جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « Diversity » در نشریات گروه « بیوتکنولوژی و ژنتیک گیاهی »

Genetic diversity of coriander is very important for future breeding programs and genetic resource conservation. To evaluate genetic diversity and population structures, 20 populations of coriander collected from different regions of Iran were assessed using 10 ISSR markers. The markers generated a total of 111 bands in the studied populations of which 80 bands were polymorphic. The average polymorphism ranged from 0.2 to 0.35 per primer. To determine the efficiency of ISSR markers, their polymorphic information content (PIC) and polymorphic percentage were calculated. The average polymorphism was 72.2 percent among the assessed population. Primers P2 showed the best marker parameters and were identified as the most effective primers for assessing genetic diversity in Iranian coriander populations. Cluster analysis based on the Jaccard coefficient by UPGMA classified populations into three groups. According to the results, there is a high genetic diversity among Iranian coriander and ISSR can effectively differentiate the populations. This genetic diversity could be employed by the plant breeders in further breeding programs to introduce new varieties and improve conservation strategies as well.

Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) as an important aromatic and medicinal plant is a rich source of the Diosgenin and Trigonelline. Genetic diversity analysis using reliable methods provides useful information for the crop breeding programs and conservation of genetic resource. In the present study, 40 Fenugreek genotypes were evaluated for genotypic diversity using two gene-targeted markers. Seven SCoT and ten CBDP primers amplified 78 and 93 fragments in which 65 and 78 were polymorphic, respectively. The average of polymorphism information content (PIC) for SCoT and CBDP Primers were 0.37 and 0.29 respectively, that showed a higher resolving power of SCoTs than CBDPs. The dendrogram generated using the UPGMA algorithm based on Dice distance coefficient, classified all 40 investigated samples into four main groups. Furthermore, these results were confirmed by principal coordinate analysis (PCoA). Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) showed a higher distribution of genetic diversity within populations (66%), than between them (34%). Among all five investigated populations, the highest values of diversity indexes such as number of effective alleles (1.54), Shannon’s index (0.46) and Nei’s gene diversity (0.31) were estimated for population IV indicating the higher variation within this population than others. These results showed a high amounts of genetic variation among tested genotypes, which can be used in breeding programs. Moreover, the results revealed that these two gene-targeted markers are suitable and reliable techniques for DNA fingerprinting and genetic diversity investigations.

Elderberry (Elaeagnus angustifolia ˊAnabiˊ) from the Elaeagnaceae family is an essential medicinal plant in Iran. Considering that E. angustifolia has not been given serious attention in Urmia County, Iran for its cultivation, exploitation, and use in the food and pharmaceutical industries of the country. Also, due to its unknown medicinal value in this region, the study aimed to evaluate the phytochemical, antioxidant, and morphological diversity of genotypes in the Urmia region, Iran.  

 In this study, ten genotypes of Elaeagnus angustifolia ˊAnabiˊ were evaluated to investigate the diversity among genotypes based on fruit length, fruit weight, total phenol, flavonoid, ascorbic acid content, and antioxidant activity. The color of the fruit was measured by Hunter Lab device. Total phenol, flavonoid, and ascorbic acid contents were measured using Folin–Ciocalteu, aluminum chloride, and 2,6-Dichlorophenol-indophenol. The antioxidant activity was measured using 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH). Cluster analysis (Ward method) and Pearson correlation were made using morphological and phytochemical traits. 

The results of this research showed significant differences between genotypes regarding morphological traits such as fruit weight. The maximum value of the fruit length, with a value of 22.43 mm, was related to G2. The highest fruit weight, with a value of 3.18 g, was related to G5. Fruit weight had the most significant effect on fruit yield. Color is one of the most important morphological characteristics of the fruit. In measuring fruit color, the highest amount of L* with a value of 39.6 was related to G2, the highest amount of a* with a value of 24.7, was related to G7, and the highest amount of b* with a value of 19.2 was related to G2. The highest amount of Chroma, with a value of 27.94, was observed in G10. The highest amount of Hue, with a rate of 55.63, was related to G2. The highest amount of total phenol, flavonoids, and ascorbic acid content was observed with 33.58 mg GAE/100 g FW in genotype 10 (G10), 21.11 mg QUE/100 g FW in genotype 10 (G10) and 42.5 mg AA/g FW in genotype 1 (G1), respectively. Also, the antioxidant capacity using DPPH varied between 21.11% and 33.81%. Cluster analysis using morphological and phytochemical data splinted genotypes into two groups. The genotypes of the first group (G1, G6, G7, G8, G9, and G10) had the highest mean values of phenol, flavonoids, ascorbic acid, and antioxidant activity. Correlation results among phytochemical properties showed that antioxidant activity positively and significantly correlated with total phenol, flavonoid and ascorbic acid content.

In general, this research showed that different genotypes, especially genotypes available in cluster one, had significantly higher amounts of antioxidant capacity and phenolic compounds that can be used in the food and drug industry. According to the results, the genotype (G10) was suggested as the best genotype among the genotypes of group one.

Wheat is the most important cereal crops; it is a stable diet for more than one third of the world population. DNA markers play the most important role in diversity due to the relative ease in their generation and elimination of the influence of environment. The objective of this research were study of genetic diversity of bread wheat cultivars using RAPD markers and efficiency of these markers in grouping and distinguishing wheat cultivars based DNA fingerprint. 

In this study 42 wheat cultivar was evaluated with using 20 RAPD markers. The amplified fragment profiles were visually scored for presence (1) and absence (0) of bands and entered in a binary matrix. 

The results showed that, RAPD primers detected 132 fragments and 88 of them (66/67%) were polymorphic. The amplified DNA fragments varied in size from <100bp to 3000bp. The number of polymorphic fragments primer ranged from 2-7 with an average of 4/4. RAPD68 and RAPD28 each whit 7 polymorphic bands showed the highest amount of polymorphism. Primer RAPD68 were able to distinguish the cultivars omid and azadi, primer OPB08 cultivars Chenab. Sepahan, Salyasonez and primers TIBMBD17 and TIBMBB09 cultivar Atrac from other cultivars. Cluster analysis using Jaccard matrix and UPGMA method was performed, wheat genotype clustered in seven distinct groups, and the genetic similarity values ranged from 0.74 to 0.94. sistan and gasparo showed the most genetic similarity (94%). Atrac, Azadi and vrinac were clustered as outliers. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) determined 1% inter group diversity and 99% intra group diversity for studied genotypes. 

The results of this research showed that there was not genetic variation among bread wheat cultivars, that can be due to the low number of primers and cultivars under investigation. Suggested to use other primers such as SSR, which shows more diversity.

Bacterial leaf streak (BLS) caused by of Xanthomonas translucens, is a serious bacterial seed-borne disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. This research was planned to study pathogenicity of the isolates obtained from bacterial leaf streak on wheat plants. Resistance of different wheat cultivars against the isolate with the highest pathogenicity was investigated. Molecular tools were used to identify bacterial isolates and their genetic diversity.
Bacterial strains with yellow and soft colonies were isolated and their pathogenicity indicated that all selected isolates are pathogen. Aggressiveness of the isolates was differing among isolates. Wheats cultivars showed different responses to selected isolate, but all cultivars were susceptible to the pathogen. Result of molecular analysis with DNA fingerprinting techniques showed genetic diversity among the bacterial isolates obtained from different wheat growing regions. In the cluster analysis of the banding pattern obtained with ERIC and BOX primers, the isolates were divided into 5 main groups at 33% similarity. The results showed significant genetic diversity among isolates causing bacterial leaf streak disease in these provinces. Sequences comparison of gyrB and dnaK genes with similar sequences in the gene bank showed high homology with sequences from Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa.
Bacterial strains with yellow and soft colonies were isolated and their pathogenicity indicated that all selected isolates are pathogen. Aggressiveness of the isolates was differing among isolates. Wheats cultivars showed different responses to selected isolate, but all cultivars were susceptible to the pathogen. Result of molecular analysis with DNA fingerprinting techniques showed genetic diversity among the bacterial isolates obtained from different wheat growing regions. In the cluster analysis of the banding pattern obtained with ERIC and BOX primers, the isolates were divided into 5 main groups at 33% similarity. The results showed significant genetic diversity among isolates causing bacterial leaf streak disease in these provinces. Sequences comparison of gyrB and dnaK genes with similar sequences in the gene bank showed high homology with sequences from Xanthomonas translucens pv. undulosa.
The rep-PCR techniques are suitable for studying genetic diversity of the obtained isolates. In this study, geographical location had no effect on the grouping of the isolates. Bacterial leaf streak disease is found in almost every wheat growing area and better understanding of the Xanthomonas translucens-wheat interactions are necessary to find and develop wheat cultivars with resistance to the disease.

During the last decade, about 20-30% of the Zagros forests have faced a problem called oak decline. The aim of present study was to investigate the bacterial diversity in the healthy and declined forest areas by comparing two methods culture-dependent and culture-independent methods.

Sampling was done from different tissue and soil of oak trees in the forests of Ilam province. In the culture-based method, using microbiological and molecular methods the bacteria in the samples were isolated and identified to the genus and species level. In order to study metagenomics in culture-independent method, total microbial DNA was extracted directly from the samples and prepared metagenomic library using conventional and index primer, the diversity of bacterial was examined using Illumina's Miseq platform and then the results of the two methods were compared.

Results

Based on the culture-based method, only 3 phylum were identified, while in the metagenomics method, 9416 OTUs were obtained, that were divided into 12 phylum. In both methods, 3 families of Bacillaceae, Enterobacteriacea and Xanthomonadaceae were observed as the dominant families. The species diversity within a sample (Alpha diversity) was higher in the rhizosphere sample and in the Eyvan and Gale jar areas than other samples. The species diversity between samples (Beta diversity) was in Eyvan, Gale jar, Chavar, Tangedalab and Arghavan appear more similar to each other than the sites samples. Bacterial community of stems and leaves were more similar and also bulk and rhizosphere were more similar in bacterial species composition.

In the metagenomics method, very few species are identified, while in the culture method, the probability of this is low. Also, in the culture-independent method, alpha and beta diversity can be studied more comprehensively. In the culture-based method, the bacterial population can be identified up to the species level, while in the culture-independent method, it is usually identified up to the genus level. Therefore, it is suggested to use a combination of two methods simultaneously in studies of microbial communities.

Rye (Secale spp.) is native to Southwest Asia and it two species including S. cereale and S. strictum is grown in Iran. This study was conducted to evaluate the diversity of phenological, morphological, and cytogenetic traits in two species of this genus. In this experiment, seeds of 91 ecotypes (including 78 S. cereale and 13 S. strictum) were provided from National Plant Gene Bank of Iran. Seeds sown in the research farm of the Seed and Plant Improvement Institute, Karaj, Iran, in the 2014-2015 crop year. All phenological and morphological traits (quantitative and qualitative) including 23 traits were measured according to the instructions of the International Institute of Bioversity. The descriptive statistics parameters showed different range of variation in traits among the species. Multivariate analysis showed significant differences among the species for phenological traits as flowering date and maturation date and morphological traits as grain shedding index, ear color, spike length and the number of spikelets per spike. These traits were considered of great importance in species segregation. Cytogenetic evaluation of the chromosomes of S. cereale and S. strictum showed that although both species were diploid (2n=14), a noticeable difference in chromosome length and the average arm ratio was observed in these two species, which can help to identify cytogenetically differentiate between them. Overall, the phenological, morphological, and cytogenetic traits in rye species show considerable diversity and can be used to identify and differentiate of the species. If there is a time limit or impossibility of cultivation, cytogenetic evaluation can be used as a fast and reliable method to identify species.

The importance of wild relatives in wheat breeding has caused a lot of investigations to study the genetic diversity and population structures in different species of wild wheat, using various molecular markers. The purpose of this study was to investigate the molecular diversity of 90 different accessions of Aegilops tauschiiand analyzing the genetic structure for clustering the populations using CAAT box-derived polymorphism (CBDP) markers.

In the present study, the genetic diversity and population structure of 90 different accessions of Ae. tauschii collected from different geographical areas of Iran, was evaluated using 12 CBDP primers.

Based on the results, the 12 primers amplified 141 bands in which 91 were polymorphic with an average of 7.58 bands pre primer. The polymorphism information content (PIC) and marker index (MI) for the CBDP primers ranged from 0.40 to 0.49 and 1.49 to 4.99, respectively. Primers CB9, CB12 and CB1 showed a high efficiency in genetic discrimination of evaluated accessions. Population structure analysis classified evaluated accessions into three main groups with 10, 18 and 30 accessions respectively and other accessions recognized as a mixture accessions. In this study, subpopulation NO.1 had the highest values of genetic diversity indices such as number of effective alleles (Ne), Shannon index (I) and heterozygosity (He). Among Ae. tauschii populations a very low genetic differentiation (Gst: 0.03) and high gene flow (Nm: 18.58) were observed. The dendrogram resulted from cluster analysis categorized the assessed accessions into three clusters which accordance with genetic structural analysis results.

Overall, the results of different parameters showed that the CBDP, is an appropriate marker system for assessing the genetic diversity of Aegilops tauschii accessions. Regarding to the results of genetic structural analysis and diversity parameters, a conservation program is recommended for management of Aegilops germplasm as a valuable genetic resource in the wheat breeding programs.

Fagus orientalis is one of the most important broadleaf species in Hyrcanian forests. The phenotypic and genetic adaptation potential of this species to climate change is very important. Quantifying and evaluating genetic diversity between and within oriental beech populations makes it possible to best preserve the diversity of populations. This study was conducted on mature trees of four different populations (regions) of this species in two drought index gradients from West to East and lowland to highland in Hyrcanian forests (Shafarood forest of Gilan, Khairudkenar forest of lowland and highland of Mazandaran and Shast Kalateh forest of Golestan). Genetic diversity was studied in native populations using seven microsatellite markers and one biochemical marker. The results showed high diversity in all populations, especially in the population of Shast Kalateh, Golestan. The results of molecular analysis of variance with SSR microsatellite marker showed that 77% of the total diversity was within populations and 23% was among the populations. The results of this study showed that the presence of more genetic diversity within the beech populations of Hyrcanian forests indicates their strong genetic basis for adaptation to environmental conditions and may facilitate short-term adaptation to climate changes. On the other hand, the presence of higher genetic diversity in Shast Kalateh than in other regions indicates stronger evolutionary forces for adapting trees to environmental conditions. Additionally, higher gene flow among allogamous populations of oriental beech has led to low genetic differentiation between populations in the drought index gradient of Hyrcanian forests.

Microalgae are single-celled algae that have favorable environmental conditions such as temperature and long period of light as well as nutrients containing phosphorus and nitrate affect their abundance and distribution and sometimes cause health, environmental and process problems in water plant.

This study was carried out to determine the density and diversity of microalgae in the water of 15 Khordad Dam in two winter and spring seasons, in different areas of the dam at a height of one and five meters by sampling and identifying and counting based on algae morphology.

The results show that diatoms with (41.1%), binary algae with (32.5%), green algae with (23.2%) and green-blue algae with (41.1%) different microalgae. (3.2%) constitute the most dominant communities, respectively. In the samples taken from the entire dam, the dominant genus is Peridinium algae. The highest frequency was at one meter height in June and on the west side and the lowest frequency at five meters height was in December and on the east side (p < 0.05).

The results of this study will be effective in planning the operation management of different water treatment plants in Qom.

The aim of this research was to sequence mitochondrial hypervariable region 1 (HVR1) in three Iranian sheep breeds (Lori, Lori Bakhtiari and Arabic) in order to explore the genetic and phylogenetic diversity of these breeds and also to investigate the maternal association of these breeds with other global breeds. Phylogenetic analysis was carried out using hypervariable region 1 (623 base pair) obtained from 33 animals (12 Arabic, 11 Lori and 10 Lori Bakhtiari breeds) from different parts of the Khuzestan province. After DNA extraction, the HVR1 region was amplified using PCR method. Then, PCR products were sequenced and analyzed using bioinformatics softwares. The phylogenetic tree pattern showed that the Lori and Arabic breeds belong to the haplotype group B and the Lori Bakhtiari breeds belonging to the haplotype group A, which could be due to the different biological origin of these breeds. Analysis of molecular variance (AMOVA) revealed 94% of the genetic variation existing among populations and 4% within populations. Also, the highest and lowest average haplotype diversity for Arabic and Lori breeds were calculated to be 0.95 and 0.61 respectively. Moreover, the calculated FST value indicated that there was a maximum genetic variation between the Lori and Lori-Bakhtiari sheep (0.146) and minimal genetic variation between the Arabic and Lari breeds (0.009). These results indicate high-divergence status of the three Iranian sheep breeds (Lori, Lori Bakhtiari and Arabic) and will influence breeding and conservation strategies adopted for these breeds.

Having knowledge of the combination and abundance of green algae leads to the formation of a clear image for measuring or commenting on food conditions in the lake and possible assessment or optimal use of water resources. This research was carried out to identify the ecological characteristics of the population of green algae and to compare their species diversity and distribution. Sampling of green algae was done during summer by Rottner 500cc. Three meters away from the pool side, 500 cc of the pool water was taken from four points byRuthender. The samples were poured into a bottle and fixed by 4% using formalin. Then, they were identified and counted in laboratory after sedimentation. A total of 23 species of green algae were identified in the waters of the studied pools, which comprised 22% of the total observed planktons. Crucigeniatetrapedi and Schroederiasetigera are the most prevalent species of green algae in terms of variety and density. According to the results, changes in variation were different. This study shows that green algae have a relatively high population in these aquatic ecosystems, and better understanding of the green algae in the warm fish ecosystem can lead to the development of a more consolidated picture of the ecological relationships and a better determination of the species that are useful in the farming of warm fish.

Evaluation of diversity among different populations of wild species is one of the first and most important steps in domestication and breeding process. Thymus daenensis Celak. is an endemic medicinal plants of Iran with high essential oil percentage and thymol content and therefore, in order to domestication of this plant species, evaluation of different populations is necessary. In this study were used 13 ISSR primers for evaluation of within and among diversity of eight populations of this plant species (Malayer 1, Malayer 2, Arak, Jowzan, Khane e Miran Bala, Khane e Miran Paien, Zaghe and Shazand) that total of 293 bands were generated by these primers. The calculated PIC for primers varied from 0.08 to 0.15. Genetic diversity within populations was higher than between populations. 98% of variance belonged to within populations and only 2% of variance belonged to among the populations. The genetic distance of the populations had no correspondence with geographical distance. The populations of Jowzan and Shazand had the highest and the lowest diversity based on PIC index, respectively. The highest genetic distance based on Nei's index was observed between Shazand and Khane e Miran Paien populations and the highest genetic similarity was observed between Malayer 1 to Jowzan and Khane e Miran Bala populations that could be importance in domestication and breeding of this plant species.

The lake of Sanandaj dam is located within the territory of Sanandaj city,in the longitude coordinates of 46° 33' and the northern width of 55° 20', in the upstream of Banidar village and over Komasi river. The field activity of this research was seasonal and was carried out for one year from June 2015 to June 2016. Considering the size of the lake, five stations were set up in the lake. Phytoplankton was sampled from three surface layers, the middle layer, light absorbing layer and the layer near the bed of the lake.Phytoplankton specimens were immediately recorded with 4% formalin fixation (fixed) and then examined and identified under microscope with a magnification of 10X, 20X and 40X. The results of the study on the composition and species diversity of phytoplankton showed that 54 species existed in the lake. In this study, six groups of phytoplankton including: Bacillariophyta, Chrysophyta, Pyrophyta, Cyanophyta, Chlorophyta and Euglenophyta with 20, 1, 9, 6, 16, and 2 species were identified. The seasonal analysis of species diversity of phytoplankton revealed that in spring, summer, autumn and winter, respectively, 23, 25, 25 and 18 species were recorded.The highest species variation belonged to summer and autumn with 25 species. In addition, exploring the demographic changes of 6 phytoplankton groups in the lake indicated thatthe highest and lowest densities of phytoplankton respectively with an average of 3750000 ± 239793 and 127481 ± 90656 belonged to autumn and summer.

To study the genetic diversity of Sistan grape cultivars, 33 grapes varieties (Vitis vinifera L) of Zahak Research Station were evaluated by 10 retrotransposons based primers from ‘Ty1-copia’ and ‘Ty3-gypsy’ families (IRAP). The observed polymorphism for any markers Vine1Fb, Gret1F.Rb, Gret1F.Ra and Gret1Rb were 54.5, 83.0, 85.7 and 85.7%, respectively. The results, revealed this probability that the Gret1 retrotransposon in evolution process of these plants has been more translocated and amplified the number of additional copies within the genome. Cluster analysis based on Jaccard's similarity coephicient and UPGMA algorithm was divided the population into two groups at 0.24 similarity coephicient; one group with ten sub-groups and one group with two varieties. The most number of effective allele and the most diversity were related to VineF.b primer with 0.6565 Shannon’s index and the least number of effective allele and the least diversity were related to Gret1R.a and VineF.R.b primers with 0.4226 Shannon’s index, respectively. The results of principal coordinate analysis revealed the results of cluster analysis and extracted six coordinates that explained 45.5% of the total variation of the studied population.

Achillea sp., Artemisia sp., Matricaria sp., Santolina sp. and Tanacetum sp. are the most important genera of Anthemideae subfamily that due to having flavonoids and antioxidant compounds have significant applications in pharmacology. Flavonoids are phenolic compounds that are classified in non-enzymatic antioxidants. Phenylalanine ammonia lyase (PAL) is a key enzyme in the flavonoid biosynthetic pathway. To identify and sequencing of pal2 gene, multiple alignment was done for pal2 sequences of the model plant Arabidopsis and other plants registered in the gene bank database (NCBI). Specific degenerative primer was designed based on conserved regions on gene and also active site domain of PAL2 protein. Primers amplified a 700 bp fragment in all studied genera and then the PCR productions were cloned and sequenced. To investigate the pal2 gene diversity among important genera of Anthemideae, average pairwise distance using K2P and P-distance model and genetic diversity based on transition and transversion were calculated. The bioinformatics data showed that mentioned genera have well conserved for pal2 gene. Matricaria sp. and Achillea sp. have more similarity and also Artemisia sp. and Chrysanthemum sp. have more distance to each other.