جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « درصد روغن » در نشریات گروه « اکولوژی »

The research was carried out in order to investigate the yield, yield components and quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the oil extracted from 19 double haploid lines of Camelina.A field experiment was carried out as randomized complete block design with 20 treatments and three replications at the Serarud Rainfed Agricultural Research Institute of Kermanshah, Iran in 2021 growing season. The results demonstrated that the highest seed yield of camelina was obtained in DH100 line, which showed an increase of 43.5% compared to the control variety. Also, the lowest seed yield was related to DH105 line, which showed a decrease of 67.3% compared to the control variety. In addition, the highest oil percentage and oil yield were obtained in DH100 line, Chemical analysis of camelina oil showed that the major fatty acids constituents in this plant's oil include linolenic acid, linoleic acid , oleic acid and eicosenoic acid . The highest amount of oleic, linoleic and linolenic acid was observed in DH100 line. In addition, the highest amount of eicosenoic acid belonged to the DH10 followed by DH100 line. It is worth mentioning that the amount of oleic, linoleic, linolenic and eicosenoic fatty acids increased by 10.9, 5.6, 6.4 and 8.7%, respectively, when compared with control variety.it can be concluded that the DH100 line is recommended as the best line for releasing new cultivars of this oil-seed crop in rainfed conditions due to the highest oil quantity and quality in comparison with control variety and other double haploid lines.

The results showed that the interaction effects of pumice and the simultaneous foliar spraying with seaweed extract and Hoagland's solution caused a 97% increase in pod length and 112% in width, a 73% increase in plant dry weight, a 39% increase in seed number per plant and 55% increase in seed yield compared to the control plant. The plant height increased under 60 tons.ha-1 of pumice application alone and in combination with foliar spraying with both fertilizers. Foliar spraying with Hoagland's solution, along with simultaneous foliar spraying of both compounds (seaweed extract + Hoagland's solution) with pumice application enhanced the number of nodes, sub-branches, and the weight of 100 seeds of the plant. Pumice application (zero and 60 tons.ha-1) along with the spraying alone and simultaneous spraying of both fertilizers, increased the nitrogen content of the plants. Potassium content was increased when 60 tons.ha-1 of pumice + simultaneous foliar spraying of both compounds and algae extract spraying was applied. The effect of pumice application (60 tons.ha-1) influenced the pod number per plant, as well as the flavonoids and phenolics, calcium, magnesium, and manganese content of the plant. The co-application of seaweed extract + Hoagland's solution raised the protein (40%) and oil (21%) percentages of the seeds. There was a positive correlation between seed yield, elements content, oil percentage, root dry weight, and biological yield, and this shows that a balanced nutrition with nutrients is necessary to reach reliable yield components.

This research was conducted in order to reduce or replace phosphate fertilizer with humic acid to investigate growth characteristics, grain yield and absorption of macro and micronutrients in safflower plants in order to reduce costs and increase the harvest. Cultivation of safflower of Goldasht variety with 9treatments were carried out a randomized complete block design. Morphological, vegetative growth and Yield traits and nutrients were measured in safflower leaves.The P50H100 treatment had the highest values in plant height, stem diameter, number of main branches, photosynthesis, chlorophyll index, stomatal conductance, capitol number, 100-grain weight, seed yield, biological yield, harvest index, oil percentage and oil yield. After P50H100treatment, H200andP25H150 treatments had better results in these indicators. P50H100treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf nitrogen, P50H100and P50treatment has the highest significant percentage of leaf phosphorus, H200, P25H150and P50H100treatments have the highest significant amount of leaf potassium, H200treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf calcium, P25H150treatment has the highest significant amount of leaf magnesium, H200 treatment has the highest significant amount of iron and zinc in leaves, The H200 and P25H150 treatments had the highest significant amount of leaf manganese and the P25H150 treatment had the highest significant amount of leaf copper.This research showed that the most significant performance can be achieved with P50H100 treatment. After this treatment, H200 and P25H150 treatments had significant results and were appropriate. P100 and P50 treatments as well as H100 and P25H50 treatments did not have significant results compared to the superior treatments.

Excessive reliance on the use of chemical fertilizers to produce agricultural products today has led to major environmental problems. Therefore, in order to reduce the soil pollution and the cost of producing chemical fertilizers, it is necessary to use bio-fertilizers. This research was done to aim of determining the appropriate amount of phosphorus chemical fertilizer in combination with bio-fertilizers for soybean. The experiment was conducted as a factorial base of a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. The first factor included the application of phosphorus chemical fertilizer (zero, 60, 120 and 180 kg/ha triple superphosphate) and the second factor included the application of phosphorus bio-fertilizer (control, Behroshd bio-fertilizer, mycorrhiza and Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhiza) The increase of phosphorus chemical fertilizer from zero to 180 kg/ha increased chlorophyll index (17%), plant height (8.5%) percentage of absorbed light (1.6%), biological yield (24%) and yield components of soybean significantly. The use of biological fertilizers also caused a significant increase in the mentioned traits. The interaction effect of chemical and biological phosphorus fertilizers was significant on the leaf area index and soybean yield, so that at each level of chemical fertilizer use, the highest of these traits was related to the application of Behroshd bio-fertilizer + mycorrhizal. Increasing of phosphorus chemical fertilizer, reduce the bio-fertilizers application efficiency in soybeans yield improving. Therefore, in order to achieve sustainable soybean production, the combination of biological fertilizers and lower amounts of chemical fertilizers should be used.

 One of the most important issues in improving the growth and increasing the yield of oil plants is proper nutrition and providing the nutrients needed by the plant during the growing season. Today, the use of biofertilizers in agriculture is considered as an effective way to reduce the consumption of chemical inputs to increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants, using beneficial soil microorganisms. Among these organisms, phosphate-solubilizing bacteria can be mentioned, which can increase the phosphorus uptake efficiency of plants. According to reports, humic acid is a stimulant of plant growth mainly by changing the root structure and growth dynamics, increases the root size, branching and its density.

A field experiment was conducted at the agricultural research station, Bu-Ali Sina University in 2020 growing season. The employed soybean cultivar was Habit. This factorial experiment was performed based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. Experiment factors were two levels of phosphorus fertilizer including application and non-application, biophosphate including inoculated and non-inoculated and foliar application of humic acid including 0, 2 and 4 g/l (during two stages of 15 and 30 days after emergence at the rate of 250 liters per hectare). In the present study, the interaction effect of humic acid and phosphate solubilizing biofertilizer was evaluated on phosphorus agronomic efficiency, water use efficiency, yield, yield components and quality characteristics of soybean. In this study, after checking the residual normality of the data, SAS software (Ver. 9.1) was used to analyze the variance of the data. Also to compare the means, Duncan's multiple range test at the level of 5% probability was used.

    The results showed that with phosphorus fertilizer application, simultaneous use of biophosphate and humic acid increased plant height (19.2%), biological yield (28.8%) and number of pods per plant (20.4%) compared to the lack of biophosphate and humic acid conditions. For the treatment level of non-use of phosphorus fertilizer and use of biophosphate, foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid compared to 2 g/l increased the biological yield of soybean by 13.9%. 1000-grain weight of soybeans in phosphorus fertilizer application conditions did not show a significant difference between humic acid levels, but in non-phosphorus fertilizer conditions, foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid caused a significant increase in 1000-grain weight compared to non-humic acid treatment. It seems that the application of humic acid has strengthened the relationship of the plant with phosphate solubilizing bacteria. Also the number of grains per pod of soybean increased by 14.6% with the use of biophosphate and 16.8% with the foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid compared to the conditions of no-application of any of them. Applicatin of 4 g/l of humic acid and application of biophosphate increased grain yield by 27.3% and 26.4%, respectively. The highest percentage of seed oil (23.21) was obtained in the absence of phosphorus fertilizer and simultaneous application of 4 g/l of humic acid and biophosphate, while the highest percentage of grain protein (51.3) was obtained in the presence of phosphorus fertilizer, 4 g/l of humic acid and no biophosphate. In the absence of available phosphorus in the soil, the application of biophosphate takes precedence over foliar application of humic acid. This is evident as, without biophosphate application, there was no significant difference in the percentage of seed oil across various levels of humic acid. When biophosphate and humic acid were used in combination, compared to the sole use of biophosphate, the individual application of 4 g/l and 2 g/l of humic acid increased phosphorus agronomic efficiency by 21.1%, 35.7%, and 48.3%, respectively. The results indicate that the combined use of biophosphate and foliar application of 4 g/l of humic acid, in comparison to their absence, improved the water use efficiency of soybean by 25% and 26%, respectively.

Therefore, simultaneous application of 4 g/l of humic acid and biophosphate can improve growth, yield and increase soybean phosphorus agronomic efficiency and water use efficiency. However, to achieve a higher percentage of seed oil, the use of 4 g/l of humic acid alone is recommended.

this research was carried out in order to recognition and evaluate the characteristics related to growth and yield as well as the adaptation of sunflower especially in relation to dehydration conditions.

This research carried as a split plots in a randomized complete block design with three replication and with two factor: irrigation as the main factor and cultivar as sub - factor were performed in the experimental farm of Safiabad Research Center.

Evaluation of means showed, severe irrigation low stress caused a decrease of 19.03, 26.97, 24.34 and 45.08 % respectively in stem height, stem diameter, head diameter and biological yield. Yield and grain yield components of sunflower cultivars also evalouation under the influence of low irrigation stress and the results show a decrease of 45.69, 49.94 and 50 %, respectively in number of grains/head, grain weight/head and grain yield. On the other hand, the percentage of grain oil decreased enough 26.67% under the influence of low irrigation. Oscar cultivar in control treatment with average grain yield of 5.34 t/ha and Shakira cultivar in severe irrigation low stress conditions with average grain yield 2.67 t/ha, respectively produced the highest and lowest grain yield/ha.

despite relative resistance sunflower dehydration stress, maximum grain yield is produced under normal irrigation conditions. Finally, Felix and Labad cultivars according to high grain yield and maintaining yield in conditions of low irrigation stress they are recommended as high yield and compatible cultivars in Dezful region and similar regions.

Investigation of environmental factors and stresses on the fatty acid composition of soybean oil and identification of water deficit tolerant cultivars is one of the strategies to improve the fatty acid composition of its oil.Effect of water deficit stress on quality characteristics and oil yield of 13 soybean genotypes were evaluated as a split plot based on randomized complete block design in three replicates in Karaj in two years.In this work irrigation was conducted at three levels including routine irrigation (control),mild and severe stress were based on 50, 100 and 150mm evaporation from ClassA evaporation pan, respectively,in main plots and soybean genotypes in sub-plots.The results showed that effect of year×irrigation×genotype on oil yield, oil content, oleic acid, linolenic acid and arachidic acid was significant.Oilyeild of soybean decreased under mild and severe stress, 27 and 38%, respectively.Saba and Williams×A3935 had the highest oilyield with an average of 422 and 427 kg/ha, respectively. palmitic acid in mild and severe stress compared to control irrigation decreased by2.6% and 1.2%.While stearic acid increased by9.5% and 10.8%in mild and severe stress conditions, respectively.In control irrigation, L425002 line with 0.22%, in mild stress conditions,Williams×Century and L425002 with 24.6% and 24.1%, and in severe stress conditions, Saba and L425002 genotypes with 24.1% and 24.5%, had the highest percentages of oleic acid and high oil content.In control irrigation, Saba cultivar,in mild stress conditions,Saba cultivar and Williams×A3935 and in severe stress conditions Williams×A3935 had the highest oil yield.L425002 and Williams×Century had the highest oil quality in all stress conditions.

To study the effect of temperature and moisture regimes on agronomical and physiological traits of canola cultivars, an experiment was conducted for two years (2015-17) in Iran (Karaj). In this experiment, the sowing dates were in two levels including timely cultivation (September 27) and delayed cultivation (October 27), and irrigation was in two levels including normal irrigation (control) and irrigation interruption from the podding stage as the main factors, and canola cultivars and hybrids included Kodiak, Traviata, Compass, Diffusion, Mehr2, Elvise and Tassilo were included as the subfactors. The interaction effect of sowing date × irrigation × cultivar on the seed yield, seed oil yield, biological yield, 1000 seed weight and seed number per pod were significant. In delayed sowing date and in the both normal irrigation and late season drought stress conditions, the Tassilo hybrid with a high seed yield, seed oil yield, biological yield, proline and chlorophyll content can be effective in the cultivation of canola in temperate cold regions with dry and semi-arid climates and is recommended for the delayed cultivation conditions together with late season drought stress.

One of the problems of agriculture in arid and semi-arid regions is low soil organic matter. Plant residues are a natural and important renewable source of plant nutrients that can be used together with other inputs to improve soil health and improve production. The method of preserving crop residues on the surface and cultivating directly inside the residues with minimal soil disturbance can be an alternative method for burning the residues, especially in summer cultivation. Therefore, in the present study, the effect of different rice residue managements on the growth and quantitative and qualitative yield of rapeseed cultivars was studied.

The experiment was performed as split plot layout based on a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main factor included the management of rice residues at four levels, including 1- According to conventional cultivation,2- Cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, 3- Cultivation in rice residues with 20 cm height, 4- Cultivation in rice residues with 40 cm height and the secondary factor of three rapeseed cultivars included 401, 4815 and okapi cultivars. In conventional cultivation (control), after harvesting the rice, the field was set on fire and after exposing the ground, plowing, disc and plotting of the land were done and planting according to the custom of the region in a row with distant 20 cm was planted. In the management of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues, after harvesting rice, plowing, disc and plot cultivation were done and planting was done in a row according to the custom of the region in a row with distances between planting lines of 20 cm. In the management of cultivation in rice residues with a height of 20 and 40 cm, rice harvesting from a height of 20 and 40 cm above the ground is done manually and then scattering rapeseed seeds similar to seed density in the custom method cultivation and then with the help of chisel plow rapeseed seeds it was mixed with the soil completely superficially at a depth of about 0.5-1 cm.

The results of analysis of variance showed that the effect of rice residue management on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod, 1000- grain weight, grain yield, oil percentage and grain protein percentage was significant. The effect of cultivar types on number of pods per plant and grain yield was significant but not significant for other traits. Interaction of rice residue management and cultivar type was significant on plant height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and yield. The maximum grain yield in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues in cultivar 4815 by 2449.48 kg/ha and the minimum grain yield in the cultivation of rice residues with a height of 40 cm in cultivar 401 by 1187.41 kg/ha was observed. The maximum oil percentage and grain protein percentage in the cultivation of plowed land with rice residues by 21.62 and 48.16 were observed, respectively and regard to other residue managements were not significant.

In general, the results showed that the rapeseed cultivation in plowed bed along with rice residues is effective in improving most of the growth and yield traits of rapeseed. In addition, cultivar 4815 is more suitable than cultivar 401 and okapi in terms of cultivation in plowed land with rice residues and this cultivar can be recommended for farmers and region.

Due to the importance of portulaca oleracea as a plant susceptible to cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions, this study was conducted to evaluate the productive aspect of portulaca oleracea cultivation under the management of different levels of vermicompost and chemical and nano fertilizers in Gorgan and Zahedan. 

This study was carried out as a factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with four replications. Application of chemical and nano fertilizers at six levels including control or non-application of fertilizers, nanoparticles of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (in ratios of 3, 2 and 2 g.l-1, respectively) and application of chemical fertilizers of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium (200, respectively). 100 and 150 kg.ha-1) as the first factor and four different levels of vermicompost including control or non-use of vermicompost, 5, 10, and 15 tons per hectare as the second factor.

In both production areas of portulaca oleracea, all fertilizer and vermicompost treatments had a significant effect on portulaca oleracea grain yield. However, the rate of portulaca oleracea grain yield in Gorgan region was about 36.96% higher than Zahedan region. The highest yield in both Gorgan and Zahedan regions was obtained from the application of nitrogen nanoparticles along with the application of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost. The lowest index of grain harvest was obtained from treatment without application of fertilizer and consumption of 15 tons of vermicompost alone.

In general, the results of this study showed that Gorgan region was more favorable for production of portulaca oleracea than Zahedan. The highest seed and oil yield was obtained by applying nitrogen nanoparticles with consumption of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost.

The goals of study were to consider the effects of water deficit at fall rosette and seed filling stages on seed and oil yields and their component of superior safflower winter genotypes and to recognize drought tolerant genotypes to cultivate in marginal lands of Tabriz plain.

An experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center during 2019-20 cropping season. The experimental factors included drought stress (non-stressed and stressed during rosette and seed filling stages and five safflower genotypes including: Padideh, Golemehr, Parnian, Mexico248 and, Mexico14.

The effects of water deficit during fall rosette stage on seed and oil yields and their components were insignificant. Whereas drought at seed filling stage significantly decreased amounts of mentioned traits. Correlation of capitulum diameter with harvest index, thousand seeds weight, seed and oil yields were significant. The correlations among seed yield component with each other, seed and oil yields were significant. The highest amounts of seed and oil yields belonged to Padideh, Golemehr and Mexico248.

Fall rosette stage in safflower was not critical for water deficit. Whereas drought during the seed filling stage significantly decreased capitulum diameter, seeds in a capitulum, thousand seeds weight, seed and oil yields. It seems that Padideh, Golemehr and, Mexico248 are suitable to cultivate in dry and marginal lands of Tabriz plain and Mexico248 can be used for safflower breeding programs.

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of drought stress on morphophysiological characteristics of ten native black seed stands in climatic conditions of Zanjan.

A split plot experiment based on completely randomized block with three replications was conducted in the field during the summer, 2018. Experimental treatments were Examined through the main factors including 70% stress and control (without stress) levels and sub factors including ten indigenous populations of black seed including Jiroft, Shiraz, Hamedan, Tehran, Kerman, Kordestan, Hormozgan, Shahrekord, Rasht and Arak.

Examination of the traits showed a significant difference between the conditions of non-stress and low water stress, which caused the highest number of lateral branches in the absence of water stress. Drought stress significantly reduced the number of capsules and grain yield. The weight of one thousand grains did not show a significant difference in the conditions of non-stress and low water stress. The highest oil content was obtained in shahrekord under drought stress treatment. Also, the highest seed yield, number of capsules, belonged to Kordestan indigenous landrace.

In general, based on the results of drought stress, it decreased grain yield and oil percentage, but the percentage of essential oil in drought stress increased. However, it was proved that these changes depend on genotype.

This research was carried out to investigate the effect of organic and biological fertilizers application on yield, yield components, oil and silymarin percentage of milk thistle.  

The experiment was conducted as factorial based on randomized complete blocks design (RCBD) at the faculty of Agriculture, University of Maraghehin 2016. The first factor was included organic fertilizer in three levels as without application (control), application of 20 tons per hectare of farmyard manure and application of 15 tons per hectare of vermicompost, and the second factor was included the application methods of Supernitroplas as biological fertilizer in four levels including non-application (control), seed inoculation, fertigation (topdress application) and seed inoculation + fertigation  

The highest capitol and biological yield was obtained using farmyard manure.  The number of grain per capitols and 1000-kernal weight showed significant increases with application of both farmyard and vermicompost compared to control. The highest grain yield (160.2 g.m-2) and oil percentage (17.52%) were obtained with vermicompost application and the highest oil yield (27.9 g.m-2) obtained using farmyard manure that showed increases of 31, 7.8 and 39.7 % compared to control, respectively. All three methods of Supernitroplas application significantly increased the oil percentage compared to control. The maximum number of capitol and 1000-kernal weight were obtained by combined application of Supernitroplas (inoculation + fertigation). The highest grain yield (159.4 g.m-2), oil percentage (17.7%) and oil yield (28.7 g.m-2) were obtained by using the combined method without significant difference with topdress application and seed inoculation methods that showed increases of 24.9, 12.5 ​​and 41.9% compared to control, respectively. The highest percentage of silymarin was obtained with vermicompost application and Supernitroplas by different methods without significant difference (average: 6.2%), which showed an increase 79.8% on average compared to non-application of organic and biological fertilizers (control).  

The application of manure and vermicompost fertilizers and the application of Supernitroplas as seed inoculation or fertigation improve the yield components, grain yield, oil percentage and silymarin in milk thistle.

The present study was carried out to determine the seeding rate for some hybrids and open-pollinated genotypes.  

A field experiment ina factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design was conducted at the Islamabad-Gharb Research Station during 2018-2019. Seed consumption was four levels of 2, 4, 6 and 8 kg.ha-1 and cultivars include hybrids (Natalie, Neptune and Marathon), open-pollinated (Nafis, Rohan, Nima) and R15 line.  

The results showed that the effect of seed consumption was significant on plant height, number of branches, pod per plant and seed yield. The Maximum plant height was obtained at the level of 8 kg of seed and it was significantly different from all other seed consumption. However, the highest number of shoots and pods per plant resulted in the lowest seed density. Seed yield had a different reaction to seed consumption. The highest seed yield was obtained at 6 kg per ha seed consumption (2919 kg.ha-1) However, there was no significant difference between the levels of 4, 6 and 8 kg.ha-1. Marathon produced the highest seed yield with an average of 3585 kg per ha. Oil content was also different between the cultivars and the highest percentage was obtained in Natalie, Neptune and Nima.  

In general, the best results were in seed consumption of 6 kg/ha and Marathon hybrid. The target density recommendations for hybrid seed are lower than open pollinated genotypes.

Phosphorus deficiency due to the chemical function of calcareous compounds is considered as one of the most important problems in the sustainable nutrition of black seed (Nigella sativa L.), especially in arid and semi-arid regions of Iran. Furthermore, low soil organic matter content in these areas can adversely affect phosphorus availability and thus challenge the sustainable production of black seed. Accordingly, biochemical modification of calcareous soils based on ecological approaches including biological sulfur oxidation or increased phosphorus solubility by organic fertilizers, such as vermicompost, may alleviate these problems.

In order to some approaches for increasing the soil soluble phosphorus and its effects on quantitative and qualitative yields of black seed in a calcareous soil, a field experiment was conducted at Faculty of Agriculture, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran, in the growing years of 2010-2011. A complete randomized block design based on the factorial arrangement with three replications and 12 treatments were used. The resources of soil amendment (1- ‍Control, 2- Vermicompost + Thiobacillus, 3- Sulfur + Thiobacillus and 4- Vermicompost + sulfur + Thiobacillus) and three levels of phosphorus (0, 30 and 60 kg.ha-1) were the first and second experimental factors, respectively. In order to evaluate the experimental treatments, plots were designed with 3 m long and 2 m width, 0.5 m apart from each other. To eliminate all influence of lateral effects, 1 m alley was kept between blocks. Vermicompost (pH: 7.59, organic carbon: 34.76%, total nitrogen: 2.31%, and total phosphorus: 1.78%), sulfur (along with Thiobacillus) and diammonium phosphate were incorporated into the soil before seed sowing. The analysis of variance and the least significant difference test (LSD: 0.05) were performed using SAS 9.3 software (SAS, 2011).

According to the results, the interaction effect of soil amendment × phosphorus rate on plant height, leaf area index and plant dry weight of black seed was significant. Biological and grain yields of black seed notably affected by the interaction between soil amendment × phosphorus rate. Based on our results, plant height significantly increased with increasing levels of phosphorus fertilizer. In addition, phosphorus solubility due to sulfur + Thiobacillus application considerably improved this index compared to control. From the results, grain and biological yields of black seed by applying the sulfur + Thiobacillus treatment were considerably higher than phosphorus 30 or 60 kg.ha-1 treatments. The highest biological and grain yields of black seed were observed in vermicompost + Thiobacillus or vermicompost + sulfur + Thiobacillus treatments. With applying the mentioned treatments, grain yield of black seed were significantly increased (by 63.3 and 84.4%, respectively) compared to control treatment. In general, optimal growth and yield of crops are dependent on balanced nutrient uptake. Given the positive correlation between sulfur and nitrogen, as well as between phosphorus and nitrogen, the specific role of biological sulfur oxidation combined with vermicompost can be due to increased phosphorus solubility in the soil and ultimately facilitated uptake nitrogen.

In alkali soils, biological sulfur oxidation individually or in combination with vermicompost treatment can be a suitable approach to increase the soil soluble phosphorus and quantitative and qualitative yields of black seed. The results also suggested that the application of phosphorus fertilizers in soils dominated by calcareous compounds might have limited efficacy. As a result, the biochemical reactivity of Nigella plant to phosphorus uptake is improved only in conditions where the rhizosphere can be balanced in terms of soil pH and phosphorus solubility. Acknowledgements The authors acknowledge the financial support of the project by Vice President for Research and Technology, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Iran.

In order to study the effect of mycorrhiza fertilizer application on the growth and yield of linseed in intercropping with fenugreek, a field experiment was conducted at research farm of Yasouj University, agricultural college in 2017. Experimental arrangement was factorial based on randomized complete block design with three replications and 15 treatments. The experimental factors were application of biofertilizer in three levels as non- bio fertilizer application (control), application of mycorrhiza fungus Funneliformis mosseaeand Rhizophagus irregularis species and cropping system in five levels, linseed sole cropping, fenugreek sole cropping and intercropping of linseed- fenugreek with ratios 1:1, 1:2 and 2:1. The results showed that the yield of linseed and fenugreek increased under the influence of mycorrhiza bio fertilizer. Also in between the cropping systems the highest grain yield of both linseed (233 g .m-2) and fenugreek plants (221.6 g.m-2) achieved from sole cropping systems. The highest seed oil percent (41.27%) of linseed was found in 1:1 ratio of linseed-Fenugreek intercropping with the application of Rhizophagus irregularis mycorrhiza fungus. Land equal ratio (LER) in all experimental intercropping system was higher than one that indicating the beneficial effects of linseed intercropping with Fenugreek compared to sole cropping of each. Based on the results, the cultivation ratio of one row of fenugreek: one row of linseed with Funneliformis mosseaemycorrhiza fungus application can be introduced.

The present research was done in order to evaluate the agronomical characteristics and to select drought tolerant safflower fall genotypes for cultivation in saline and marginal lands. The experiment was carried out in the East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural Resources Research and Education Center with saline soil (6.7 dS m-1), during 2017-18 cropping season. The experiment was conducted as split plot based on a randomized complete blocks design with three replications. The experimental factors included drought stress with two levels: non-stressed and drought stress from flowering stage to maturity and safflower varieties and lines in 15 levels. The results indicated that drought from flowering stage by decreasing grain number per capitulum and 1000-seeds weight, significantly decreased the grain and oil yields in fall genotypes of safflower. It is concluded that drought stress diminished the seed and oil yields by decreasing grain number in capitulum and 1000-seeds weight. Significant differences were seen among genotypes in these portions of seed yield. The results of grouping genotypes by cluster analysis and ward method, located them in two low (Parnian, K.H.Y.23 and K.M.S.56) and high (other genotypes) yielding groups. The highest amounts seed and oil yields belonged to Mexico189, K.H.Y.2, K.M.S.38, Golemehr and Mexico295 in drought stress and non-stressed conditions. It seems that these genotypes could be used to cultivate in marginal and saline lands with similar climate to experimental location (semi-arid and cold climate according to Koppen climatic classification system).

Regarding to limitation of water resources and the consequences of chemical fertilizers in terms of the environment, recognizing the affecting factors of crop production in limited water conditions is very important. In order to investigate the effect of chemical and biological phosphoric fertilizers on yield and yield components of safflower under different irrigations, an experiment was conducted as split plot based on randomized complete block design with three replications at the Agricultural College of Zabol University. The irrigation treatment included normal irrigation, discontinuation of irrigation intervals before and after flowering as the main factor and types of phosphorous fertilizers in 4 levels: control (no fertilizer), 100% chemical phosphorus fertilizer, 50% chemical phosphorus fertilizer + 50% biological phosphate (combined fertilizer) and 100% Biological phosphate fertilizer were sub factor. Based on the results of analysis of variance, plant height, number of main and minor branches and harvest index were significantly affected by different fertilizer treatments. Comparison of means showed that the highest amount of traits were belong to the combined treatment of chemical and biological phosphoric fertilizers which increased 1.2, 1.7 and 1.6 and 1.55 times, respectively. The results also showed that number of heads per plant, 1000 seed weight, biological yield, grain yield, chlorophyll and carotenoids were significantly affected by different fertilizer treatments, irrigation and interaction. The highest amount of these traits was observed in the combination of biological and chemical fertilizer under normal irrigation conditions, which increased 2, 2.4, 2.12 and 2.59, respectively, compared to the control fertilizer treatment, respectively. Also, the results showed that the application of pure fertilizers to improve the effective traits in safflower yield was lower than pure fertilizers in all irrigation treatments. The highest amount of carotenoids (5.57 mg.g-1FW) belonged to the combination of biological and chemical fertilizer in irrigation treatment after flowering. According to the results, it seems that the combination of chemical and biological phosphorous fertilizers in tolerance to drought conditions can play a significant role in safflower plants.

In order to study of some flax characteristics under nitrogen and organic fertilizer, a field experiment was conducted in experimental farm of Agricultural Faculty of Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz at 2015-2016 growing season. Experimental design was randomized complete block as factorial arrangement with three replications. The first factor was different nitrogen fertilizer sources, control (no nitrogen fertilizer), 150kg.ha-1 urea, 75 kg.ha-1 urea+Nitrocara biological fertilizer and 100 kg.ha-1 Slow Released Urea). The second factor was different organic fertilizer sources as control (no organic fertilizer application), 5 tones.ha-1 vermicompost, 2.5 tones vermicompost+ humic acid and humic acid). The results showed the highest crop growth rate (CGR)(2.28 g.m-2.day-1) and leaf area index(LAI) (4.35) in nitrogen treatments were related to 150 kg.ha-1 urea fertilizer and in organic fertilizer treatment, the highest CGR(22.8 g.m-2.day-1) and LAI (4.15) were conducted at 2.5 tones/ha vermicompst+humic acid treatments on GDD=737 at capsuling phonological stage. The highest relative growth rate (RGR) were obtained at urea fertilizer (0.09) and humic acid (0.02) at GDD=527 (flowering stage). The highest grain yield (2706.67 kg) was obtained at vermicompost(2.5 tons.ha-1)+ humic acid +urea fertilizer. The results of this study indicated that application of organic and biological fertilizers alone or in combination with chemical fertilizers have a positive effect on improving the quality and quantity of flaxen. In this experiment, application of organic fertilizers showed good effect than nitrogen fertilizer and it was significantly more than control treatment.

The present research was done in order to determine the suitable fall planting date of oilseed rape in the East Azarbaijan climate (cold and semi-arid with freezing winters in Copen climate classification system),to evaluate of late planting effects on cold damage, seed and oil yields, yield components and to introduce cold tolerant genotypes. The experiment was conducted as split plotbased on RCBD design with two factorsincluding sowing date with 3 levels (11 and 21 September and 1 October) and 14 fall oilseed rape genotype in three replications. The study was carried out in East Azarbaijan Agriculture and Natural ResourcesResearch and Education Center during two years (2014-15 and 2015-16). The results indicated that plants in the 11 September planting date had significantly higher values of pods per plant, seeds in the pod, 1000 seeds weight, seed and oil yields. Late sowing datesdecreased seed and oil yields by decreasing yield components and increasing cold damage in oilseed rape genotypes.Therefore, 11 September could be a suitable dateforthe cultivation fall genotypes of oilseed rape in East Azarbaijan and areas with similar climate.Correlations among the seed and oil yields with cold damage percent and yield components were significantly negative and positive respectively. It seems that yield decrease in late planting dates can occur via omiting plants from farm and decreasing yield components. L55, HL2012, Wpn-6, L72, SW102, HL3721genotypes indicated higher seed and oil yields in fall cultivations and are suitable for cultivation in East Azarbaijan.