جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "ریشه زایی" در نشریات گروه "زراعت"

AbstractToday, because of the slow growth and conventional propagation methods are not sufficient to meet the marketable needs of Sansevieria trifasciata, it is possible to use rooting stimulators for propagation. This study investigated the effects of IBA concentrations and culture media on some morpho-physiological parameters in Sansevieria trifasciata. Treatments included cultivar (black gold and compact), IBA (0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1), and culture medium (perlite and sand). Morphophysiological traits, including callus size, number of roots, number of shoots, stem length, stem diameter, number of leaves, FW and DW, and relative water content, etc. were measured 8 months. Increasing the concentration of IBA stimulated the reactions of black gold to FW and DW of shoots, callus size, number of leaves, and increasing the DW of roots, but in compact varieties, increasing the concentration of IBA resulted in a decrease in root initiation time and number of leaves. IBA reduced the decay of the cuttings (100 mg.l-1 in the compact green and 200 mg.l-1 in the black). Increasing the concentration of IBA for treating cuttings caused an increase in the number of roots and root length of compact green and black gold cuttings. Sansevieria trifasciata had diverse responses to different concentrations of IBA and culture media throughout propagation. IBA at 200 mg.l-1 had an encouraging effect on the propagation of Sansevieria trifasciata. The results revealed that increasing the concentration of IBA increased the root number and root length in the cuttings of compact and black gold.IntroductionSansevieria trifasciata is a perennial plant from the liliaceae family, which originates from tropical and semi-tropical regions of the world. Sansevieria trifasciata variateis are one of the most popular ornamental indoor plants due to having types with striped leaves. Today, due to the slow growth and conventional propagation methods are not sufficient to meet the marketable needs of Sansevieria trifasciata, it is possible to use agent of rooting stimulator for multiplication. This study aimed to investigate the effects of indole butyric acid concentrations as a plant growth regulator and culture media on some morphophysiology parameters in Sansevieria trifasciata cuttings.Materials and MethodsThis research included 3 factors, cultivar (black gold and compact), indole butyric acid plant growth regulator (0, 100 and 200 mg.l-1) and culture medium (perlite and sand). This research, which was conducted in the greenhouse of with controlled conditions of 25°C, 70% humidity and 10,000 lux of light. The end cutting was immersed in the solution of indole butyric acid immediately which was prepared in three concentrations of 0, 100 and 200 mg/l for 10 seconds to initiation root. Subsequently, cutting were placed on a site sterilized by 70% alcohol in the lab condition for two days to callus initiation of wound surface. Morphological parameters include callus size, rooting time, number of roots, length of the root, length of the longest root, time of bud initiation, number of shoots, stem length, stem diameter, root rot rate, number of leaves, callus size, fresh weight of root and shoot, dry weight of root and shoot were measured. Physiological traits including relative water content, electrolyte leakage, chlorophyll content, organ biomass percentage were investigated 8 months after cultivation. The experiment was adjusting in as factorial arrangements in a completely randomized design. Each treatment consisted of three replicates for statistical purposes. All the results were statistically analyzed using the SAS program. Means of three replicates were subjected to one-way ANOVA. Duncan's Multiple Range Test was also used to compare the mean values and determine the significance of statistical differences in treatments.Results and DiscussionIt was found that the effects of the variety were obvious in response to the culture medium and different concentrations of indole butyric acid. The results of effect of the hormone on the recorded traits revealed that increasing the concentration of indole butyric acid had in the cuttings stimulating reactions of black gold to fresh and dry weight of shoots, callus size, number of leaves and increasing the dry weight of roots, but in compact green variety, increasing the hormone affected a decrease in root initiation time, root biomass and number of leaves. Based on the results, the treatment of cuttings by indole butyric acid reduced the decay of the cuttings (100 mg.l-1 in the compact green and 200 mg.l-1 in the black variety) and their survival plants. The results of this research also indicated that increasing the concentration of indole butyric acid for the treatment of cuttings grown in substrates such as sand and perlite caused an increase in the number of roots and root length of compact green and black gold cuttings.ConclusionsSansevieria trifasciata variety had diverse response to different concentrations of the indole butyric acid and type of culture media in throughout propagation. 200 mg.l-1 of indole butyric acid hormone had an encouraging result on the propagation of Sansevieria trifasciata cuttings. The uppermost percentage of cuttings rooting was related to the Sansevieria trifasciata black gold. The perlite substrate was the best media for propagation compact and black gold variety.

Narcissus tazetta L. is one of the most important flowering bulbous plants that are traditionally propagated by bulb splitting which is a costly and time-consuming method. Therefore, the application of in vitro culture techniques can help to increase the reproduction coefficient of this ornamental plant. So, the study was conducted in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, the effect of twin scales position on the mother bulb on the regeneration of twin scales of Narcissus were investigated in MS medium containing 1mg/l BA in combination with 0.2mg/l NAA in a completely randomized design. In the second experiment, the effect of different types of auxin on rooting of Narcissus plantlets was investigated. For this purpose, ½MS medium containing 1 mg/L NAA, IBA, IAA and hormone-free medium was used. The results showed that the application of different layers of Narcissus twin scales had a significant effect on the number and diameter of regenerated bulblet. In fact, application of the inner scales of mother bulb led to an increase in the number of regenerated bulblet, but the diameter of regenerated bulblet decreased. Since the diameter and number of regenerated bulblet are both important parameters during in vitro culture conditions, it is recommended to use twin scales group one and two for propagation of Narcissus bulb. The results of this study also showed the superiority of hormone-free ½MS medium and ½ MS medium containing 1 mg/l IAA for rooting of Narcissus tissue culture plantlets.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), as one of the most important economic products in the world, has one of the highest quality edible oils. Safflower cultivars are hardy plants compared to other plants due to different methods of tissue culture and regeneration. Therefore, it is necessary to provide a high efficiency method for the regeneration of safflower commercial cultivars. In this study, the effect of different concentrations of BAP, Kin and TDZ on callus induction and shoot regeneration of hypocotyl and cotyledon explants for two safflower cultivars (Soffeh and Golmehr) in different concentrations of BAP, Kin, TDZ and NAA (0, 0.2, 0.5 and 1 mg/l) were evaluated. The results showed that the highest frequency of shoot regeneration also was obtained on MS medium supplemented with 0 mg/l NAA and 1 mg/l TDZ (33%) from cotyledon explant of Golmehr cultivar. There was a significant difference between cultivar’s shooting, Golmehr cultivar showed a better shooting percentage. Finally, shoots were transferred to eight different rooting media. The best medium for rooting was MS medium supplemented with IBA (2 mg/l) + sucrose (2%) + agar (7%). The results showed that Golmehr cultivar was better than Soffeh cultivar in terms of regeneration and response to optimization.

Polianthes tuberosa L. is one of the most important ornamental bulbous plants in tropical and subtropical regions that is cultivating in some regions of Iran. Due to the transmission of fungal and bacterial diseases, propagation by bulbs is not affordable. Tissue culture is a good way to produce uniform and disease-free seedling. Therefore, in vitro cultivation of tuberose is a suitable solution to commercial reproduction.

To investigate the best method of micropropagation of Polianthes tuberosa, this study was conducted in three experiments (proliferation, root formation and adaptation). The explants used in this study were lateral buds. Ethyl alcohol (70%) and dilute laundry bleach (5.25% active chlorine), benomyl fungicide and dishwashing liquid were used to eliminate surface contamination of the explants. In the first experiment, the effect of different plant growth regulators and MS medium (MS, ½ MS, ¼ MS) on shoot formation of lateral bud was investigated. Lateral bud explants were cultured in MS medium with various plant growth regulators including KIN (0.25, 0.5, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 mg / L), BAP (0.25 (0.5, 0.1 and 2.0 mg / l) and then the length and number of shoots were evaluated. After forming shoots in the propagation medium, they were transferred to a new environment to form roots.The root formation experiment included tree levels of  NAA concentrations, (0.5, 0.75 and 1 mg/L) in combination with 0.2 mg/L IBA and control (without growth regulator). Adaptation experiment with 5 Substrate of bed including Peat Moss, Cocopeat, Sand, Peat Moss with Cocopeat (1: 1) and Sand with Cocopeat and Peat Moss (1: 1: 1) was conducted.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between various types of plant growth regulators (PGR) and MS culture media at different concentrations and no branch was produced without the use of PGR. In shoot prolifferation experiment, the maximum number of shoots (4.8) was obtained from lateral bud explants in MS medium with 0.25 mg / l BAP in combination with 0.25 mg / l KIN. The highest length of lateral shoot shoots (3.75 cm) was observed in MS medium with 0.25 mg / l KIN in combination with 0.25 mg / l BAP.The results of root formation experiment showed that the highest number of roots was observed in MS medium containing 0.5 mg / l NAA and 0.2 mg / l IBA and the lowest number of roots in control (without plant growth regulator). Treatment of 0.5 mg / l NAA with 0.2 mg / l IBA had the highest root length (1.22 cm). The lowest root length was also observed in the control (without plant growth regulator). In the adaptation test, no significant difference was observed between treatments in survival rate.

The results of this study showed that the shoot organogenesis is controlled by the cytokinin with MS medium in different concentrations. It should be mentioned that cytokinin had an important role in the synthesis of RNA, stimulation of the production of protein and the activity of some enzymes. Also, the results showed that the use of cytokinin alone has a beneficial effect on shoot organogenesis.

Haworthia cooperi is a type of ornamental succulent that is propagated by separating the offsets and leaf cuttings. Due to the small number of produced offsets by the mother plant, the rate of propagation in this way is low, so micropropagation can be considered as an effective and efficient way to propagate this ornamental plant.

For this purpose, in the present study, the growth response of Haworthia cooperi plants to in vitro culture conditions in 1398 in the research laboratory of the Department of Ornamental Plants Biotechnology was investigated. This research was conducted in the form of three separate experiments based on a completely randomized design with three replications. In the first experiment, the effects of cytokinin type (BA and KIN) and concentration of cytokinin (0, 1, 2 and 3 mg/l) on leaf explant regeneration were evaluated. In the second experiment, the effects of culture medium type (MS and B5) and concentration of culture medium (0.5 and 1) on plantlet propagation were investigated. In the third experiment, plantlet rooting rate was evaluated under the influence of auxin type (NAA, IBA and IAA) and concentration (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l) of auxin.

The results showed that application of BA and KIN hormones increased the number of regenerated plantlets. The highest number of plantlets (5.50) was recorded in the MS medium containing 3 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l NAA. Plantlets cultured in the hormone-free culture medium had no regenerated symptoms. The number of plantlets increased with increasing the concentration of both hormones, but BA hormone in the culture medium had a greater effect on this factor. Lack of cytokinin hormone application in culture medium led to root production; however, the use of BA and KIN hormones in the culture medium reduced the number of produced roots by plantlets. The highest number of roots was recorded in hormone-free culture medium and the lowest number was recorded in the high concentration of BA hormone. The reduction in the number of roots in the culture medium containing BA was greater than the culture medium containing KIN. The of the second experiment revealed that use of MS culture medium showed better performance compared to B5 culture medium. Thus, the highest dry weight of plantlet and roots was obtained at full concentration of MS culture medium. The results of rooting stage showed that the presence of NAA hormone in the culture medium increased rooting in the plant. However, the produced roots in this culture medium were so thick that these roots are not suitable for plant growth in the acclimation stage. Therefore, considering the number and length of produced roots, the optimal culture medium for plantlet rooting is ½ MS culture medium containing 1 mg/l IAA hormone. Determining the best type of culture medium and optimizing it for regeneration, proliferation and rooting is one of the important factors in success in vitro culture conditions. Based on the results of the current study, application of MS medium containing 3 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l NAA was so effective for regeneration phase of this ornamental plant. Also, the efficiency of MS culture medium in the process of propagation of this plant is most likely related to the suitability of the components of this culture medium. In general, due to the presence of plant growth regulators such as NAA, IBA and IAA in the culture medium, rooting is induced in plantlets. In the present study, the use of IAA hormone at a concentration of 1 mg/l was a suitable hormonal combination for rooting in this ornamental plant.

Based on the results of the present study, the application of MS culture medium containing 3 mg/l BA with 0.5 mg/l NAA is recommended for regeneration and proliferation of tissue culture plantlets of Haworthia cooperi. It is also recommended to use ½ MS culture medium containing 1 mg/l of IAA hormone for rooting of tissue culture plantlets.

Red flesh apple belongs to Malus niedzwetzkyana of Rosaceae family. It has high levels of important phytochemicals like antioxidants, flavonoids and anthocyanins in its cortex, which, in addition to attractiveness, is a source of benefit compound. The aim of the present investigation was to optimize efficient protocols for micro propagation of red flesh apple in order to use the results in future breeding strategies.

During the early spring, stem cuttings of growing red flesh apple trees were surface-sterilized in 70% ethanol and 50% sodium hypochlorite. Then, sterilized samples were placed in the test tubes containing MS medium supplemented with 2 µM BAP. At the proliferation stage, interactive effects of BAP (0, 2, 4, 6 mM) and GA3 (0, 3, 6 mM) on various aspects of proliferation (multiplication rate and vegetative growth characteristics such as number of produced shoots per explant, shoots length, leaf numbers, and the fresh and dry weight of explants) were investigated. At rooting stage, the effect of different concentrations of IBA or NAA (0, 1, 2, 3,4 µM) on the percentage of rooting, number of roots per explant and length of roots were compared. At acclimatization stage, the plantlets were transferred into pots with a volume of 200 ml containing sterile compound at the greenhouse condition.

The results showed that there was a significant difference between the effects of various concentrations of BAP and GA3 on micro propagation of red flesh apple. The best result in proliferation (7.9 of axillary shoots after 8 months) was obtained from explants that were cultured in the medium containing 4 mM BAP and 3 mM GA3. At rooting stage, the maximum rooting percentage (85.2%) was obtained in the medium containing 3 mM IBA. In addition, rooted explants from IBA treatments were successfully acclimatized (100%) in the greenhouse, but rooted explants in NAA treatments were weak in acclimatized stage (40%).

Measuring the growth rate is the major economic parameter for successful plant production at in vitro conditions, which is usually characterized by the number of axillary shoots, number of regenerated leaves and increase in the length of shoots and fresh and dry weight. We obtained the highest growth rate of red flesh apple in the culture medium containing 4 μM of BAP. The efficiency of BAP as an important cytokinin in apple proliferation has been reported in other studies as well. The results of the present investigation showed that highest rooting percentage was obtained from culture medium containing 3 μM of IBA. In addition, morphology of roots varied in callus formation and longitudinal growth and the samples rooted in IBA treatments had stronger roots than the rooted samples in NAA treatments. It seems that exposure to NAA instead of IBA stimulates indirect organogenesis and produced undesirable side effects on roots, such as callus formation, which can cause plantlets weakness during the period of acclimatization.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of different concentrations of indole butric acid (IBA) (0, 2000 and 4000 ppm) and puterscine (0, 100 and 200 ppm) on some of the morphological and biochemical traits of hard- rooting cutting of olive cv. Concervolia. Experimental treatments were arranged as factorial in randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance showed that IBA × puterscine effect was significant on rooting and callusing percentage, root number, root weight, shoot number and shoot weight as well as on carbohydrates and nitrogen content, C:N ratio, peroxidase and polyphenol oxidizes. The highest peroxides (0.114 µmol min-1 gFW-1), polyphenol oxidase (0.140 µmol min-1 gFW-1) and rooting percent (100%) were obtained in cuttings treated with 4000 ppm IBA, while rooting was 80 percentage in cutting treated with 4000 ppm IBA+100 ppm puterscine. Based on the results of this research, it can be cancluded that the concentration of 4000 ppm of indole butyric acid or the combination of 4000 ppm of indole-butyric acid and 100 ppm puterscine can be used for enhancing rooting in the hard- rooting cuttings of olive cv. Concervolia.

The main purpose of the presented study was to investigate the techniques for in vitro propagation of Myrobalan29c (a rootstock for stone trees). In vitro propagation fruit tree is available way for the mass propagation. In vitro proliferation of woody plants has more problems than herbaceous plants. And woody plant for the in vitro regeneration adventitious shoot from the explant٫ and also in vitro rooting are hard. Therefore, the selection of suitable culture media is necessary for inanition regeneration of shoots from explants٫ proliferation and rooting for the development of a propagation system in fruit trees.

This study was performed to determine the best culture medium and plant growth regulators in micropropagation of Myrobalan 29C in a factorial experiment on a complete randomized design (CRD) with 4 replication where each plot contained 5 explants at the Natural Resource and Agricultural Research and Educational Centre of Khorasan Razavi. In order to the proliferation used performed, in level two of culture medium including (MS and QL) and concentrations BAP and TDZ in level five (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mgL-1) and two kinds of culture medium including QL and DKW plant growth regulators NAA with (0, 1, 2 and 3 mgL-1) in rooting step and in the acclimatization of substrate Coco pit and Perlite (50; 50 V). The number and the length of the shoots and number leaf in proliferation phase after subculture three (21 days between each subculture) and in rooting phase number and root length, leaf number, percent root and plantlets stem length evaluated.

The results showed that the highest shoots proliferation ratio was obtained with 3.41 in MS medium containing 2 mgL-1 of BAP and also the highest plantlets lengths 2.5, 2.33 and 2.29 cm, respectively was observed in three concentrations of 1, 2 and 3 mgL-1 of BAP. The highest percentage of rooting (100%) and root length (2.12 cm) were recorded in DKW medium respectively at concentrations of 1 and 3 mgL-1 NAA. The acclimatization of plantlets to greenhouse conditions was successful. The highest rate of plantlets survival (about 50%) in DKW medium with concentrations 1 mgL-1 of NAA was obtained in substrate Coco peat and Perlite (50; 50 V).

The composition of the culture medium and the concentration of growth regulator effect on the proliferation and propagation stone rootstock .In this experiment, optimum BAP and NAA concentrations respectively was 2 and 1 mgL-1 for proliferation and rooting of Myrobalan29c. It should be noted that higher concentrations of 2 mgL-1 BAP and NAA are not recommended for this plant. Usually, root production is affected by the synthesis, metabolism and auxin movement in the plant. Therefore acclimatization directly related to rooting quality and the highest rooting ratie.

Junipers of Iran are indigenous, beautiful and resistant plants with various usages in horticulture and Forestry. These plants are found in natural resources places naturally; unfortunately they are getting extinct because of Annihilation of natural habitats and also atmospheric changes. So, researches on propagation and protection of them are so important. One of the effective materials on asexual propagation of this plant, cutting, that is really efficient is coconut juice. To introduce natural materials instead chemical hormones for rooting Maymars cuttings and also to select the best season and substrate, recent experiment was done with 5 levels of coconut juice (0, 25%, 50%, 75% & 100%) in 4 substrates contained, perlite, perlite-cocopite (1:1), Pumice and rooting substrate (combination of sand, perlite, cocopeat, vermicompost and peat moss) and 4 seasons of year on Maymars cuttings with length 15 cm. The experiment was done in 3 replications, and each one contained 9 cuttings. The aim of the experiment was finding the best season, substrate and natural treatment to propagate this plant. At the end of each season, rooting percentage, root length, root numbers, fresh and dry weight of roots were registered in each substrate and treatment. The result showed that the best season for rooting the Maymars cuttings is spring. The best rooting between all treatments was related to level 25% coconut juice in perlit-cocopeat (1:1) substrate with more than 30% rooting. In winter no rooting was seen in none of substrates and treatments. Highest amount of roots was seen in fall and also perlit-cocopeat (1:1) substrate. Maximum root length was seen in spring and minimum of that was seen in summer. Also maximum root length was seen in pumice substrate. Highest amount of root fresh and dry weight was resulted in spring. And also highest amount of root fresh weight was found in perlite substrate and there was no different in amount of root dry weight in all substrates equally. Generally, it can be concluded that coconut juice causes rooting percentage increase in cuttings, because of containing auxin. And it is advised to use them instead chemical materials. To propagate Maymars junipers via cutting it is found that spring is the best season to propagate this species and other seasons are not proper and acceptable to propagate this plant. Generally, in can be concluded that coconut juice increases the rooting of Maymars cuttings as containing natural auxin and the best level is 25%. The best rooting between all treatments was related to level 25% coconut juice in perlit-cocopeat (1:1) substrate with more than 30% rooting.

Stevia (Stevia rebaudiana) is the sweetest plant in the world that is considered as suitable alternative to sugar for treating problems of obesity and diabetes, but its seeds are hard to germinate and most of them are often sterile due to incompatibility phenomenon during their formation. Also, it is difficult to produce homogenous population by seed propagation. For this reason, tissue culture is suitable approach for fast multiplication of this plant. The aim of this research was to find a rapid and efficient protocol for micropropagation of commercial medicinal stevia and mass propagation of its clones in large scale. This research was conducted in two separate experiments. In the first experiment, the shoot tip explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with 0.5, 1, 1.5 and 2 mg/l concenteratians for each of plant growth regulators include IAA, NAA, IBA, BAP, Kin and GA3 as individual treatments with control treatment (MS medium without plant growth regulators). The experiment was carried out in a completely randomized design with four replications. The second experiment was designed based on the results of the first experiment. So, in the second experiment, the shoot tip explants were cultured on MS media supplemented with BAP (0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 mg/l) and Kin (0, 0.5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l). The tratment was arranged as factorial experiment in a completely randomized design with three replications. In rooting experiment, shootlets were cultured on MS and 1/2 MS medium supplemented with different concentrations of NAA (0, .5, 1 and 1.5 mg/l). This expriment was carried out in the same way as the second expriment. In all experiments, the traits were measured after 30 days of culture and incubation in growth chamber. Finally, the rooted plantlets were initially hardened to culture room conditions and then transferred to greenhouse. The effect of plant growth regulators was significant for all measurd traits (P<0.01); MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l BAP was the most efficient treatment for the highest shoot number and internode number (with average of 5.75 shoot and 19.5 internode per plant, respectively) and the longest shoot length related to 2 mg/l Kin and 1.5 & 2 mg/l GA3 and The best treatments for callusing were 1.5 mg/l IBA, 1.5 & 2 mg/l BAP. In the second expriment, the interaction effect of BAP×Kin was significant for all traits. The highest shoot multiplication rate and internode number were obtained from MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l Kin (with average of 17.67 shoot and 38.67 internode per plant, respectively). This treatment was incubated in growth chamber for another one month and the shoot number was significantly increased from 17.67 to 55 shoot per plant. Most efficient condition for root production (with average of 55 root per plant) was observed on 1/2 MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l NAA. About 92% of in vitro developed plantlets were successfully established to greenhouse conditions. general, the results, like previous studies, indicated a positive and good response of the stevia plant to tissue culture. MS medium supplemented with 1 mg/l BAP + 1.5 mg/l Kin was recommended for shoot proliferation of Stevia shoot tip explant and also, incubation of cultured explants in growth chamber for two months was remarkably increased the shoot number. The 1/2 MS medium containing 1.5 mg/l NAA was resultful in root proliferation.

  Honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica L.) is a valuable ornamental plant from climbing groups with many usages in green space. Thus, its production in short time with better commercial quality is very important. One of the important proceedings in propagation process of plants is improving the speed of rooting and shortening this propagation stage. This is happening mostly with the use of various chemical compounds and methods. Today, use of natural materials as an alternative for chemical compounds is concerned with improving rooting of cuttings in ornamental plants that in some cases have observed better and effective influence of these compounds compared with chemicals. Current research has taken place for studying the effect of some natural compounds (organics) in compare with the usual and chemical rooting compound (IBA) on rooting of honeysuckle's stem cuttings. Also, effect of kinds of human hormonal pills on rooting of this plant were studied. This experiment based on completely randomized design with 25 treatments in six groups of treatments including Indole butyric acid (IBA), aspirin pill, LD pill, natural honey, grape syrup and Arabic gum in four concentrations comparing to control (distilled water) in five replications with five cuttings in each replication was done in Gorgan agricultural research center and horticultural department laboratory during 2015-2016 year. Rooting traits including rooting percent, number of primary and secondary roots, length of primary roots, fresh and dry weight of roots and survival percent of Honeysuckle stencuttings were measured in this experiment. According to obtained results from this experiment, natural and chemical treatments had significant effect at 1% Level on rooting traits of Honeysuckle's stem cuttings. The best and highest quantity and quality of roots were observed in 1000 mg/l of indole butyric acid and 60% of natural honey. Study of other natural and chemical treatment showed that %20 concentration of Arabic gum, % 20 grape syrup, 0.5 pill/L aspirin (40 mg/L) and 2 pill/L human LD (0.36 mg/L) showed the best results in compare with other concentrations and control. Due to the desirable effects of natural compounds such as natural honey on rooting of Honeysuckle cuttings, by consideration the economic efficiency, health and effective role of this compounds in organic agriculture, the use of these natural compounds are in priority and suggested as an alternative to chemical compound like indole butyric acid. Also, best concentration of other treatments are still usable, because of their significant preference in compare with control and their positive role in accelerating rooting of cuttings

Background and objectives Gerbera is one of the most important ornamental plants that used as cut flower and potted plant. The common methods of propagation does not have performance for supplying the global demand of this ornamental plant. So the most common method for commercial propagation of gerbera is micropropagation.
Material and methods In this study, effect of different hormonal treatments and cultivars on micropropagation and rooting of gerbera shoot tip explant was evaluated. Shoot tip explants were first washed with running tap water for 30 min then they were surface sterilized by dipping in 1.5% sodium hypochlorite solution for 5 min and rinsed with sterile distilled water, followed by immersing in 0.1 % mercuric chloride solution for 5 min. After Sterilization with mercuric chloride solution, capitulum was washed with sterile distilled water. Subsequent washing was done with sterile distilled water three times. Sterilization with sodium hypochlorite solution and mercuric chloride and final rinse with sterile distilled water were done under laminar air flow hood. In the proliferation phase, MS medium containing 1 mg/l BA or KIN in combination with 0.1 mg/l IAA or hormone-free medium, 3% sucrose, 8 g/l agar was used. For rooting of propagated plantlets, ½ MS medium containing 1 mg/l IBA, IAA, 2IP or ½ MS hormone-free medium, 3% sucrose, 8 g/l agar was used. After 4 weeks different parameters such as number of plantlet, height of plantlet, number of main root, root length, number of secondary root were measured. Cultivars that was used in this experiment are as follows: 1: ‘Aventura’, 2: ‘Barones’, 3: ‘Mayfair’, 4: ‘Cacharelle’, 5: ‘Real’, 6: ‘Sorbet’, 7: ‘Dalma’, 8: ‘Goldy’, 9: ‘Panama’, 10: ‘Lancaster’, 11: ‘Dune’, 12: ‘Bellavue’, 13: ‘Blinddate’, 14: ‘Applause’, 15: ‘Sunway’.
Results and discussion The results showed that in all studied cultivars, the medium containing BA lead to producing the highest number of plantlet. So using the medium containing BA in propagation phase is recommended for obtaining the highest number of plantlet. Also the results showed that the rooting of gerbera plantlets was affected by cultivar and suitable hormonal composition for rooting of each cultivar was different. However, the appropriate acclimation of produced plantlets is so important. Although the length and number of roots in ½ MS medium was at the average of other treatments, but propagated plantlets from this medium, had a suitable acclimation capacity. Moreover, additional cost for utilization of rooting hormones was reduced and therefore commercial production cost decreased. So application of this medium for rooting of different gerbera cultivars is recommended. Finally acclimation of rooted plantlet was done in cocopeat and perlite medium, with 95% success.

Nowadays in the modern and industrial pomology, the rootstocks play an important role in the production, garden economy, trimming and the life of tree, harvest and garden management. In fact, rootstock forms half statue of the tree which is located inside the soil and not been replaceable and improved. In this respect, the choice of suitable rootstock for a cultivar and climatic and soil conditions of the region, as well as a selection of cultivars is important. Application and development of this vegetative rootstocks is necessary and depends on the availability of a simple and easy way to reproduce it.
This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different concentrations (0-1000-2000-3000 ppm) of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) and one strain of Agrobacterium rhizogenese (15834) alone or in combination with each other on the rooting capacity of hardwood cuttings of EM9 and MM106 apple clonal rootstocks in split factorial design with three replications at research greenhouse of Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. It was considered Agrobacterium rhizogenese as a main plot and different levels of Indole-3-butyric acid and rootstocks as a factorial on the sub-plots. The medium of this experiment was the mixture of perlite and disinfected sand in 1:1 ratio.
The results indicated that different percentages of rooting were observed in cuttings treated by Agrobacterium rhizogenese alone and combination of Indole-3-butyric acid and Agrobacterium rhizogenese in both rootstocks while no rooting was observed with Indole-3-butyric acid alone. The highest rooting percentage (% 45/06) was obtained in EM9 rootstock cuttings treated by Agrobacterium rhizogenes plus 3000 ppm IBA. The highest mean root length (4/45 cm) was obtained from Agrobacterium rhizogenese plus 3000 ppm Indole-3-butyric acid treatment. Maximum number of the main and secondary roots (3 and 6/5, respectively), were observed in the MM106 rootstock treated by Agrobacterium rhizogenese. Callusing rate of cuttings were reduced with using of Agrobacterium rhizogenese, so the highest percentage of callus induction (% 86/42) was observed at control treatment of EM9 rootstock.
A combination of Agrobacterium rhizogenes and 3000 ppm Indole-3-butyric acid treatment was found as the best treatment for rooting of MM106 and EM9 apple cutting in this experiment.

In this research, possibility of bulblet production from different cuttings including leaf, leaf-bud and leafy-stem of Lilium oriental hybrid cv. ‘Star Gazer’ evaluated under different levels of Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA) with 0, 250, 500, 750 and 1000 mg per liter (ppm). The cuttings were taken from stems which grown from cold treated bulbs in early October. A factorial experiment was done in Department of Horticulture Sciences, University College of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Tehran in 2014-2015, based on Randomized complete blocks design with three replications and nine cuttings per replicate. The results showed that rooting percentage and leaf number decreased on leaf cuttings by increasing auxin concentration, while these traits increased on leaf-bud and leafy stem cuttings. In contrast to the results in the rooting and leaf number traits, number of bulblets rose in leaf cuttings from 14 in control to 21, in leaf-bud cuttings from three to 20 and in leafy stem cuttings from one to 16 in IBA levels of 250, 500 and 750 ppm, respectively. Exceeding IBA concentration had reverse effect on bulblet number, correspondingly. Even so, leaf number and rooting percentage declined on leaf cuttings by application of IBA, but it was useful for production of more bulblets on leaf, leaf-bud and leafy-stem cuttings in IBA levels of 250, 500 and 750 ppm, respectively.

To evaluate the effect of different concentrations of IBA, timing of cuttings and type of plant rootstock in cutting-graft propagation (Omega graft) of Ficus benjamin cv. variegate, an experiment was performed as a factorial in a completely randomized design with three replications in Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in 2012. Each replication consisted of ten samples. Treatments were consisted of IBA concentration in four levels, 0 (control), 2000, 4000 and 6000 mg/l, two types of rootstock (Ficus benjamina cv. exotica and Ficus amstel) and two timing of cuttings (late June and early September). Percentage of graft success, rooting percentage, average root length, root number, root dry weight and survival percentage were evaluated. The results of this experiment showed that the highest percentage of rooting and number of roots obtained in hormone concentrations of 4000 and 6000 mg/l. The maximum of mean root length and root dry weight were obtained at hormone concentration of 4000 mg/l. The greatest percentages of graft success and survival were obtained in all the treatments that the auxin was applied. Most suitable of rootstock in terms of all traits studied, was Ficus benjamina cv.exotica. Best time of rooting, root characteristics and survival percentage were achieved with the cuttings in September. The highest percentage of graft success was achieved in July. The results indicate the beneficial effects of suitable concentration of auxin, timing of cuttings and type of plant rootstock in propagation of Ficus benjamina cv. variegata by bench grafting.

Chrysanthemum is one of the most important ornamental plants. The genus chrysanthemum is a popular cut flower، medicinal and pot plant. Morphological traits such as cut rooting and leaf characteristics and genetic diversity among 50 genotypes of chrysanthemum morifolium were analyzed. Based on analysis of variance of data all traits in the studied genotypes showed significant differences at 1% level. The results of correlation coefficient indicated a positive and significant correlation between stem length، leaf length، leaf width and leaf serration number. The leaf length showed the highest correlation (r = +0. 90**) with leaf width. Results showed that stem length and petiole length had the highest (h2>80%) heritability. Cluster analysis according to the morphological traits using the Ward method classified all the genotypes into six groups. In this classification، two genotypes (‘Takapo’ and ‘Poloneh’) were classified into one cluster that was characterized by tall stem and low branch number. In this study، canonical discriminant analysis of 20 morphological traits revealed that 3 canonical discriminant variables explained 89. 6% of the total variation among genotypes. Results revealed that among the studied traits، number of cutting root، leaf size، petiol length، stem length، number of branches and number of offsets were the most important traits for discriminating among chrysanthemum genotypes. The results of this study indicate that these traits are useful for selecting and identify superior genotypes of chrysanthemum germplasm. Using some of the genotypes belonging to cluster A (with a small size of plant) and genotypes belonging to cluster E (with a large size of plant) as parents can be practiced as a criteria for breeding programs.

Strawberry is perennial، herbaceous plants belonging to the family of fragaria، with a rich source of vitamins and minerals. The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different concentrations of growth regulators including auxin and cytokinin to identify the best hormonal concentration to obtain the highest yield of in vitro produced plantlets from strawberry cv Diamante. Experiment was performed in a factorial experiment based on a completely randomized design، using the basal MS culture medium. In this experiment the effects of different concentrations of BA (0/2، 0/5، 1 and 2 mg/l)، IBA (0، 0/1 and 0/5 mg/l) and NAA (0، 0/1 and 0/5 mg/l) alone or in combination with each other for regeneration of shoot tip explants and NAA (0/2، 0/5 and 1 mg/l) and IBA (0/2، 0/5 and 1 mg/l) for rooting were studied alone. Number and length of shoots and roots produced per explants were evaluated. Results showed that the highest number of regeneration obtained from MS medium included 1 mg/l BA. The highest shoot length was found in the combined treatment of BA and IBA (0/5 + 0/5) mg/l. The maximum rooting was observed in the 1/2 MS medium containing 0/2 mg/l NAA and the longest roots obtained from control treatment.

The current research was conducted to set a protocol for mass propagation of two semi-dwarfing pear rootstocks Pyrodwarf and OH × F87 in vitro condition. Three subsequent experiments were carried out for evaluation of the effects of growth media، iron source and rooting potential of plant materials. At the first experiment، effects of five growth media including MS، modified MS، DKW، QL and modified QL with different ratios of nitrate to ammonium، calcium and chloride were tested on proliferation and growth of shootlets. The results showed advantages of modified QL and QL، respectively for Pyrodwarf and OH×F87. Compared ratios of critical ions showed susceptibility of pears to high ratios of ammonium/nitrate and presence of chloride in the media، in which negative effects of these ions appeared as reduced proliferation of the rootstocks. Evaluation of iron source، conducted by using Fe-EDTA and Fe-EDDHA chelates and results demonstrated slight reduction of proliferation and higher quality of shootlets on Fe-EDDHA medium. In order to test the rooting potential of pear rootstocks، the micro-cuttings were more suitable exposed to 0 (control)، 0. 5 and 1 mgl-1 IBA in two MS and QL media. Rooting was observed in all micro-cuttings، but MS media enriched by 1 mgl-1 IBA caused higher number of roots per explants and length of rootlets in both rootstocks.