جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « pollination » در نشریات گروه « باغبانی »

Pollination is very important to achieve an economic date product. This study has been conducted in the form of randomized complete block design (RCBD) on 15 trees of 12-year-old Medjool cultivar in three replications at the research garden of Jahrom Agricultural Research Station for two years. In this study, the effect of pollen grains 7001 as a control, 7004, 7013, 7030 and Boyer 11 tissue culture has been examined on the fruit quality traits. Based on the results of this experiment, the highest fruit pH (6.81), titrable acidity (TA) (0.19%), dry matter (80.73%) and fruit ash (2.61%) were observed using pollen grains7013. Pollinator genotypes had no significant effect on total soluble solids content. After pollen grain 7013, pollinator genotype 7030 showed the most positive effect on fruit quality traits, such as titrable acidity (0.18%), dry matter (80.60%) and fruit ash (2.58%). Among pollinator genotypes, 7013 and 7030 showed the most overlap with female flowers of Medjool cultivar.

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of pollen type (Green ghanamy (G), Red ghanamy (R) and a mixture of Green ghanamy and Red ghanamy (GR) on fruiting and some fruit characteristics of off-shoot and tissue culture date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cv. Barhi as a factorial experiment based on a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. In this study, thirty-six 10-year-old palm trees (18 off-shoot and 18 tissue culture Date Palm trees) were selected and examined for 180 days.  Based on the results that GRO treatment had the highest percentage of dry weight (54.46) and the lowest fruit moisture percentage (45.53). The lowest length (26.99 mm), diameter (18.77 mm) and fruit weight (6.97 g) were obtained in RT treatment at the Tamar stage. GRO fruits had the highest pH (7.33), TSS (56.38%), TSS/TA (445.90) and carbohydrates (45.33%) but the GRT fruit had the lowest pH (6.72), TSS (42.35%), TSS/TA (293.35) and carbohydrates (24.33%). Maximum fruiting rate (100%) and non-parthenocarpy fruit were reported in dates palm pollinated with all three types of pollen grain treatment; while using R pollen grains and GR was better than G in this type of date in terms of quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the fruit. Fruiting and parthenocarpy percentage were obtained 79.13% and 20.87% in tissue culture dates pollinated with R pollen grains in compered with other pollen grain treatments.

This study was conducted in order to investigate the changes in the growth regulators related to fruit setting in the pollination season on both tissue culture-derived and offshoot-derived date palms cv. Barhee (10 years old) in the Date Palm and Tropical Fruit Research Center of Ahvaz city. At the beginning of spring, palm trees were selected from each group of tissue culture and offshoot trees and sampling of flowers and fruits was done in the three stages including: spath appearance, ripe spath and 2 weeks after pollination in three replications. In order to evaluate fruit setting, three spathes in each palm (1-2 days before natural opening) were pollinated with Ghanami cultivar pollen by traditional method. The plant hormones including auxin (IAA and IBA), gibberellin (GA1, GA3, GA4, GA9), cytokinin (Zeatin and Kinetin), abscisic acid and jasmonic acid were measured in the flower or fruit samples collected from tissue culture and offshoot trees. Five weeks after pollination, fruit set percentage, parthenocarpic fruits percentage and flower and fruit drop percentage were recorded. The results showed that tissue culture derived plants had less fruit set percentage and more seedless fruit and fruit drop percentages compared to off shoot derived plants. Also, the fruit yield in the tissue culture plants was lower than off shoot derived plants.  The levels of gibberellin, auxin, and cytokinin hormones in the off shoot derived plants were higher than tissue culture plants in most of the measured stages.  The tissue culture plants had a higher amount of abscisic acid and jasmonic acid than offshoot plants. By using multiple linear regression analysis and superior model selection, the amount of abscisic acid and jasmonic acid of flower and fruit had a negative relationship with the amount of fruit set. The fruit setting was positively correlated with the amount of kinetin, indole acetic acid, GA3, GA4 and GA9 of flowers and fruits, while had a negative correlation with the amount of abscisic acid and jasmonic acid.

Pollen and Pollination is a critical process in date fruit production that may affect the quality, quantity and yield of the fruit. Application of compatible pollen can lead to an acceptable level of fruit set. Five pollinator genotypes including 7001 (as control), 7004, 7013, 7030 and Boyer 11 (derived from tissue culture) were selected to investigate the effect of pollen source on the commercial production of tissue culture-derived Medjool cultivar. This research was performed on 15 twelve- year- old trees of Medjool cultivar derived from tissue culture in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The experiment was carried out in Jahrom Research Station during 2019 and 2020. Pollen source had a significant effect on the percentage of fruit set and characteristics of the fruit. Bunches pollinated with pollens from genotypes 7030 and 7013 showed the highest percentage of the fruit set (56.80 and 56.10%, respectively), while bunches pollinated with pollen from genotype 7004 showed the lowest percentage of the fruit set (about 49.38%).The results indicated that the bunches pollinated with pollens obtained from genotype 7013 showed the highest fruit and seed length, fruit weight, fruit flesh, fruit volume, bunch weight and yield. Based on the results, the best pollen for Medjool cultivar in terms of fruit set and quantitative characteristics is pollen from genotype 7013. This study made it possible to identify the fruit characteristics, according to the pollen used. These results can be used to achieve high yield in Medjool dates.

Olive (Olea europaea L.) is an important horticultural crop for oil production. This study was conducted to evaluate the flowering characteristics of more than 90 native olive genotypes and cultivars. It was performed for two years (2011-2012) at Tarom Olive Research Station. The studied traits included the flowering time, number of flowers per inflorescence, percentage of perfect flowers, fruit set in self-pollination and open pollination and pollen germination rate. The results showed that the earliest opening time of flowers was related to genotypes Qg13, Qg28 and cultivar of Koroneiki and the latest flowering time was in Bash genotype. Flowering time interval between the first and last genotype lasted 18 days. The average number of flowers per inflorescence was 20.52 flowers. Among the olive genotypes and cultivars, the number of perfect flowers varied from 0.7% to 50.9%. The effect of canopy direction was significant on number of flowers in inflorescence and percentage of perfect flowers. Most of genotypes and cultivars had high self-compatibility in pollination and 12% of genotypes had severe self-incompatibility. In open pollination, the lowest final fruit set was related to genotype Tmo1 with 0.1% and the highest was related to cultivar Arbequina with 4%. In pollen germination, the genotype Tmo1 with 4.8% had the lowest and genotypes of D1, Qg18 with 88% had the highest pollen germination. The genotype Tmo1 had abnormal flowers with without filament of stamens and attached anthers.

Identification of superior genotypes within the rich fruit trees germplasm in Iran is an important task. Eighty suitable genotypes were selected within the 600 genotypes that were grown in the Barzok, Kashan region, then 11 genotypes were considered as the superior genotypes. Besides recording the flowering periods of the 80 suitable genotypes, evaluation of the 11 superior genotypes was recorded during the 2017 and 2018 growing seasons. A 21 days difference at the beginning of flowering was recorded during two years of study. The high variability within the studied genotypes was observed in flower density. The genotype KB1045 with 158 flowers and genotype KB12939 with 60 flowers in 100 cm of shoot showed the biggest and lowest flower density, respectively. The highest fruit set record on 15 days after controlled self-pollination was recorded on genotype KB1045 (53.83 % fruit set) and the lowest was belong to genotype KB4541 (with 0 % fruit set). The microscopic examinations showed well germination of transferred pollens on the self-pollinated stigma. The microscopic fluorescence examination of pollen tube growth in the style at 48, 72, 96, and 120 h after self-pollination showed that very rare pollen tubes reached the ovary, so confirmed the incompatibility of the studied genotypes. Because the studied genotypes were superior in terms of many morphological traits, the obtained results can facilitate further apricot breeding programs on these genotypes.

In order to investigate the role of different pollen grains on the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of 'Clementine' mandarin (Citrus clementina), an experiment was carried out based on a randomized complete blocks design with six treatments and four replications. The 'Clementine' mandarin was subjected to the open-, self-, and cross-pollination with the pollen grains of sweet lemon (Citrus limetta), grapefruit (Citrus paradisi), Lisbon lemon (Citrus limon) and sour orange (Citrus aurantium). The compatibility and incompatibility of pollinators were determined using controlled pollination methods and the microscopic analyses of pollen tube growth. The microscopic evaluations revealed that 'Clementine' mandarin is a self-incompatible cultivar but it is compatible with all studied species. The fruit set in the flowers that were pollinated with sweet lemon (73.75%), Lisbon lemon (71.25%), grapefruit (70%) and sour orange (70%) were not significantly different, while the self- and open- pollinated flowers produced a lower leve of fruit set. The highest viable seeds (13.2) were recorded in the fruits that were pollinated with sour orange, while the self-pollinated ones had no seed. In addition, the pollens of sour orange were the most successful for penetration to the basal portion of style and into ovary of ‘Clementine’ mandarin. Evaluation of genetic affinity among Citrus species revealed that sour orange is the most genetically similar species with 'Clementine' mandarin. Results of this investigation showed that the source of pollen grain substantially affect the fruit set as well as qualitative and quantitative attributes of 'Clementine' mandarin. By considering all of the fruit-related factors, the pollens of C. paradisi and C. limon are suggested as the best choice for improving qualitative and quantitative characteristics of 'Clementine' mandarin.

Pollination is very important for achieving an economical production in hazelnuts. This study was conducted as a factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. In this study, the effects of three pollinizers (Pashmineh, Gercheh and Shastak) on nut and kernel characteristics of some hazelnut cultivars (Rounde, Fertilede coutard and Gerdeshkvarat) were investigated. The results of the flowering phenology showed that all cultivars were protanderious. The time of the male flowers opening in Ronde and Fertilede coutard was from early January to late January and in Gerd Eshkvarat was from mid-January to late January. The opening time of the female flower was variable from mid-January in Ronde to late February in Fertilede coutard. The results showed that the quantitative traits of nut and kernel were strongly influenced by pollen sources. Using stronger and more viable pollen grains of Gercheh pollinizer, the heaviest nut and kernels, the highest percentage of kernel production, and the lowest percentage of blankness kernels were 3.64, 1.48, 48.69, and 13.94, respectively. However, using Shastak pollen grains, the weight of the nut and kernel was decreased by 2.44 % and 1.22 %, respectively, and the blankness percentage of kernel was increased by 26.48 %. The amount of blankness increased dramatically to 87.51 % in self-pollination and nut and kernel weight significantly reduced to 1.27 and 0.22 g, respectively. In general, pollen grain had effects on some fruit characteristics such as nut and kernel weight, percentage of blankness and kernel production, and pollen grain had no significant effect on nut and kernel shape. The highest overlap of male flowers opening in pollenizer genotypes with female flowers of Rounde, Fertilede coutard, and Gerdeshkvarat was observed in Gercheh.

Gladiolus, is one of the most important cut flowers and known as the Queen of bulbous flower. The aim of this research was to produce superior genotypes through self- pollination of Gladiolus grandiflorus cv. Amsterdam, the experimental was randomized complete block design (RCBD). This research was conducted in Ornamental Plants Research Center in 2015 to 2018 (OPRC). Analysis of variance among genotypes showed that significant differences in all traits were conducted (except for cormlet weight). The oprc46 genotype was superior in the width and length of floret and diameter of bud. The oprc45 genotype was superior in terms of vase life, weight of corm, yield of corm and cormlet per plant. The highest number of cormlet (64n) was produced by oprc415 genotypes. The highest number of traits in parent was obtained for number of florets, length of peduncle, diameter of stem, length of spike and diameter of cormlet. Correlation coefficients show that the most positive and significant correlation between the yield of corm and cormlet per plant and weight of corm (r=+0.98). The results showed that the flower color in genotypes tendency to white. In most genotypes and parents, arrangement of flowers was one row and shape in front view was star-shaped. The results of grouping showed that classified into three groups and the parent group was separated another genotype. The results showed that major of the diversity in the traits was due to genetic factors and the effect of the environment on these traits was less.

Sour cherry (Prunus cerasuc L.) is one of the most important stone fruit of Rosaceae family which have a high nutritional value. Based on FAO statistics, Iran was ranked the 3rd to 6th among the main sour cherry producer countries in the world. Most of the sour cherry cultivars are self-compatible, but self-incompatible cultivars have been reported currently. Allotetraploidy of sour cherry complicates the self-incompatibility segregation in the progeny, so this studies have been less accomplished in Iran. The sour cherry is an allotetraploid species which possibly stand up as a result of usual hybridization between the dwarf cherry P. fruticosa and sweet cherry P. avium. Similar to other species of the Prunus, the phenomenon of gametophytic self-incompatibility (GSI) happens in sour cherry. It prevents self-fertilization and facilitate fertilization with pollen of other genotypes within same species. Self-incompatibility consists of arresting pollen-tube growth in the pistil if the pollen tube contains the same S-allele that is present in the pistil. The phenomenon of self-incompatibility in plants of Rosaceae family is controlled by two genes at the S-locus. The specificity of the pistil is encoded by a gene responsible for the synthesis of the ribonuclease protein (S-RNase), whereas the specificity of the pollen is controlled by the gene encoding an F-box protein (S-haplotype-specific F-box protein – SFB) 3a). The tightly linked genetic unit of the pistil S-allele (SRNase) and pollen S-allele is called S-haplotype.

In the present study, pollen-pistil compatibility relationships among some sour cherry cultivars and selected genotypes were investigated by controlled pollination and pollen tube penetration by fluorescence microscopy. Cultivars were include ‘Meteor’, ‘Mont Morency’, ‘Majarestani’ and ‘Mahalli’ so, genotype1 were selected. After controlled pollination fruit setting was studied and the pollen tubes growth along the style was studied using fluorescent microscope. Crosses were selected based on synchronized flowering time among cultivars and genotypes and included ‘Mont Morency’ × ‘Meteor’, ‘Meteor’ × ‘Mahalli’, ‘Meteor’ × ‘Majarestani’, ‘Meteor’ × ‘Genotype 1’, ‘Mont Morency’ × ‘Mahalli’, ‘Mont Morency’ × ‘Majarestani’, ‘Mont Morency’ × ‘Genotype 1’, ‘Mahalli’ × ‘Majarestani’, ‘Mahalli’ × ‘Genotype 1’ and ‘Majarestani’ × ‘Genotype 1’, respectively. For each cross, 2 branches were randomly selected in female cultivars in winter. On each branch, including 30 floral buds at ‘balloon stage’ were tagged and bagged to prevent the entrance of any foreign pollen. On the day of anthesis, ready-to-dehisce anthers were collected from male cultivar, maintained on a moist filter paper in petri plates at 4 ºC in refrigerator till they dehisce. Pollens from these anthers were used as a source of male gametes later. Once stigma turned receptive, cross-pollination treatments were carried out in the field as designed scheme for 12 successive days. After every 24 hrs. up to 120 hrs. post-pollination, 12 pistils per treatment were fixed in FAA (formaldehyde/glacial acetic acid/70% alcohol in the ratio of 1:1:18) for 24 hrs. Followed by washings with water to remove traces of alcohol, if any, and cleared in 5% KOH at 60 ºC for fluorescence microscopy. Staining regime, as described in Sabbaghpour et al. (2020) the number of pollen tubes in the upper and mid-parts of the style and in the ovary was employed to enable visualization of the pollen germination on the stigma. Percentage of pollen germination was determined as the proportion of pollen grains that germinated on the stigma to the total number present on a scale of 100. Pollen tube number at three levels was calculated as an average of 5 (n=10). For an easy understanding of growth pattern of pollen tubes inside the style and ovary, the stylar portion, which measures 1.8 ± 0.07 cm on an average, was divided into two parts: the middle and the base. A single, longitudinal incision was then carefully given on one portion of the style using a fine needle and made wide open. Pollen tubes inside the style were critically observed under fluorescence microscope at 100x magnification. Number of them was carefully recorded and data generated for different experimental sets.

Results showed that maximum pollen tube number penetrated to the ovary and final fruit set were observed in cross ‘Mahalli’בMajarestani’. Also, minimum pollen tube in the ovary and final fruit set were observed in ‘Meteor’בMahalli’ and ‘Meteor’בGenotype 1’ crosses.

Based on the obtained results cross-incompatibility was not observed among the studied cultivars and genotypes. Therefore, they could be planted in the sour cherry breeding programs and orchards establishment based on their blooming time.

Sour cherry is one of the most important stone fruits of Rosaceae family. Iran ranked 3th to 6th among the main sour cherry producer countries in the world. Most of the sour cherry cultivars are self-compatible but self-incompatible cases have been reported currently. Allotetraploidy of sour cherry complicates the self-incompatibly segregation in the progeny and because of this trait less studies have been accomplished specially in Iran. In the present study, pollen-pistil compatibility relationships among some sour cherry cultivars and selected genotypes were investigated by controlled pollination and pollen tube penetration by fluorescence microscopy. Three self-incompatible cultivars (S.I. 209, S.I.301 and E.J.175 as the pollinated parents) and genotypes (K110, T145, T140, K202, M171 and M150 as the pollinizers) were selected. After controlled pollination fruit set was studied and the pollen tubes growth along the style was studied using fluorescent microscope. Results showed that cross-incompatibility was not observed among the studied cultivars and genotypes. Therefore, they could be used in the breeding programs and orchards establishment based on their synchronized blooming time.

The development of fruits without fertilization called parthenocarpy. Interacting genetic and physiological factors can affect parthenocarpy. In previous research superior lines of cucumber with high general combining ability which able to produce superior hybrids with high heterosis released but the lines have no enough parthenocarpic fruits. In this study, the possibility of crossing elite lines with commercial hyrid cv. Negeen studied and their progeny evaluated. Commercial cultivar 'Negeen' used as donor parent. Experiment conducted in complete randomized block design with three replication and characteristics including the number of parthenocarpic fruits, number of male flowers, number of lateral branches, percentage of parthenocarpic fruits, percentage of male flowers evaluated. Results showed that progeny of commercial cultivar 'Negeen' with B10 had the maximum number of parthenocarpic fruits. The minimum number of male flowers related to the progeny of commercial cultivar 'Negeen' with A10. The progeny of commercial cultivar 'Negeen' with A10 had the least of lateral branches. The maximum and minimum percentage of parthenocarpic fruits related to the progeny of commercial cultivar 'Negeen' with B12 and A10 and the progeny of commercial cultivar 'Negeen' with B10 respectively. Maximum and minimum percentage of female flower related to the progeny of commercial cultivar 'Negeen' with B10 and B12 respectively. According to these result it is possible to release recombinant inbred lines similar to elite lines with parthenocarpic in future.

Incompatibility in hazelnut (C. avellana L.) is the sporophytic type and under the control of a single S-locus with multiple alleles. Compatibility of pollen-stigma in hazelnut is an important consideration in planning crosses in breeding program and in choosing pollinizers for orchard planting. In this study، fluorescence microscopy was used to determination of S-alleles and compatibility relationships among in 24 progeny of TGL × Cosford. Four pollen testers، selected for each one of the four alleles under investigation (S2، S3، S7 and S11). When stiminate catkins elongated and were about to shed pollen، they were collected and dried. The catkins were discarded، pollen collected and stored in freezer (-20 0C). In each seedling trees، two branches emasculated، and bagged. Female clusters were detached from bagged limbs، when style protrude 2-6 mm. Five clusters from each seeding progeny pollinated with each pollen testers. About 20 to 24 hours after pollination، the stigmatic styles were detached from buds and squashed in aniline blue dye and examined with fluorescence microscope (40x and 100x). In this research، S-alleles determined in 22 progenies. However in two progenies، distinguished only one S-allele. In a compatible pollination، pollen germinates well، the pollen tubes penetrate the stigmatic surface and produce a mass parallel tubes. But in incompatible reactions، pollen germination was often reduced، and pollen grains that germinate produced short tubes.

In this research, during three consecutive years (2010-2012), a series of diallel crossing was performed among wild type barberry genotypes and Iranian seedless barberry. Setting of seed and fruit in the crossing have been studied and then seedling survival were evaluated in several cultural systems. Results showed significant effects of pollen sources on setting of fruits, seed and seeded fruits in seedless barberry. Pollens of R2N1 genotypes with 46% fruit set and 2.22% seedset and pollens of R4N1 genotype with 69% fruitset and 20.22% seed set had the lowest and highest rates, respectively. Also, There was significant differences (p<0.01) among genotypes on setting of fruit, seed and seeded fruit when pollinated with seedless barberry pollens. In this study, the efficiency of seedless barberry pollens to set seed in wild type barberries was proved and its male sterility theory was rejected. Evaluation of seedling survival rate showed that planting barberry seeds in spring in Cocopeat mixed with Perlite under mist system could increase dramatically seedling survival rate.

Influences of pollination methods and plant growth regulators spraying; gibberllic acid (GA3) or naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) on some quantitative and qualitative parameters of date fruit (Phoenix dactylifera cv. ‘Kabkab’) was investigated in two years (2009 2010). The experiment was conducted based on randomized complete block design with eight treatments including embedded male inflorescence in spadix (EM), hand pollination (HP), hand duster (HD), motorized duster (MD), hand pollination + GA3 (100 mg l-1) (HP + GA100), hand pollination + GA3 (100 mg l-1) (HP + GA150), hand pollination NAA (150 mg l-1) (HP + NAA) and free strand (FS). Results showed that the highest fruit set percent, the lowest fruit abscission, the greatest fruit number per strand, the highest strand weight, the greatest fruit weight, the highest yield, the greatest fruit length, the greatest fruit diameter, the greatest fruit volume, the greatest pulp/seed ratio and the highest fruit growth rate were obtained by HP+GA150 treatment application. The highest fruit abscission and the lowest fruit number per strand were measured by MD treatment application. The lowest fruit weight was obtained in control (EM), HP and HD treatments. Control (EM), FS, HP, HD and MD treatments showed also the lowest yield. Treatment of HP+NAA150 had the lowest seed length and HP+GA100 treatment had the greatest seed length. The greatest and the lowest seed diameter were obtained by usage of HP+NAA150 and HP treatments, respectively. Seed weight was not influenced by exerting treatments. The highest and the lowest TSS were obtained by HP and HP+NAA150 treatments application, respectively. The highest pH was obtained by usage of HP+GA100. The lowest fruit moisture was observed in HP treated fruit and the highest moisture was observed in HP+NAA150 treated fruit. It can be concluded that application GA3 and NAA have a significant effect on yield increasing, quantitative and qualitative parameters of date fruit cv. Kabkab and HP+GA150 may be recommended.