جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « مولفه های اصلی » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the first grain in the world in terms of its importance and amount of production. The aim of this research is to find the genetic diversity among the spring wheat genotypes for use in crop breeding programs.

For this purpose, the genetic diversity of 32 spring wheat genotypes cultivated in the Gorgan University of Agricultural Sciences and Natural Resources in the crop year of 1401-1400 was investigated by measuring 12 kernel and flour quality traits.

The results of analysis of principal components illustrated that the first five components explained a total of 89.05 percent of the variation among traits. The cluster analysis divided the studied genotypes into four groups. Based on the obtained results, the cultivars in the first group, all of which were Iranian, had the highest values of grain gluten, flour gluten and flour protein. The second group, which included the genotypes of Iraq, had the highest values in terms of grain moisture and index, and the lowest values in terms of flour protein, falling number, and hectoliter.

The studied spring wheat cultivars showed high genetic diversity in terms of traits. Therefore, suitable parents can be selected based on the desired trait, for crossing between cultivars in future breeding programs.

As one of the most important plants of the cereal family, wheat plays a very important role in world food security. The problem of food security in the world is facing a serious challenge due to severe climate changes and a lack of supplementary irrigation resources. Understanding the responses of plants to drought is the main part of the development of stress-resistant cultivars. The relative performance of genotypes under drought stress conditions and optimal conditions is one of the necessary and preliminary points in choosing the optimal genotypes for dry conditions. This study was conducted with the aim of identifying the relationships between indicators and determining the best indicators of drought tolerance, as well as selecting the best wheat lines suitable for cold and rainy regions for future breeding programs.

In order to identify the relationships between drought tolerance indices and determine the best index as well as select the best lines for future breeding programs, 144 wheat lines in the form of Alpha Lattice design in two replications and in two conditions of rain and supplementary irrigation in The rain research station of Zanjan Agricultural Research Center were investigated. Different tolerance and sensitivity indices including relative stress index (RSI), stress sensitivity index (SSI), stress resistance index (SRI), performance index (YI), performance stability index (YSI), relative reduction index (RR), Abiotic Stress Index (ATI), Tolerance Index (TOL), Mean Production Index (MP), Stress Tolerance Index (STI), Geometric Mean Productivity (GMP), Stress Sensitivity Percentage Index (SSPI), Harmonic Mean (HM) ), the index of product of stress and non-stress environment (SNPI) and yield loss ratio (PRR) were calculated.

The results of combined variance analysis showed that the effect of wet and rainy environment on the performance of lines was significant at the level of 1%. Also, the lines showed a significant difference in grain yield at the level of 1%. Drought stress decreased the grain yield of most lines in dry conditions. Line 82 had the highest yield in potential (2876 kg/ha) and rainfed (2000 kg/ha) conditions. Line 21 also had the lowest performance in two conditions (rainfed 825 and supplementary irrigation 1113 kg/ha respectively). Correlation results showed that grain yield in supplementary irrigation conditions had a positive and significant correlation with MP (0.56), GMP (0.56), HM (0.56), YI (0.55) and TOL (0.56) indicators. had 0.53). In the conditions of stress, MP (0.54), GMP (0.54), HM (0.54), and YI (0.53) indicators had the highest correlation with performance. Based on the first two selected components resulting from the decomposition into main components, which justified 91.35% of the changes, lines 90 and 102 were selected, which were also confirmed based on the three-dimensional diagram. The results of the cluster analysis of the lines also placed them in four groups, and lines such as 90, 131, 102 and 132 were also included in the group with high performance in both conditions. According to the results of this study, it is suggested to use the indicators of stress resistance, harmonic mean, geometric mean, and performance stability, which have the most significant positive correlation with performance in wet and dry conditions, in the selection of lines; Also, screening should be done based on the results of analysis into principal components and biplot and clustering using several indicators.

Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millspaugh) is the sixth most important legume crop in the world. This plant is multi-purpose which is used as unripe seeds and pods, splits and fodder, it is also suitable for cultivation in tropical and subtropical regions and it is compatible with poor soil and dry areas. The seeds of this plant are rich in protein (containing more than 30 percentage of seed weight). In this study, the genetic diversity of different Pigeon pea genotypes has been investigated using morphological traits.

This study was carried out in order to investigate agronomic and morphological characteristics of different genotypes of pigeon pea collected from Sistan and Baluchistan province in 2019. 27 Agronomical and morphological traits related to leaves, flowers, pods and seeds were investigated in 30 different genotypes of pigeon pea available in the collection of the Iranian National Plant Gene Bank. the data were analyzed using SPSS and STAR statistical softwares. Correlation and principal components analysis were done and, cluster analysis was done by Ward's method for classifing genotypes.

The results showed that the number of seeds per pod, number of secondary branches, and number of seeds per plant had the highest coefficient of variation, and among the investigated qualitative traits, the highest Shannon index was observed in the pod color, petal vein color, and seed color, respectively. Correlation analysis showed that there was a significant correlation between most of the measured traits. According to the results, the highest correlation was observed between the weight of the plant with the weight of pods and the number of days until the beginning of flowering with the number of days until maturity. In the cluster analysis, the 30 studied genotypes were divided into four main clusters at distance of five. The results of principal components analysis showed that five components which justified 89.4% of the variation. The biplot diagram obtained from the principal components for the evaluated traits was consistent with cluster analysis grouping. In this diagram, the four groups from the cluster analysis were well separated. totally, the results of principal component analysis and cluster analysis confirmed the existence of high genetic diversity between the studied genotypes.

The results of this research showed that different pigeon pea genotypes had a wide range of morphological characteristics, which shows the diversity and high genetic potential of this product. In this research, genotype 19, with 95 days, and genotype 23, with 193 days, were the earliest and the latest maturity genotypes. Genotype 5 had the highest amount with 230 pods per plant and genotype 30 had the lowest amount with 33 pods. Genotype 11 had the highest amount with 968 seeds per plant and genotype 30 had the lowest amount with 132 seeds.By collecting different populations of this plant in the country and identifying its high genetic capacity, it can be used in the breeding programs and agricultural system of the country. Also, by considering that pigeon pea is one of the most drought-tolerant legumes and has eleven different maturity groups, it is possible to develop the feasibility of its cultivation in country

Introduction:

The genotype × environment interaction is one of the most important factors in limiting breeding programs. The compatibility of a given genotype determines its ability and genetic capacity to produce high production and yield stability in different environments. Therefore, it is necessary to study the genotype × environment interaction in order to introduce stable genotypes in different environments. The current research was carried out to determine the compatibility and stability of yield for 10 tobacco genotypes and estimate the most stable genotype for tobacco growing areas in Iran (i.e. Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan provinces). 

Materials and Methods:

In this study, 10 male sterile flue cured tobacco genotypes, which they completely tested in terms of quality and taste, including 7 internal modified hybrids named RVH5, RVH6, RVH8, RVH27, RVH30, RVH48, RVH70 along with 3 imported genotype DVH2101, PVH19 and NC100 in 6 tobacco growing regions of Guilan, Mazandaran and Golestan in two years of experiment (2018-2019). In total, 12 environments were studied in a randomized complete block design with 3 replications. Combined analysis was performed by considering the environments as a random factor and genotypes as a fixed factor. Then the stability analysis of genotypes was done by 10 stability statistics and the first 3 components of AMMI (Additive Main effects and Multiplication Interaction) analysis including IPCA1, IPCA2 and IPCA3. Analysis of variance was done using SAS.9 software, AMMI analysis and related graphs were performed using IRRISTAT software. 

Results and Discussion:

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that the effect of location and year × location interaction, the effect of genotype and genotype × year × location interaction were significant at the 1% probability level for yield. Genotype × environment interaction analysis using the first three main components of the AMMI analysis justified 69.47% of the total variance. The lowest coefficient of variation was related to DVH2101 and RVH27 genotypes. RVH30, RVH27 and RVH8 genotypes were selected as the most stable genotypes. According to Rick equivalence and Shoklaʹs stability variance parameters. The least squares deviation from the regression line were related to RVH27, RVH30 and RVH8 genotypes. In terms of regression coefficient, RVH27, RVH30 and DVH2101 genotypes had a line slope close to 1. Based on the coefficient of determination and Jenkins and Perkins statistics, RVH27, RVH30 and RVH8 genotypes were in the same rank in terms of stability. RVH27 and RVH30 were the most stable genotypes with superiority index. RVH27, RVH30 and DVH2101 genotypes were selected as the most stable hybrids based on the AMMI first model due to their proximity to the plot center, low interaction and high yield. Based on the second model of AMMI analysis, RVH27 and DVH2101 genotypes were selected as stable genotypes. In the third AMMI model, the RVH27 genotype was selected as the stable genotype due to its closeness to the biplot center and high yield. 

Conclusion:

Considering most of the stability statistics and AMMI analysis, the most stable genotype was RVH27 hybrid. RVH30 and DVH2101 hybrids were placed in the next categories of stability. In addition, genotypes RVH6 and NC100 showed high private compatibility to Tirtash tobacco growing area and genotype RVH27 to Rasht region.

Given the shortcomings regarding lentil cultivars compatible with temperate and semi-temperate rainfed regions of the country, identifying genotypes with potential to be introduced as cultivars is very important. Due to genotype × environment interaction, selection of genotypes with wide adaptation to different environments is difficult. In addition to high yield, these genotypes must have yield stability in different regions, in other words, general stability. In GGE model (G+GE), the selection of stable genotypes is based on both genotype (G) and genotype × environment (GE) interaction effects.

in order to evaluate yield stability of rain-fed lentil genotypes, the present study was conducted based on randomized complete block design with three replications with 14 advanced genotypes along with two local cultivars including G15 and G16 (Gachsaran and Sepehr respectively) over two years (since 2018). The experiment’s locations were Gachsaran, Khormeh Abad, Ilam and Moghan. After collecting data from eight environments, the genotype × environment interaction for grain yield was evaluated by using GGE biplot method.

Principal component analysis in the GGE biplot model showed that 47.1% of the variations caused by G and GE is justified by the first two components (PC1, PC2). The mosaic plot revealed that the contribution of diversity due to genotype × environment interaction was significantly higher than the diversity caused by genotype (G) alone. Using GGE biplot model and based on representativeness and discriminating ability, Gachsaran region was identified as a desirable environment to identify variation among genotypes. G11 was the closest genotype to the ideal genotype in terms of grain yield. This genotype had the highest yield among genotypes and was in a moderate position in terms of stability. Genotype 9 was in the second place in terms of yield but had high yield stability since was the closest genotype to the ideal genotype in terms of stability. Genotypes 10 and 1 were also in the next ranks considering both yield and stability. These four genotypes had considerable advantage in terms of both average yield and yield stability compated to control cultivars (G15 and G16). In addition, G5 showed the least yield stability among all genotypes. G15 and G16 as local cultivars showed relatively low grain yield and stability compared to the most of advanced genotypes.

G9, G11, G10, G1 were considered as genotypes with potential to be introduced as new cultivar(s) following further experiments in private farm lands.

Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the most important legumes in the world after pea and bean and is rich in protein (21.7-23.4%), minerals (iron, phosphorus, calcium, zinc, potassium and magnesium), carbohydrates (41.1-47.4%) and vitamins (B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B9, C, E, K). The interaction of genotype by environment, as a response of genotypes to the environmental variation is a source of complexity for breeding programs and preparation of high yielding and stable genotypes. One of the most important ways to discover the nature of genotype by environment interaction is stability analysis, which identified the stable or compatible genotypes. Different methods for investigation of genotype by environment interaction and determination of stable genotypes have been reported, which generally include uni-variate and multivariate methods. One of the multivariate methods is AMMI analysis. The purpose of present study is the evaluation of the stability of chickpea genotypes using AMMI indices and biplots. 

Eighteen selective advanced genotypes of chickpea from ICARDA with two check verities (Arman and Azad) evaluated across four locations (Gachsaran, Ilam, Gonbad and Khoramabad) at three growing seasons, in a completely randomized block design with three replications. The data of 3rd year in Gonbad were lost and therefore, the analysis of data performed on 11 environments. Average seed yield of genotypes estimated at each environment (combination of location and growing season) and used for analysis. Statistical analyses including simple analysis of variance, combined analysis of variance and stability analysis carried out by metan (Multi environment trial analysis) R package. Five AMMI stability indices including ASV (AMMI stability value), SIPC (Sum of IPCs scores), EV (Eigenvalue stability parameter of AMMI), Za (Absolute value of the relative contribution of IPCs to the interaction), WASS (Weighted average of absolute scores) and simultaneous selection index (ssi) of these parameters was used for stability evaluation of genotypes. 

Combined analysis of variance indicated environment, genotype and genotype by environment interaction accounted 79.2, 2.4 and 10.0% of the phenotypic variation of seed yield, respectively. The significant effect of genotype indicated the wide genetic background of genotypes, while the significant effect of genotype by environment interaction is indicated the diversity of genotypes in test locations and growing years and exhibited the necessary of evaluation of genotypes in multiple environments. According to the significant effect of genotype by environment interaction, AMMI analysis was carried out by principal components analysis and the results indicated the significant effects of five principal components on seed yield. The first two principal components contributed to 42.5 and 19.4% of genotype by environment interaction. Genotype G3 (1663 kg ha-1) followed by G1, G17, G20 and G5 had the highest seed yield. According to the ASV and WAAS indices, G3, G4 and G13; EV and ZA indices, G3, G14, G16 and G6; and SIPC, G14, G3, G11, G4 and G16 were the most stable genotypes. Selection of these genotypes was done only on stability aspect of genotypes, therefore simultaneous selection index (ssi) based on any of these parameters was used to evaluate the simultaneously selection of genotypes based on seed yield stability and performance. Genotypes G3, G1, G4, G13 and G16 selected as superior genotypes by ssiASV, ssiZA and ssiWAAS indices; while based on ssiSIPC and ssiEV, G3, G16 and G20 were as the best genotypes. The other applications of AMMI stability analysis are selection of best genotypes in any of environments. According to this procedure, genotype G3 was placed in the first order in E1, E5 and E7; in the second order in E2, E3 and E9; in the third order in the E6 and E7; and in the fourth order in the E5. The AMMI1 biplot (IPCA1 vs grain yield) identified G1, G3, G17 and G13 as high yielding and stable genotypes with seed yield higher than total mean and lowest IPCA1 values. This biplot was also indicated environments E1, E9, E5, E2 and E3 had the lowest contribution in genotype by environment interaction interaction. The first principal components explained only 42.5% of genotype by environment interaction, and therefore, it seems that using the AMMI2 biplot is more efficient to identify the superior genotypes. In AMMI2 biplot (IPCA1 vs IPCA2), genotypes G4, G3, G13, G1 and G10 had high general stability. The environments E3, E4 and E10 with long vectors, had high discriminating ability and can estimate the relative efficiency of genotypes well.

In general, based on different indices, G3, G1 and G13 had high yield in most of environments, and in most methods had good stability and could be candidates for introduction of new cultivars.

In order to selection of soybean genotypes under different amounts of sulfur, 30 soybean genotypes were evaluated at three levels of sulfur (control, 5 and 10 g/Kg soils) concentration of sulfur was 98 % and it was added as 0, 0.1 and 0.2 % of evaluated soils. The experiment was lay out as a factorial arrengment in a randomized complete block design with three replications at Sari Agricultural Science and Natural Resources University in 2016. Evaluated traits included height of main branch, height of first sub branch, number of main branch pods, number of sub branch pods, 100 seed weight, total chlorophyll content, chlorophyll a content, chlorophyll b content, carotenoid content, sulfur content, Oil percentage, protein percentage and grain yield per plant. The results of analysis of variance of studied traits showed that sulfur application has a significant effect (P<0.01) on the studied traits. According to the results of means comparisons, the highest amounts of oil and protein percentage were obtained in Dayr and Williams genotypes at the third level of sulfur. The highest and lowest grain weights were observed in Hill and Vabash genotypes in the second level of sulfur, respectively. The results of the cluster analysis using Ward method, divided the soybean genotypes into two distinct groups. The genotypes were grouped using principal component analysis and biplot, too. According to the results of the cluster analysis, genotypes of the first group, which had high mean for the studied traits, were selected. Therefore, these genotypes can be used to select high-yielding genotypes and desirable agronomic traits that have the ability to absorb more sulfur in future breeding programs.

The present experiment has compared the resistance of different mycorrhizal pistachio rootstocks to salinity and drought stress in a completely randomized design with three replications. It has used Funneliformis mosseae and four pistachio species, Badami-e Riz Zarand, Qazvini, Sarakhs, and UCB1. In addition, the experiment of water stress in 4 levels (100%, 80%, 60%, and 40% FC), and experiment of salinity stress in 4 levels (0.91, 7.57, 16.12, and 24.63 dSm-1), have been applied for 60 days. At the end of the experiment, different characteristics such as total biomass, leaf area, tissue moisture percentage, and electrolyte leakage have been measured. Also, during the experiment, total chlorophyll, carotenoids and anthocyanin pigments have been surveyed and analyzed. The results indicate that mycorrhizal symbiosis has improved total biomass and leaf moisture content under both drought and salinity stress conditions, wherein tissue moisture content and total leaf chlorophyll content have decreased and anthocyanin content and electrolyte leakage increased. As for the lowest leaf, stem and root moisture content have been observed at the highest drought and salinity levels with UCB1 having the highest biomass and moisture under salinity stress and the highest leaf and stem moisture content and lowest electrolyte leakage are observed in Sarakhs rootstock under drought stress. It seems UCB1 and Sarakhs symbiotic with mycorrhiza can be useful for salinity and drought stress, respectively.

Cadmium is an important pollutant of heavy metals, which is very toxic to plants and animals. Rice is the most popular food among Iranians and the presence of heavy metals in trace level in rice has received special attention because they are directly related to health. In order to evaluate the tolerance of rice genotypes to cadmium, 40 rice genotypes under hydroponic conditions were used for seedling tolerance and absorption of cadmium in different levels of stress (control, 100, 200 and 300 μm cadmium) and in a split plot experiment in a completely randomized design template was examined. The results showed a significant difference between genotypes. In terms of cadmium adsorption, genotypes of Mirtarom, Sangtarom, F12L49-3، 229R and KOSHIHIKARI had the lowest cadmium adsorption. Principal components analysis based on the traits evaluated for cadmium show 70.160, 70.357, 72.641 and 66.305 percent of the changes by the first and second components, respectively, at the control levels of 100, 200 and 300 micromolar of cadmium. Cluster analysis based on the studied traits at control, 100, 200 and 300 micromolar of cadmium classified the genotypes in two, five, three and two clusters, respectively. In sum, genotypes of Sangtarom, Mirtarom, F12L49-3, 229R and KOSHIHIKARI as genotypes tolerant to cadmium and genotypes of M30, ARIAS HALUS and Kinan Dang Patong as genotypes classified as Noncompliant were determined according to biplot analysis and cluster analysis. The generations obtained from crossing between tolerant and susceptible cultivars could be used as segregating population in genetic and molecular studies.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the indices of drought tolerance and find out the relationships between them and their application in wheat screening programs. In order to proper screening of genotypes, the principal component analysis and biplot were analyzed and genotypes were placed in biplot based on factor scores. An experiment was conducted using alpha lattice design with two replications in rainfed and irrigated conditions using 132 bread wheat genotypes in the Gonbad-e-Kavos Agricultural Research Station in 2015-2016. Based on yield in no stress (YP) and stress (YS) conditions, drought tolerance indices such as stress susceptibility index (SSI), stress tolerance index (STI), tolerance index (TOL), mean production index (MP), Harmonic Index (HM), Yield Index (YI), Sensitivity Drought Index (SDI), Relative Drought Index (RDI), Stress Susceptibility percentage Index (SSPI), Drought Resistance Index (DRI) and yield Stability Index (YSI) Were calculated. Tolerance indices such as STI, GMP, HM, MP and YI had a positive and significant correlation with yield in normal conditions as well as with yield in stress conditions. Therefore, genotypes with large numerical values for these indices had high yield under stress and no stress conditions. TOL, SSPI, DSI and SSI Indices identified genotypes with high yield under normal conditions but sensitive to stress conditions (Group B Fernandez). Also, YSI and RDI indices differentiated genotypes with high yield under stress conditions and low yield under favorable conditions (Group C Fernandez) from other genotypes.

Seperated experiments were carried out at Motahari Research Station of Karaj, in order to ranking and grouping the different fullsibs and hybrids obtained from sugar beet breeding programs under drought stress and normal conditions. Accordingly, 17 and 28 different fullsib and hybrids respectively, along with resistant and sensitive cultivars, were examined for different yield, qualitative and physiological traits in separate experiments in dry and normal conditions. The results of the ranking showed that fullsibs 1, 2, 4 and control cultivars 18, 22 and 25 in drought conditions and and fullsib 16 and control cultivars 18 and 22 were superior in normal conditions compared to the rest of the full sibs. Each population of Fullsibs and hybrids was divided into two distinct groups. Fullsibs grouping were very similar in two conditions. But in hybrids, there was no significant association between the grouping of normal and stressed conditions. Based on principal component analysis, under stress conditions, fullsibs 3, 4, 5, 9, and 14, and under normal conditions, fullsibs 10, 18, 16, 1, 2, 6 and 8 were better in terms of yield traits. In hybrids, under stress conditions, hybrids 7, 10, 20, 5 and 11 were somewhat better in terms of root and sugar yield. In contrast, in normal conditions, hybrids 2, 17, 6, 25, 7, 9, 21, 27, 4, 13, 19 and control 30 were somewhat weaker in terms of yield traits, but for leaf area and relative water content traits, were superior.

There are various grapevine-training methods in the world because of the high formability of grapevine. These methods are vary depending on the variety, type of use, climatic conditions of the area, mechanization, and economic issues in each region. Some studies have shown that the type of training system affects the quantitative and qualitative yield of grape varieties. The aim of present study was to determine the effect of training systems on the quantitative and qualitative yield of grapevine cv. Red Sultana.

Eight grapevine training systems including High Cordon, Medium Cordon, Low Cordon, Geneva, Guyot, Traditional, Head, and Wye (Y) were considered. The research was carried out in a randomized complete block design with three replications and six plants per plot for five years at Takestan grape research station. Quantitative and qualitative traits of the fruit, such as yield, raisin yield, cluster around, cluster diameter, cluster length, berry length and berry width, pH of the fruit extract, total soluble solids (TSS) and titrable acidity of fruit extract (TA) were recorded. Graphical analysis technic was used to determine the best training system.

Yield, berry diameters, TA, TSS, raisin yield, and ripening were significantly more affected by the type of training system than other traits (P<0.05). The highest fruit yield (19.8 kg/plant) and raisin yield (6.9 kg/plant) were obtained in high Cordon training method. The highest average length and width of the berry was in the high Cordon system. The highest (24.6 degrees of Brix) and lowest (21.9 degrees of Brix) of TSS were recorded in low Cordon and traditional systems, respectively. The total acidity of the fruit juice was the highest in the high Cordon system and lowest in the traditional systems. The highest rate of sugar/acid was in the traditional system. Y and low Cordon systems were the earliest and traditional system was the longest of the fruit ripening point of view. High Cordon training system was the closest system to the optimum point of all studied traits.

The results of this study showed that the type of grapevine training system affected the fruit and raisin yield, the berry diameter, the TSS and TA of the fruit juice and the ripening. Therefore, by choosing the appropriate grapevine training system, it can manage the yield and quality of the fruit, which high Cordon system was the best system for grapevine cv. Red Sultana training in the Takestan region.

Lentil (Lens culinaris), with its ability for nitrogen fixation, maintaining soil moisture and limiting soil erosion helps in increasing soil fertility. In order to compare and classify of 14 lentil genotypes, an experiment was carried out in the randomized complete block design with three replications during the cropping year of 2011-2012. Analysis of variance indicated remarkable diversities among genotypes under study and significant differences were obtained for seed yield, biological yield, 100-grain weight, number of the pod with couple seed and rain efficiency. Mean comparisons also showed the genotype G10 was the best genotypes for seed yield, biological yield, the pod with couple seed and rain efficiency, so this genotype is advisable for culture by farmers. As the per principal component analysis, first five principal components expressed 83% of total variation in which PC I, PC II, PC III, PC IV & PC V accounted for 41%, 14%, 12%, 8% and 6% of total variation, respectively. Cluster analysis, based on the traits studied, using Euclidean distance following Ward’s method with Euclidean distance divided the genotypes into three groups and the maximum distance was between cluster I and III. Thus the genetically diverged genotypes of the clusters could be used as the parent in hybridization program to get desirable genotypes. It can be concluded that there is remarkable genetic variability among studied lentil genotypes, which could be utilized in the screening of desirable parents and genotypes for lentil breeding programs.

IntroductionChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is an annual grain legume or “pulse crop” that is 2th legume after soybean in the world and was cultivated in 60 country. Legume, spatially chickpea is the most important tolerant crop in arid and semi-arid country in western of Asia such as Iran. Chickpea can growth in poor soil and undesirable environment conditions. Drought is an important factors that influencing chickpea production and quality. As area of cultivation is in dryland conditions thus aim of researches is reach to tolerant genotypes. The objective of current study was to evaluate the genetic variation and drought resistance advanced genotypes in chickpea
Materials and methodsFor investigation of genetic variation and drought resistance, 64 advanced genotypes were evaluated in a simple latis (LD) with two replications under normal and drought stress conditions in deputy of Dryland Agricultural Research Institute of Kermanshah during 2013-2014 cropping season. Plant spacing was as plots with four rows in 4 m in length, 30 cm apart. The seed were sowed in row with 10 cm distance and the seeding rate was 33 seeds per m2 for all plots. At maturity stage after separation of border effects from each plot, grain yield was measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SAS, SPSS and STATISTICA packages. some drought resistance indices such as mean productivity (MP), geometric mean productivity (GMP), harmonic mean (HAM), stress tolerance index (STI), stress susceptibility index (SSI), yield index (YI), K1 and K2 were measured based on yield in both conditions. Also we used stress tolerance score (STS) method for selection genotypes according to all indices.
Results and discussionStudy on correlation between Yp, Ys and drought resistance indices showed that Yp and Ys had positive and significant correlated with MP, GMP, STI, YI, HAM, K1 and K2 thus these indices were the most suitable drought tolerance criteria for screening of chickpea genotypes and STI was used for 3D graph. According to drawing of 3D graph and bi-plot, the genotypes were placed into tolerant and non-tolerant groups, as genotypes FLIP 08-42C, Azad, Adel and FLIP 08-35C were placed near to MP, GMP and STI vectors and A group in area with high yield potential and low sensitive to drought. Also according to results of stress tolerance score (STS) method, above genotypes were selected as tolerant genotypes. For more understanding and visualizing the relationships between calculated indices and genotypes performance, principal component analysis (PCA) was performed. Result of this analysis showed that the first two components explained more than 98% of the total variance.
ConclusionsFinally, this high variation between studied genotypes could use in breeding program for reached to drought tolerant genotypes.

Drought stress is one of the most important abiotic stresses in crops that can reduce yield and yield components in terms of time, duration and severity of the stress. Current research was carried out in order to evaluate drought stress tolerance in rice genotypes. Experiment done in two separate schemes using randomized complete blocks design with three replications in Research Field, Faculty of Agricultural Sciences, Guilan University in 2006. Irrigation was conducted equally as flooding until the beginning of tillering stage of genotypes in both stressed and non-stressed conditions, then irrigation was completely cut off in stressed condition, while it was full until the end of maturity in non-stressed condition. Results of mean comparison of different tolerance and susceptible indices based on paddy yield introduced Araguiua, Diwani, Domsefid, Dom sorkh and Hasan Saraei Atashgah as susceptible genotypes which these genotypes were the highest sensitivity to drought and produced the lowest paddy yield (1.68, 1.48, 1.82, 1.96, 2.14 ton/ha respectively). Also genotypes such as Nemat, Sepidrood, IR64, Bejar and IR50 showed the highest tolerance to drought stress and have the highest paddy yield (7.07, 4.59, 4.04, 4.03 and 4.38 ton/ha respectively), so that these genotypes are recommended for planting in dried conditions, as well as, cross parents for increasing drought tolerance of commercial variety. Results of principle components analysis identified two main components in drought conditions that were explained more than 98% of the variance of indices. Drawing by- plot based on two main components showed that the first component had high and positive correlation with YS, YP, MP, GMP, HM and STI, so it named as yield potential and drought tolerance. The second component had positive correlation with RDI and DRI indices and is called as drought response. Cluster analysis based on all studied traits using Ward method attributed genotypes into four groups. The estimation of groups mean and their differences from genotypes total mean showed that there were significant differences between groups for physiological and morphological traits.

Lentil is one of the most important pulse crops. It is cultivated in many parts of the world as well as in Iran. A comprehensive understanding of variation between lentil landraces is very important for breeding programs. To evaluate genetic variation of 13 landraces collected from different northwest areas of Iran, an experiment was conducted including two improved varieties using a randomized complete block design with three replications. Analysis of variance revealed significant variations among cultivars for seed yield, seed and pod number, biological yield, yield of single and couple seed in pod, number of initial branches, number of heavy-single and couple seeds in pod, number of single and couple immature seeds in pod and yield in hectare (P≤0.01). Differences among cultivars were significant for plant height and number of initial branches (P≤0.05). Results showed large variations among cultivars implying that there is potential efficiency of selection among landraces. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was performed for quantitative traits and determined 85.6% of the total variation using first four components. The cultivars were grouped into three clusters based on Euclidean distance following Ward’s method. The Ahmad-Abad and the Ghaia-Gheshlagh landraces were grouped in one distinct cluster and were determined as the best of cultivars even better than the improved varieties. Therefore, they can be introduced as superior cultivars.

Mulberry (Morus spp.) is a tree of the family of Moraceae. There are 24 species of Morus and one subspecies, with 100 known varieties. The various methods used in classification of Morus were mainly based on the conventional systematic studies and agronomic characters. Despite the widespread genetic diversity in Iranian mulberry tree, so far, the identification of these trees has not been selection, introduction and cultivation. In order to identify mulberry trees during 1387-1392, they were collected from different provinces (Tehran, Mazandaran, Kurdistan, Markazi, Khuzestan, Fars, West Azarbaijan, Isfahan, Hamedan, Khorasan, South Khorasan, Semnan, Ardabil, Kohgiluyeh and Boyer-Ahmad, East Azerbaijan) according to the IPGRI (International Institute for genetic reserves). The aim of this study was evaluation of genetic diversity and mulberry clustering genotypes, on the basis and quantitative characteristics and to determine the genetic distance between them.
Material and Mulberry trees are widely distributed in Iran. After reviewing the population of mulberry according to descriptor of IGPRI throughout the country, 118 specimens of mulberry from genotypes were selected and they were evaluated for their morphological characteristics. Some of these characters are quantitative and some others were measured and recorded based on coding UPOV. After collecting the data, descriptive statistics were extracted and analyzed. With the assumption of variance analysis distinguished genotypes into treatment and regions within each area as replication, design used nested. Mean comparison of quantitative traits LSD.
The result of ANOVA showed average comparison of genotypes investigated difference was significant for all studied characteristics: the leaf margin, petiole length, flower diameter, which represent the coefficients of variation that were higher diversity among genotypes investigated. Therefore, there is the possibility of selecting genotypes for different values of an attribute. The characteristics that have high coefficients of variation are more diverse than the character coefficient with low variations.
Analysis of simple correlation coefficients showed a significant positive correlation during the harvest time of fruit ripening r=0.82, the shape of inflorescence at the time of fruit ripening r=0.71, shape of inflorescence at the time of fruit ripening r=0.71 at 1% level. Brix with the shape by time of fruit ripening r=0.60 Brix of fruit shape r=0.28 fresh weight at the time of ripening r=0.81, significant positive correlations were calculated at 5% level. The results of mulberries ripen over an extended period of time unlike many other fruits. Using cluster analysis to the “Ward” based on morphological characterization at a distance of 15; genotypes were divided in three main groups. In order to determine the most important morphological characters to differentiate among the population of principal component analysis was used (PCA).The first components to 0.65 percent of total respectively. Overall, the results showed that great morphological variation among the plants population.

To evaluate the grain yield of fifteen rapeseed genotypes under drought stress using drought resistance indices, an experiment as a randomized complete block design with three replications was performed under irrigated and dryland farming conditions at the research farm of campus of Agriculture and Natural Resources of Razi University of Kermanshah over 2012-2013 cropping season. The sensitivity stress index, tolerance, harmonic mean, geometric mean of the average production, stress tolerance, yield and yield stability were calculated based on grain yield under two conditions. Combine analysis of variance showed that the environment significantly affected grain yield so that the average yield under irrigated environment was more than dryland farming. There was a significant difference between genotypes for grain yield and drought resistance indices under both conditions. Considering correlations of indices showed that MP, GMP and STI had significant correlation with grain yield in both conditions, and based on three-dimensional chart of these indices, genotypes HW113, L146 and L201 were superior genotypes for both conditions. According to the bi-plot of two first principal components, the genotypes HW113, L146 and L201 were the most tolerant to drought stress, and genotypes L72 and OPERA were the most susceptible genotypes to drought stress environment.

Salinity is a major abiotic stress in crop production and occurs in many regions of Iran. Since yield are reduced by the toxicity of salts، therefore، production and introduction of high yielding and tolerant varieties can be useful and effective on losing the impact of this phenomena in accordance with other ways to combat soil and water salinity. This experiment was conducted to identify the Iranian bread wheat varieties (Triticum aestivum L.) suitability for planting in saline areas. Forty one varieties were assessed in a randomized complete block design with three replications. To evaluate varieties for salt tolerance، eight indices of stress tolerance and sensitivity were used. The varieties for grain yield showed significant difference from each other. The correlation coefficients indicated that STI (stress tolerance index)، MP (mean productivity)، GMP (genomic mean productivity) and HM (Harmonic mean) were the best criteria for selection of high yielding varieties under stress and non-stress conditions. Principal components analysis showed that two PCs explained 97. 15% total variance. Cluster analysis based on tolerance and sensitivity indices built four distinct groups. In addition، according to results of the three dimensions scheme، biplot analysis and cluster analysis، Shiraz and Arg varieties were determined as the most tolerant varieties to salinity stress which can be used in the future breeding programs.

To investigate integrated effect of biofertilizer and chemical fertilizer to tolerance forage corn (Single Cross Hybrid 540) under drought stress, an experiment was conducted as line source based on completely randomized block design with three replications in Agricultural Education Center of Shahid Naseri, Karaj, during 2012 - 2013. The implementation of line source was applied four levels of irrigation (not stress, mild stress, moderate stress, severe stress). Phosphorus factor was used in five levels including the application of 100% triple super phosphate fertilizer without biofertilizer, 75% recommended chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer, 50% recommended chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer, 25% recommended chemical fertilizer + biofertilizer, biofertilizer without chemical fertilizer. Results of experiment showed that GMP, MP, Harm and STI had positive and significant correlations with grain yield in both stress and non stress conditions in two years. The results of principal components analysis showed that two principal components approximately explained 100% of the total variance of yield in the both first and second years. Totally, results of stress tolerance indices in this research showed that application of the 75% recommended chemical fertilizer together with biofertilizer not only increased yield but also resistance of experimented variety to drought stress.