflation and its sustainability. On the other hand, monetarists believe that monetary policies cause inflation in various sectors, including the food sector. These policies are carried out in order to regulate the value of money, control the interest rate and influence the level of inflation and social employment. In general, monetary policies can have direct and indirect effects on food inflation in a country by adjusting factors such as interest rates, currency value, and the amount of money in circulation. Azamzadeh Shooroki & Khalilian (2010) investigated the effect of monetary policies on the food price index in Iran using the ARDL model. The results of this study also showed that there was a long-term relationship between monetary policy variables and the food price index, and the food price index had a positive relationship with the interest rate, liquidity and exchange rate. Ghahremanzadeh et al. (2016) investigated the effect of macroeconomic variables on food inflation in Iran using the Structural Vector Error Correction Model (SVECM). The results of this study showed that in the long term, the added value shock of the agricultural sector had a negative and significant effect and the amount of money had a positive and significant effect on food inflation. In his study, De Haan (2020) examined the effect of monetary policies on inflation and expected inflation. In this study, using an econometric model, it was shown that both people's information and monetary policies could affect expected inflation. Accordingly, this study would be able to fill this research gap by using the vector autoregression approach with time-varying coefficients known as Time-Varying Parameter Vector Auto-Regression (TVP-VAR) model and provide policy makers with practical results of dynamic changes in the effect of macro variables on food inflation. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the impact of macroeconomic variables on food inflation. Macroeconomic variables considered in the model of this study included economic growth rate (Pishbahar & Baghestani, 2014), interest rate, liquidity growth and investment (Ismaya & Anugrah, 2018) and exchange rate. One of the methods that is used more recently in economic literature is the TVP-VAR model. The difference between this model and the models of fixed VAR coefficients is that it allows changes in the parameters over time and has the ability to flex the coefficients according to changes in conditions, structural failures and cyclical changes; therefore, it will bring more accurate results. The initial VAR model introduced by Sims (1980) was one of the important models for investigating the relationship between various economic variables using shock-reaction functions.  In order to test the unit root, considering the seasonality of the investigated data, the HEGY test was used to check the reliability of the variables. Based on the seasonal unit root test of HEGY, for all variables, despite the intercept elevation and the trend, the null hypothesis of the existence of a seasonal unit root is rejected and therefore, the seasonal data used in this study are at a stable level. The results of the graphs related to the estimation of the coefficients of macroeconomic variables and food inflation in the model make it clear that the coefficients are not the same over time and for all cases except for investment and food inflation itself, different parameters are found during the studied time period. In other words, these results confirm that relying on constant parameters over time obtained from the usual VAR approach in such a case has the ability to estimate only the average of the changes of the variables affecting food inflation. This issue highlights the importance of using the TVP-VAR model in analyzing the impact of macroeconomic variables on food inflation. After estimating the model and testing the parameters, point shock reaction analysis (shock reaction analysis at different points in time) was used to investigate the dynamic effects of macroeconomic variables on food inflation. In general, three intervals with different lengths were chosen to reflect the short-term, medium-term and long-term response changes of the dependent variable and the independent variable. The noteworthy point in this graph is that although this self-motivated positive influence decreases from the second period onwards, it does not disappear. This result is consistent with the steady increase in food inflation in Iran's economy during the period under review. The relationship between investment and inflation can occur through two supply and demand channels, the first channel leads to an increase in inflation and the second channel leads to its decrease. The important point is that according to the findings of this study, the positive effect of the exchange rate increase on food inflation has an upward trend and does not disappear over time. The consequences of the increase in the exchange rate on the increase in the price of imported goods, as well as creating incentives for food exports, can be among the reasons for this issue.Conclusion and Suggestions: According to the literature on the subject, among the key variables affecting food prices are economic growth, exchange rate, interest rate, investment and liquidity growth. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the effect of these macroeconomic variables on food inflation. For this purpose, seasonal data from 2001 to 2020 and the TVP-VAR model were used. The results showed that the effect of estimated parameters on the food inflation was varied over time; therefore, the results obtained from the TVP-VAR model are superior to other economic models that do not consider the dynamics of coefficients. Among the advantages of this method is the possibility of point analysis of impact reaction. The study results showed that economic growth had a negative effect on food inflation, and this confirms the contribution of economic growth to increasing food production and supply. Based on this, it is suggested that the improvement of food production infrastructures, including technology infrastructures in agriculture, storage and processing industries, should be taken into consideration by policymakers. This issue can be emphasized according to the results of this study on the effect of increasing investment on reducing food inflation in the long term. On the other hand, the results showed that an increase in interest rates also would lead to an increase in food inflation. The root of this issue can also be traced to the high share of financial costs in the food production and supply sector. Based on this, it is suggested that the policy makers provide access to food producers, including farmers and industries active in food production, to low-interest credits and capital. Finally, this result is important that the increase in food inflation at one point in time has a stable increasing effect on food inflation in future periods. Therefore, the policy maker should be aware of the impact of macroeconomic variables on food inflation and give it double priority considering its dependence on food security and community health.