جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "elements" در نشریات گروه "باغبانی"

Serendipita indica fungus acts as a growth promotor and to create resistance to environmental stresses in a wide range of plant species. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of this fungus on the growth, yield and flowering of garlic. The experiment was performed as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design including two factors of the same group (flowering, semi-flowering, non-flowering) and two levels of fungi (inoculated and uninoculated) with three replications. The fungus increased the biomass and yield of garlic by increasing the elements. The effect of all groups on the measured traits except leaf width and chlorophyll showed a statistically significant effect. Fungus treatment did not affect the number of leaves and number of garlic. The fungus increased flowering stem length in all flowering and semi-flowering groups compared with uninoculated (30%). Flowering stem exit was not observed in non-flowering clones. The appearance of flowers was seen only in the flowering group. Flowering percentage in the inoculated flower group (45.90) was lower than inoculated (48.44). The fungus affects the time of stem emergence and accelerates flowering by accelerating maturity. The fungus had a positive effect on increasing the number and size of xylem and parenchymal cells. The results showed that S. indica consumes coexistence with garlic and improves vegetative and reproductive traits.

 One of the most important factors affecting the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of plants are genetic and environmental factors and their interactions. Golder (Otostegia persica Boiss.) is one of the endemic species of Iran and is in the list of top 10 medicinal plants used in Baluchistan, Iran. Therefore, in this study, some morphological and phytochemical characteristics of this plant were investigated in the natural habitats of Baluhistan. Essential oil components of leaves and flowers of Kooh birk-Mehrestan population also measured. Also, with the aim of investigating the soil properties on the establishment and growth characteristics of Golder, the soil edaphic characteristics of plant communities were evaluated.

 This study was conducted in 2017 in some natural habitats of Baluchistan, Iran. Research was performed in the form of a nested plan as completely random design with three replications in the cities of 1- Saravan (Villages of Kooh Sont and Nahuk), 2- Khash (Villages of Panj Angisht and Posht Kuh), 3- Sarbaz (Padik village and Kalat Sarbaz) and 4-Mehrestan (Villages of Zard and Birk kooh) using field survey. Edaphic traits such as soil texture and chemistry were measured. Morphological traits including plant height, internode distance, leaf length and width were measured using instruments such as graduated rulers and calipers. Phytochemical traits including Phenol, Flavonoids and Carbohydrates in different parts of the plant and also the components of essential oils in leaves and flowers were studied. Soluble carbohydrate by Coles and Ansel method, photosynthetic pigments by Arnon method, total phenols with fullene-cicalto reagent by McDonald method, Flavonoids by aluminum chloride colorimetric method and adsorption of any reaction compound at 415 nm wavelength by spectrophotometer were measured. Data analysis was performed by SAS software (version 9.2) and the means were compared by Duncan's multiple range test at 5% level.

 The lowest (7.80) and highest (8.50) pH levels were measured in Zard and Kooh Birk respectively. Lowest (1.29) and highest (4.38) EC levels in Panj angosht and Nahuk respectively, the lowest (43.53(dS m-1)) and highest (50.73(dS m-1)) Na levels in Kooh Birk and Nahuk respectively, the highest N (11.10%) and P (0.32 (ppm)) in the Posht kooh of Khash, the highest amount of total K (62.20 (ppm)), absorbable K (72.17(ppm)) and the highest percentage of silt (38.30) were obtained in the Kooh sont area of Saravan. In evaluating the growth characteristics of plant in different regions, the maximum internode distance, highest number of lateral branches, petiole length, leaf length and width and number of main branches in Kooh Birk region of Mehrestan city and highest plant height in Nahuk region of Saravan city were measured. Comparing the amount of phytochemical compounds in different organs of this plant, it was observed that the highest amount of flavonoids is present in the leaves and the highest amount of phenols and carbohydrates are present in the stem. The lowest amount of all three compounds was measured at the root. Maximum amount of leaf Flavonoids (1.83 mgQE/g), stem Phenol (mg GAE/g 1.86) and root Flavonoid (0.11 mgQE/g) in Panj angosht area of ​​Khash city, stem and root Flavonoids (0.45mgQE/g and 0.11mgQE/g) and stem Carbohydrate (1.99 mg/g) in Zard area of ​​Mehrestan city, leaf Phenol (mgGAE/g 2.38) and root carbohydrate (1.73 mg/g) in Posht kooh region of Khash, and maximum amount of leaf carbohydrates (1.99 mg/g) in Kooh sont area of Saravan were obtained. Analysis of the chemical composition of the essential oil using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) showed 12 compounds per leaf and 31 compounds per flower. The highest and lowest essential oil components were Thymol (12.0%) and Decane (2.1%), respectively. Also, the highest and lowest components of essential oils in flowers were Benzene, 1- (1,5-dimethyl-4-hexenyl) -4-methyl- (CAS)) (13.0%) and (0.4%), respectively. Therefore, the lowest essential ingredient was Decane, both in leaves and flowers. In general, the results of this study showed that there is a considerable diversity among the studied populations in terms of all the studied characteristics. This indicates that environmental factors similar to genetic factors are effective in creating diversity in morphological and phytochemical characteristics of this plant.

 In general, the results of this experiment showed that the habitats of Khash are better in terms of soil chemistry and major phytochemical traits. Kooh birk region is the best area for harvesting the aerial parts of this plant.

Effect of foliar application with nitrogen, boron, zinc, and summer pruning on fruit set and fruit quality and quantity of grape (Vitis vinifera cv. Siah Shahani) in Pasargad, Fars’s province. The highest leaf length (22.3 cm) was observed in the control treatment and green pruning. The leaf width (11.1 cm) were observed in the nitrogen treatment. The combination of zinc and green pruning created the longest cluster length (33.9 cm) and the combination of zinc + nitrogen + boron and green pruning created the highest number of berries (170). The interaction of zinc + nitrogen and green pruning and green pruning, respectively, caused the highest number of berries (217.2) and the volume of berries (119 ml). The highest number of seeds (55.5) was related to the treatment of nitrogen + boron and green pruning combination. The highest wet weight (1.7 g) and seed size (4.98 mm) were observed in the treatment of boron. Most chlorophyll (34 mg g-1 dry weight) was observed in the zn and boron spray treatment. The use of fertilizer treatments did not have a significant effect on pH and TSS, but the use of nitrogen + boron and green pruning significantly increased vitamin C levels compared to control.

Water hyacinth (Eichornia crassipes) is one of the world’s most prevalent invasive aquatic plants. Due to the environmental and economic concerns associated with the water hyacinth spread, control of this plant seems will be necessary. Composting is promising techniques for controlling water hyacinth. Humic acid is the fraction of naturally occurring organic materials, which derive from the decomposition of plant and animal residues. Humic acid plays important roles in plants through stimulation of root growth and increase of water and nutrient uptake by plants. In this study, we evaluated the effect of water hyacinth compost and humic acid on the vegetative and reproductive characteristics of gerbera flowers

The present study was conducted as a factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. The first factor was water hyacinth compost (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100% v/v) and the second factor was humic acid (0, 250 and 500 mg L-1). The peat moss + perlite (2:1 v/v) was considered as a control treatment. To prepare water hyacinth compost, the water hyacinth was collected from a river in Sari, Mazandaran, Iran. Water hyacinth leaves were exposed to direct sunlight for eight hours to wither then chopped to fine pieces and eventually was spread on the surface. The thickness of leaves is five-centimeter. One centimeter thickness of animal manure was added on top of the water hyacinth leaves and then a layer of ash and lime respectively added. This step was repeated until the height of the layer reached to one meter, finally the top layer was covered with dry leaves of native trees and black polyethylene sheets. The mass was mixed up every 15 days to get a better result (uniform decomposition). Finally, after three months, the compost was prepared. Gerbera (cv. Artist) seedlings with uniform size (15 cm) were planted in plastic pots at different levels of compost. Humic acid was used once every ten days. The average day and night temperature in the greenhouse during the experiment was 17±2 and 23±2ºC, respectively, and the average greenhouse humidity was 65 to 75%. Flowering time, number of flowers, number of leaves, stem length, flower stem diameter, flower disk diameter, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, phenol content, total chlorophyll and carotenoids, concentrations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium and calcium in the leaves, ion leakage of petals and vase life were evaluated.

According to the results of the effect of compost, humic acid and their interaction on most of the studied characteristics were significant. The highest number of flowers with 117% increase compared to the control treatment was related to 50% compost + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. In this treatment, the time of flower emergence occurred 40 days earlier than the control. The highest chlorophyll content with 155.52% increase compared to control was observed in 25% compost + 500% humic acid. Mineral elements in the leaf of the Gerbera plant were significantly affected by growth media and humic acid. The highest nitrogen content was found in 50% compost + 500 mg L-1 humic acid (a 50% increase compared to control). The highest potassium content was observed in 50% compost + 250 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest concentrations of calcium were found in the leaves of plants grown in 50% compost + 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The highest vase life with a 71.67% increase compared to the control treatment was related to plants that were grown in 25% or 50% compost+ 500 mg L-1 humic acid. The lowest ion leakage was recorded in 50% compost + 500% humic acid with 56.79% decrease compared to the control. In the present study, most of the growth media and humic acid significantly affected most of the Gerbera plant parameters. The best results were obtained from 25% and 50% compost +250, 500 mg L-1 humic acid. Due to proper drainage, increased water retention, a pseudo hormonal compound such as auxin and increased absorption of elements, compost improve the chemical and physical structure of growing media. Also, high leaf nitrogen content was observed in most compost-containing substrates. This element plays a key role in vegetative growth. The concentration of nitrogen and phosphorus in compost is usually 5 to 11 times higher than soil which is gradually delivered to the plant and increases the growth and flowering of the plant. Humic acid plays important roles in plants through stimulation of root growth and increase of water and nutrient uptake by plants. In our study the application of humic acid at 250 and 500 mg L-1 significantly increased concentration of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium and potassium as compared with control. It has also been reported that humic acid provides growth regulators to regulate and control hormone levels in plants and stimulates the production of plant enzymes and hormones, which ultimately increases the vegetative and reproductive growth of the plant.

The results of this study showed that water hyacinth compost with humic acid due to improving the root environment and increasing the absorption of nutrients, increased quantitative, qualitative and vase life characteristics of Gerbera in comparison with control (peat + perlite). 50% compost was introduced as the best treatment in combination with concentrations of 250 and 500 mg L-1 of humic acid.

This experiment established to investigate the effect of symbiosis of three mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi (Glomus intraradices,Glomus mosseae, Glomus howei) on growth and quality of dwarf lisianthus flower (Eustoma grandiflorum ‘Matador Blue’). The experiment carried out as factorial based on completely randomized design with three factors, mycorrhizal arbuscular fungi, concentration and bed culture in three replications. The results showed that mycorrhizal increased fresh and dry weight of aerial parts and roots, and plant height and number of buds. Chlorophyll concentration and nitrogen content also increased significantly with increasing mycorrhiza content compared to control. Generally, mycorrhiza application increased P and N content in pot lisianthus leaves. According to the results, incubation of medium with mycorrhiza significantly could improve the nutritional conditions of pot lisianthus and improve the vegetative and generative traits too.

In this research the interaction effects of NaCl and nitrogen concentrations, on some physiological, biochemical, and growth characteristics of three olive (Olea europaea L.) cultivars (Abou-Satal, Arbequina and Conservolia) were investigated. The experiment was conducted as factorial with four NaCl levels (0, 40, 80, and 160 mM) along with three (NH4)2SO4  levels (0, 200, and 400 mg L-1) based on a completely randomized blocks design with three replications. Salinity had a statistically significant negative effect on responses considered, although the severity of the effect varied among cultivars. High concentration of salinity decreased the plant height, leaf number, root and leaf K/Na ratio, N absorption and concentration of root and leaf, K, Ca, Mg and P both of root and leaf while increased the root and leaf Na and Cl concentration. Increasing N levels to 200 mg L-1 has improved the plant height and leaf number. At 200 mg L-1 N concentration, Na, Cl and Ca root and leaf were decreased whereas, K/Na ratio, N absorption and concentration also K, Mg and P of root and leaf were increased. It can be concluded that under salinity condition increasing N concentration up to 200 mg L-1 in salt sensitive cultivars to salinity is favorite in counteracting the adverse effects of salinity but the further increase of N concentration (400 mg L-1) may be ineffective or harmful for the growth of olive plants. In this experiment, investigation cultivars responses to salinity showed that cv. Abou-Satal is a highly resistant at highest salinity level (160 mg L-1), also cv. Arbequina is semi-sensitive and cv. Conservolia is a sensitive to salinity condition.

Due to decreasing of suitable land for agriculture and increasing of the saline lands and also the importance of Leonurus Cardiaca, Identification of tolerant medicinal plants to salinity is most important. The experiment was run as factorial experiment based on randomized complete block design with three replications. Four salinity levels were applied by irrigation with solutions containing NaCl that made EC of 0 (control), 4, 8 and 12 ds/m treated on four ecotypes of Taleghan, Khansar, Sarab and Kerman to measure dry weight of shoot and root, shoot length, leaf area, root length, chlorophyll, carotenoids, prolin, total phenol and elements. Results showed that effect of population and their salinity and interactioneffects were significant in most of the measured attributes. Dry weight of shoot and leaf area decreased with increasing salinity level. Kerman ecotype had the highest amount of root dry weight than other ecotypes in all treatments, and had a highest amount of shoot dry weight (33.43 g) as well. Amount of sodium increased with increasing salinity levels, while the amount of potassium, and Calcium decreased. In all treatments, Taleghan and Kerman ecotypes had the highest amount of potassium in shoot. The highest level of shoot calcium (7.75 mg/g-1 dw) was in Kerman ecotype. Kerman ecotype was superior in most of traits.

This experiment was conducted to study the effects of humic acid and mycorrhiza fungi on fresh and dry weight, visual quality, root colonization, and some nutrient uptakes such as Fe, Zn, K and P of ‘Speedygreen’ perennial ryegrass, in the research greenhouse of Tehran University in spring and summer of 2009. After soil autoclaving, the inoculums of mycorrhiza fungi including of G. mosseae and G. intraradices were added to pots, then seeds were sown. Humic acid at different levels (0, 100, 400, and 1000 mg L-1) was sprayed on leaves and the measurements were conducted nine weeks after starting of treatments. The results showed that the medium and high concentrations of humic acid increased the height, fresh and dry weight, and visual quality in non-mycorrhizal plants (control). Control plants had better nutrient uptakes in 400 mg/L. Both fungi had positive effects on measured characters. G. mosseae was better in medium concentration on nutrient uptake, colonization and visual quality, while height, fresh and dry weight on control plant in during time were more. Both fungi had positive effect on uptake of Fe, while control had better P uptake. K and Zn uptake were positive after time. Humic acid had no effect on root colonization.

Due to the accurance of droughts events in recent years and the role of water as an effective factor in agricultural management, optimized use and proper exploitation of available water resources for example unusual resource like treated wastewater in irrigating agricultural products, is not only a necessary topic, but also helps water resource preservation and partial compensation of agricultural water deficiency, thus resolving detrimental effects of unmethodical discharge. The aim of the present research, was to study the effects of various states of two different qualities of irrigation water (urban treated wastewater and ground water) and N.P.K fertilizer in 6 treatment steps including: W (ground water or control treatment), TS (urban treated wastewater), W-F (ground water with N.P.K fertilizer), TS-W (50% urban treated wastewater and 50% ground water), TS-F (urban treated wastewater with N.P.K fertilizer) and TS-W-F (50% urban treated wastewater and 50% ground water with N.P.K fertilizer) with sub surface drip irrigation (Tape) method on performance broccoli and accumulation of macro and micro elements, heavy metals and organic compounds was conducted in 2010 in Bajgah region of Fars Province. The result indicated considerable effect of use of urban treated wastewater on economical and biological broccoli performance and proved that urban treated wastewater can be supplied the required nutrient instead of chemical fertilizer. The use of urban treated wastewater mixed with ground water and fertilizer, in addition to increase the economic broccoli performance, led to the increase of the growth of other plant organs. The results indicated that in TS-W and TS-W-F treatments (50% urban treated wastewater and 50 ground water, compared with TS and TS-F treatments (irrigated by urban treated wastewater), adding fertilizer caused an remarkable increase in broccoli economical performance. Application of urban treated wastewater had an considerable effect in production and accumulation of organic compounds such as vitamin C, vitamin B6 and protein in yield and caused an increase in the accumulation macro and micro elements, heavy metals (such as lead and cadmium) in broccoli, but it had not effect on accumulation of nickel in broccoli.

This research was conducted to study the cause and effect of morphological, physiological characters and some elements of camphorosma monspeliaca L. in natural habitat. Plant samples were collected by using 9 sampling plots at full flowering stage. Morphological traits including plant height, number of tillers, big and small diameter of the canopy cover, dry weight of plant shoots and dry weight of flowering shoots were measured. Soluble sugar content, proline, sodium, potassium, magnesium, calcium, chlorine and iron were also measured by using different methods. Correlation, factor analysis, stepwise and path analysis were used for identifying effective traits on shoot yield and essential oil percentage. The results showed that there was significant positive correlation between total shoot yield with number of tiller(r = 0.96**), canopy diameter 1 (r = 0.84*), canopy diameter 2 (r = 0.86**), flowering shoot yield (r = 0.79*), total chlorophyll 1 (r = 0.77*), chlorophyll b (r = 0.67*) and iron (r = 0.84*). There was significant negative correlation between total shoot yield with soluble sugars (r = -0.80**), proline (r = -0.88**), calcium (r = -0.70*) and chlorine r = -0.94**). Significant positive correlation was observed between flowering shoot yield with number of tillers, canopy diameters1 and 2, essential oil percentage, total chlorophyll 1 and iron. Essential oil percentage showed significant positive correlation with number of tiller (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 1 (r = 0.79*), canopy diameters 2 (r = 0.83**), total shoot yield (r = 0.76*) and shoot flowering yield (r = 0.84**) shoot yield and iron (r = 0.86**). The results of factor analysis showed that first component with number of tillers, big and small canopy diameters, total shoot yield, flowering shoot yield, essential oil percentage and iron could justify more than 55% of total variance. The result of stepwise analysis on dependent variable (essential oil percentage) showed that iron and total shoot yield with a determination coefficient of 0.8048 were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that iron had the highest direct positive effect on essential oil percentage. According to the results of stepwise analysis, number of tillers and plant height were entered to the regression model. The result of path analysis showed that number of tiller had the highest direct positive effect on total shoot yield.