جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صادرات » در نشریات گروه « اقتصاد کشاورزی »

The commodity analysis of Iran's agricultural exports during the period 2015-2022 showed that the tomato export, with an average of 758 thousand tons worth 403 million dollars, includes on average about 20% of the export volume and 14% of the export value of the major agricultural goods.Including the production of this product in greenhouses, there are about 6 million tons of tomatoes produced annually. Considering that mostly the amount of surplus production is more than the amount of export of tomato products, it will be important to create a comparative advantage based on production capacity in the country.In order to determine Iran's position in the world market, the relationship between production and export, the export route of tomatoes, the revealed comparative advantage and revealed symmetric comparative advantage index was estimated for Iran and other main tomato exporting countries. Next, based on the vector auto regressive model and the VEC model , the relationship between the production and the export advantage of tomato in the world was investigated. The results showed that Iran has a comparative export advantage in tomato export in recent years and has gone through a growing trend in terms of export advantage and has surpassed some competing countries such as Turkey.Also, the estimation results showed that among the main tomato exporting countries, Iran's export advantage and tomato production in the country have a long-term and significant relationship. Continuous presence in international markets requires appropriate policies in foreign trade. If Iran adopts this product in order to improve its production and strengthen its relationship with export, it will increase the opportunity to be present in the international market of this product.

Identifying and determining target markets is one of the most important ways to diversify non-oil exports and reach global markets. The expansion of export markets is one of the important strategies of the country, considering the decrease in revenues from oil exports and its extreme fluctuations. The agricultural sector has made a significant contribution to the country's non-oil exports in recent years. However, the lack of accurate identification of potential export markets has faced challenges in the export development of this sector. Based on this, the aim of this study is to identify and rank the potential target markets of Iran's export agricultural products in such a way that the potential markets for export products in this sector can be identified and prioritized. The statistical sample of this research is all the countries that had commercial exchanges with Iran in the field of agricultural products during the study period, and the information they needed was available in the World Bank database.

The data used to calculate the indicators includes the period from 2002 to 2018. In order to identify and rank the market-target products, the decision support model and the implementation of a four-step screening process using Excel and Access software and programming in the SQL software environment were used.

The findings of the research show that there are realistic export opportunities related to nine products (1) other nuts (2) dates, figs, (3) grapes (4) melons, watermelons (5) apples and fresh pears. (6) ginger, saffron, turmeric, thyme and other spices (except pepper) (7) sugary sweets containing cocoa, including white chocolate (8) bread, sweets, cakes, biscuits and (9) other prepared or preserved vegetables but not frozen.

Iran ranks fifth in apple production in the world, and Damavand apple has good production in this regard, but this product does not have a suitable brand in national and international markets. The purpose of this research was to analyze the branding challenges of Sib Damavand: through the application of foundational data theory. The research method was qualitative and it was based on the data theory. The statistical population were specialists and experts in the field of branding agricultural products, who were selected using the purposeful sampling method and the snowball technique. Sampling continued until theoretical saturation was reached and finally 15 people were selected as a sample. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews. For data coding, maxqda12 software was used to validate the results using the Lincoln and Goba evaluation method. Retest reliability (consistency index) and intrasubject agreement method (reproducibility index) were validation methods. The results showed; Retest reliability index is 79% and intra-subject agreement is 76%. Based on this, a foundational theory of the challenges of Damavand apple branding was drawn. The central phenomenon of Damavand apple branding challenges and causal conditions (expectations and experience of customers, international competition, attitude and knowledge of farmers, abuse of product names, sales and marketing issues) and strategies (branding knowledge, strengthening organizations, Incentives and drivers, government and agricultural jihad role), background conditions (Ability to produce products with high quality and quantity, skilled manpower, knowledge and communication and access to the market), intervening conditions (brand cost, market monopoly, export, research and development) and finally cause Creating consequences (more sales and higher prices, development of exports, increase in income and development of the agricultural sector of the city) were drawn.Key words: Branding, Damavand apple, grounded theory, competition, export.

Extended Abstract

Introduction and

The agricultural sector is one of the most important economic sectors in every country, which in Iran has significant advantages such as land diversity, cheap labor, and less need for complex technology to produce all kinds of products in different seasons of the year. Therefore, it,s maded strengthening is essential for economic development, employment, and increasing non-oil exports. This article investigates the factors affecting the trade of agricultural products between Iran and the Russian Federation using the gravity model.

First, necessary statistics and information were collected from the websites of the Central Bank and the World Bank for the period from 2010 to 2020. Then, in order to investigate the influencing factors on the volume of bilateral trade of agricultural products of Iran and Russia, the generalized gravity model was used. Before estimating the model, first the reliability of the variables was checked through the Levin-Lin and Chu test, and then the gravity model was estimated using the panel data method. In this study, the data were used separately for the export sector, once for import and finally for the whole trade (exports + imports) to determine the effects of different variables on each sector. Then, the Hausman test results were analyzed to select the most suitable part for analyzing the results.

The results of Levin-Lin and Chow tests showed that all variables were significant and panel data were static. The estimated results of the gravity model for the three sections under study are statistically significant based on F-statistics. Therefore, the null hypothesis is rejected, indicating that the intercepts are different from different time periods and panel data should be used. The results of the Hausman test for exports, imports, and trade were calculated as 0.214, 0.4359, and 0.000 respectively, based on which trade estimation was selected for analyzing the results. Estimating the gravity model for trade indicated that the coefficient of the variable Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both countries, which represents their economic size, is an important factor in the bilateral trade volume of agricultural products between Iran and Russia. Also, distance, real exchange rate, and virtual variable of membership in the Eurasian Economic Union are the effective factors in the bilateral trade volume of agricultural products between Iran and Russia.

Generally, increasing the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of both countries leads to an increase in bilateral trade of agricultural products between Iran and the Russian Federation. Therefore, it is suggested that measures be taken in the decision-making of policy makers in the field of membership in organizations and commercial agreements, especially in the field of agriculture.

Export is a crucial driver of economic growth in various countries and significantly contributes to a country's entry into global markets and enhances economic success. In developing countries such as Iran, economic and social development programs prioritize the expansion of exports, particularly high value added agricultural products. The growth in non-oil exports, such as dried fruits, and the entry of domestic producers into new global markets have led to an increased demand for Iran's export products. This has also resulted in higher production levels, increased employment opportunities, and higher value added in the related activities. To enhance export performance, which is a crucial measure of a company's success in utilizing its resources and capabilities in the international arena over a specific period of time, it is important to focus on improving marketing strategies and specialized knowledge. Therefore, this research aims to examine the impact of marketing mix and specialized marketing knowledge on the export performance of small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) involved in exporting dried fruits in Mashhad, Iran in 2022. A total of 80 questionnaires were distributed among senior managers, board members, and business managers of dried fruits SMEs using the available sampling method. Structural equation modeling was employed for data analysis and test of research hypotheses. The statistical data and structural equation modeling revealed that the joint impact of marketing mix and specialized marketing knowledge has a positive and significant influence on export performance. In order to improve the company's profitability, it is essential for senior managers and sales managers to recognize the significance of these two factors and undergo relevant training to acquire the necessary skills. Moreover, managers should make effective use of appropriate distribution channels to expand their exports. Simultaneously, they should consider adapting product quality and packaging to align with the preferences of foreign buyers.

In Iran, due to the low capital requirement of beekeeping as well as the presence of many natural pastures with nectar-producing and pollinating plant species, this activity is very important. For a long time, honey has been known as one of the most widely consumed food products, which is considered as the most widespread traditional medicine in the country due to its unique medicinal properties. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the export performance of Iranian honey and prioritizing its target markets. For this purpose, the comparative advantage of honey export was first calculated using the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage (RSCA) indices during 2001-2018 and the structure of Iran's honey export market was determined using the Herfindahl-Hirschman index (HHI). Then, numerical taxonomy method was used to prioritize actual honey export markets. The results showed that the comparative advantage of honey fluctuated in the studied years and the competitive risk for Iranian honey exporters was higher than competitors as well as during the studied period, until 2008, the export market of world honey had a multilateral monopoly structure and from 2009 to 2018, it had an open multilateral monopoly structure, and the structure of Iran's honey export market and also the structure of the world honey import market were of a multilateral monopoly during this period. According to the studied indicators, the study results showed that the markets of Saudi Arabia, Iraq, UAE and Malaysia were considered as the best markets for Iranian honey. Therefore, according to the target countries introduced based on the results of the prioritization in this study, it is appropriate that while paying attention to the private sector and supporting its active presence in these countries, the export market should be moved away from focusing on a few limited and traditional markets and also monopolizing in the purchase of target markets while being directed towards diversification in these markets.

Iran attempts to expand the non-oil exportsfor diminishing the dependency on oil export income. This research tries to examine the export and trade balance of Iran's agricultural sector. Accordingly, the gravity model was used for export, applying panel data from 1997 to 2017. Also, the trade balance of Iran's total agricultural and the related sectors’commodities was examined. It should be noted that for the trade balance, time series data from 1978 to 2018 were used. The results of the gravity model show a negative effect for the variable of distance. The coefficients of Iran’s per capita GDP and also the GDP of trading partners are positive, as expected. It was found that a one percent increase in the per capita GDP of Iran causes a rise of 3.42 percent in the export of agricultural products; however,that of importing countries haslow statistical significance. Based on the coefficient obtained for the population, an increase in the population of the importing countries raises the demand for Iran's agricultural products.The degree of trade openness revealed a positive and significant effect on the export of agricultural products. The coefficient for the real exchange rate was found to be around 0.9 percent. It was also found that the volatility of the exchange rate is related directly to the export of agricultural products. Comprehensive sanctions have a negative and significant effect, while less restricting sanctions have an insignificant effect on the export of agricultural products. The global economic crisis has also had a dampening effect on exports. For trade balance, the results show that the value added of the agriculture has a positive effect on the trade balance of entire agriculture and sectors. The real exchange rate has a negative effect on the trade balance of agricultural commodities as a whole and livestock and agronomy sectors, confirming the J-Curve theory while it was not supported for the horticultural sector. Also, the variable of exchange rate volatility was included in the model using two measures of positive and negative series of exchange rate changes and the Autoregressive Conditional Heteroskedasticity (ARCH) effect, but their effect on the trade balance was not the same in terms of both the direction and statistical significance. The trade openness for the agricultural and horticultural sector was found with a positive coefficient, indicating that their production is based on comparative advantage. However, for the sectors of agronomy and livestock, it illustrated a negative effect. Sanctions have also harmed the trade balance.

This study was conducted with the aim of designing a model for the development of international entrepreneurship of knowledge-based businesses. In order to achieve this model, the fundamental method (in terms of purpose), and qualitative approach (based on systematic data collection) and grounded theory strategy have been used. Data collection was done during in-depth interviews with 18 faculty members in the field of entrepreneurship and founders of knowledge-based companies (located in Science and Technology Park). Research data were analyzed by three methods of open, axial and selective coding. The obtained model shows causal conditions (pulling and pushing factors), strategies (using personal network, partnership of customers and foreign suppliers, following customers and using advanced technology), intervening conditions (supporting, stimulating and deterrent forces), contextual conditions (export area, organizational entrepreneurship, appropriate infrastructure) and consequences (market development, sustainable economic development, gaining sustainable competitive advantage) as international entrepreneurship of knowledge-based companies.

For a long time, the main feature of Iran's economy has been its dependence on oil revenues and a single-product economy. Developments in the 1990s in Western countries' policies against Iran and the imposed sanctions have made it increasingly necessary to pay attention to reducing dependence on oil revenues and developing non-oil exports. Meanwhile, the export of food industry products is one of the pillars of non-oil exports due to the existing potentials in the country and certain advantages such as higher added value and job creation. Therefore, this study aimed at investigating the factors affecting the export of Iran's food industry to the target countries using the panel data method and the gravity model during 2001-2018. The results showed that the variables of per capita income of the target countries and Iran, population of the target countries and Iran and export price index of Iran had positive effects and the variable of distance had a negative effect on the export value of Iran's food industry. The variable of real exchange rate also had a positive effect though not statistically significant on the export of Iran's food industry to the target countries. Finally, according to the study results on the development of target markets and focus on the countries of the region, given that these countries have high per capita incomes, it might be recommended to strengthen economic diplomacy and develop transport infrastructure to reduce transportation costs.

the results of the present study showed that, the highest percentage of wastage of crops in Tehran's central wholesale fruit and vegetable is for vegetables, celery and tomatoes with 30, 30 and 15 percent. Kiwi, grapefruit and sour lemon have almost no wastage. At the level of Tehran's wholesale fruit and vegetable, the highest amount of wastage is related to lettuce, oranges, vegetables and grapes, with 50, 43, 40 and 40 percent, respectively. The lowest amount of wastage is for watermelon and kiwi with 10%. Also, most of the virtual water wastage is for tomato, potato, watermelon, onion and apple with the amounts of 55824, 39345, 34927, 30432 and 29684 thousand cubic meters. The lowest amount of virtual water losses is for kiwi, beet and cabbage with 109, 144 and 151 thousand cubic meters.

In recent dacades,the unbalanced pattern of foreign trade and its impact on the unfair emission of pollutants in different countries, has been considered by policymakers.in addition to the economic effects of trade, its environmental effects should also be considered in calculating the real trade balance or "green trade balance". in the present study, using the input-output technique. monetary losses resulting and the added value created in the trade process, are estimated in nineteen sectors. The net environmental damage is equal to 4.8% of the net value added and 1.7% of Iran's trade deficit in 2019. The results show that Iran, despite having a trade deficit, is a net importer of pollution. Estimates in the second stage confirm the higher export losses ($ 60.2) compared to the avoided import losses ($ 38.7) for each monetary unit of trade. In fact,Iran is turned to “port of pollution” because of it’s structure. In terms of trade relations with other countries, most of the pollution was imported from Iraq and Afghanistan, while the most polluted exports were to Germany, Switzerland and France, respectively. In trade with China, there are also reciprocal effects (lower income trade and greater environmental damage). Given the current difficult economic and political conditions, the best strategy to simultaneously achieve economic and environmental goals is to develop import alternatives in the groups of pharmaceuticals and health, agriculture, recreational services, arts and tourism, wood, paper and leather textile products. Because they have the lowest proportion of environmental damage to value added among economic groups with a negative trade balance. Also, the minimum amount of environmental damage for each monetary unit of trade is observed in the mentioned groups. The comparison of the study findings with the results of other researches confirms the high potential of the pharmaceutical and health materials group in achieving both economic and economic goals during import substitution policy.

Among the sources of production growth, export is the major component strongly influenced by government policies. This study aimed mainly at investigating the effect of export composition change (ie the commodities’ export share over times) on the growth of agricultural production using the structural decomposition analysis method. For this purpose, firstly, the growth of production was decomposed into four main factors including the effect of change in domestic final demand, the effect of change in exports, the effect of technology change and the effect of import substitution. Then, the effects of change in exports were also subjected to further decomposition to determine the effect of the export composition change on production growth in more details. This operation was performed using input-output tables of 1991 and 2001 which were deflated. According to the results, the change in exports had a positive effect on the production growth of all the agricultural sub-sectors, except for livestock and poultry products. In addition, decomposing the effect of exports showed that the growth of crops, horticulture, fish and other aquaculture products was mostly influenced by increasing their own exports. However, in the case of livestock and poultry sector, the negative effect of decline in exports of food products and beverages caused to reduce the growth of this sector. These results suggested that to increase the agricultural production, in addition to the importance of an increase in the exports of agricultural raw materials, investment in the development of food industry to process high-quality products characterized by competitiveness in the world markets might be a major driver of growth in the agricultural raw products.

Although Iran is aleading pistachio producing and exporting country, it faces various challenges such as reluctance or inability of producers to use advanced technologies and modern methods in producing, packaging and exporting. Developing and even keeping sharers in the world’s market requires the adoption of appropriate strategies. The aim of this study was to evaluate production and export strategies of pistachio in Kerman province in order to improve Iranian pistachio competitiveness in global market. In the first stage of this study the evaluation matrices of external and internal factorswere set up. In the second stage, alternative strategies were identified by aligning key external and internal factors and using Strength- WeaknessOpportunity- Threat matrix, Strategic Position and Action Evaluation matrix and the internalexternal matrix. In the he third section, evaluates the strategies identified in section two were evaluated using a quantitative strategic planning matrix and prioritizing the alternative strategies according to criteria via TOPSIS and ELECTRE-III technique. Results indicated that pistachio industry in Kerman is internally and externally weak and current strategies are neither capitalizing on opportunities nor avoiding the external threats. Consistent with the final prioritization, the strategies known to be superior to the other strategic alternatives include developing marketing activities and enhancing the capability to build the Iranian pistachio brand through market and consumer research, using modern irrigation systems, promoting cultivation of pistachios and related activities in other provinces of the country with the direct participation of Kerman pistachio farmer and using mulch and plastic cover.

The growth of the agricultural sector is considered essential as a substrate for achieving the development goals in developing countries. According the importance of agriculture as well as the risky nature of production, corruption and other purposes, the government have always supported the agricultural sector. This study investigates the effects of macroeconomic variables and policy support on the growth of the agricultural sector in Iran. In this context, factors affecting the value added of the agricultural sector, gross capital formation, exports and imports of agricultural sector were investigated using a three-stage least squares model as a system of simultaneous equations with four equations during the period 1981-2015. The variables of capital-to-labor ratio, producer support, consumer support, exports of agricultural products, and value added lags with coefficients of 0.488, 0.156, 0.008, 0.021 and 0.111, respectively, showed a significantly positive effect on the value added of agriculture. Also, the variable of imports of agricultural products with a coefficient of -0.120 showed a negative and significant effect on the value added of agricultural sector. Factors affecting export, import and gross capital formation of agricultural sector were explained. The results showed that the support policy on the agricultural sector is not of adequate efficiency and it is necessary, for planners and policymakers, to point out the extent and the way of allocating supports more appropriately.

Reducing dependence of the Iranian economy on crude oil exports and turning towards multi-product economy in export should change export policies to export non-oil products including export of agricultural products. Medicinal plants are one of the important items of agricultural exports that in recent years, despite an increase in acreage and production, exports did not grow up with it. Iran's share of the world market for medicinal plants is less than 1%. Khorasan Razavi Province is one of the leading provinces in the production and trading of medicinal plants. Determining the type of strategy to enter the foreign markets according to market conditions is one of the most important factors affecting the development of exports, especially in the agricultural sector. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors affecting the choice of strategy to enter the foreign markets of medicinal plants of exporting companies in Khorasan Razavi province.
Khorasan Razavi province is one of the leading provinces in the production and export of medicinal plants. Saffron, Cumin, Thyme and Damask rose are among the most important export items in Khorasan Razavi province. There are 85 active companies in the field of exporting medicinal plants in Khersan Razavi province. Sampling method has been census. After removal of questionnaires and information, 64 questionnaires with complete information were examined. In order to investigate the factors affecting the selection of three types of strategies for entering the foreign markets, medicinal herbs for the period of 2016-2011 were used for the econometric model of multi nomial logit Panel model. The use of the multinomial logit panel model is necessary for the data that is composed of the time series and the sectional, as well as its dependent variable having classes and is not arranged.
Before using the model, the test was performed by Hausman test and the results of this test showed that the fixed effect pattern was chosen as the superior model. Export risks include company size, marketing mix, sanctions, export experience of companies in international markets, share of research and development costs in marketing costs, location attraction index including country development target, ease of investment in target country, economic stability. The goal of the country, such as inflation, employment rate, domestic production, labor force, diversification index of export destinations, and the availability of a credible brand, have been introduced from other factors affecting the choice of entry strategy in the study. In this study, after analyzing the static data and the linearity test, the estimated logit model for panel data was employed. The results showed that R & D variables, valid brand and marketing mix increase the probability of choosing an export strategy compared to other two types of foreign market entry strategy. Other variables affecting the model increase the probability of choosing non-export and interstitial strategies for the export strategy. The final effects of explanatory variables were calculated in three modes of change in mean, change in deviation and change of variable from minimum to maximum. The final effect states that if, for example, the size of a firm's size variable changes one unit of its average, the chances of choosing an export strategy would be reduced by 83.1 percent, and the selection of non-exporting and interstitial strategies increased by 31.5 percent and 51.4 percent, respectively. Find out If this variable changes a unit of its standard deviation, the choice of the export strategy will decrease by 76.2%, and the selection of the non-exporting and interstitial strategy will increase by 21.7% and 32.7% respectively. If this variable changes from at least its maximum, the chances of choosing an export strategy will decrease by as much as 35% and the probability of choosing two non-exporting and interstitial strategies will increase by 11.7% and 27.4% respectively. The results of theis study showed that change in two variables of international sanctions and marketing mix increases the chances of choosing export strategy than two other strategies.
Based on the results of this study, it is suggested that exporting companies of medicinal plants of the province with other companies wishing to enter the foreign markets make it necessary to examine a market from different perspectives and according to different criteria so they can decide how to enter the market. The gathering of field information during the research showed the type of company manager's attention to various factors can also is the basis for choosing any kind of strategy. Managers who prefer domestic conditions they are looking for a direct export strategy.

Economic growth and its relationship with international trade is one of the key issues in choosing trade policies. The main objective of this study is to examine the relationship between the growth of agricultural sector and trade development for selected agricultural products. The production and consumption effects of economic growth on trade was estimated by calculating the values of both marginal and average propensity to trade. It is expected that the production and consumption impact of growth on trade would be protrade, antitrade, neutral, ultra protrade and ultra-antitrade. According to the value of marginal propensity it seems, the government trade policies are unstable. The results indicate that during the first economic development program the government aim was to increase the export of Pistachio and Dates and control the import of Rice and Sugar via supporting the domestic production. In the second and third economic development programs, the production and consumption effects of agricultural growth was to decrease the trade level of all products except sugar in the second development program and pistachio and rice in third program. During the fourth and fifth programs, the production and consumption effects of agricultural growth on trade of all study products were repespectively protrad and antitrade except dates.

Due to importance of medicinal plants in Iran’s non-petroleum export, present study aims to determine comparative advantages and global export market structure of selected export commodities during 2000-2001 periods. To determine comparative advantages of exporting countries in international market, two indices of Revealed Comparative Advantages and Revealed Symmetric Comparative Advantage were applied. In order to determine global export market structure of medicinal plants, Herfindahl and Concentration ratio indices was used. Results revealed that among selected medicinal plants export countries of Syria, Afghanistan, Iran, India, Egypt, Bulgaria, Morocco, Macedonia and Turkey had relatively higher comparative advantage .The results showed that comparative advantage is always fluctuating in studied time period. The results revealed that international market structure of medicinal plants composed of three types of monopolistic, open oligopoly and close oligopoly. The result of study showed that Iran’s export price was lower in contrast to countries where their share of global exports was small. For improvement of comparative advantage and increase the export price of Iranian plants diversification of export markets is recommended.

Due to importance of export and necessity of innovation in exported products and as a result, adaption to global markets, this study has been investigated the effects of innovation on total and agricultural export during 1976-2010, by using vector error correction model. For this purpose, the share of export in GDP, foreign direct investment, labor productivity, number of patents and trade mark has been used as indicators of innovation. Results indicate that labor productivity has positive effect on both agricultural and total export. Also foreign direct investment and patents have direct relationships with total export. Trade mark has direct relationship with agricultural export too. According to the results, it is recommended that the level of efficiency and productivity increase by training labors until with technology changes, improve skills of labors as well as develop society.

In this study, impact of export and investment of Iranian economic different sectors (agriculture, industry, service and oil petroleum) on value added of the sectors was investigated. For this purpose, ARDL method is used for analyzing policy in the industry, service and oil petroleum sectors. Also, VECM is used for analyzing policy in agriculture sector. The result indicated that agriculture, oil and service export had a significant impact on their value in long run period and oil and agriculture export have not significance impact on their value added in short run period. The result showed that deviations of the value added in the oil and industry sectors after a one period are adjusted faster than other sectors. Enforcing a shock on agriculture value added has a significant effect on agriculture investment. Also, the effect of enforcing a shock on agriculture export will be seen in the early period. The enforcing a shock on agriculture export has a significant effect on agriculture investment too.