جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « secondary metabolites » در نشریات گروه « زراعت »

As one of the medicinal plants from the Orchidaceae family, Orchis simia tubers are traded all over the world. The unmarketable parts are usually discarded (e.g., inflorescence, leaves, and stems) and produce a large amount of unused biomass. Medicinal effects of plants usually result from the composition of their secondary metabolites. Identification and quantification of secondary metabolites will play an important role in exploiting the medicinal potential of the plant. Orchids grow in different environments and habitats, mainly due to the presence of a unique set of secondary metabolites that help these plants tolerate stressful conditions. Therefore, following traditional approaches, these plants have been proposed as an important source for biological exploration. A number of compounds obtained from different parts of the orchid indicate biological activity. Alkaloids, flavonoids, phenanthrenes, terpenoids, bibenzyl derivatives, and other biologically active compounds have been reported in orchids. The present study identifies the phytochemical substances in Orchis simia orchid.

To investigate the phytochemistry of the inflorescence, leaf, and stem of Simia orchid separately, the samples were collected from nature, washed with water, and dried in the shade. Each of the organs was then powdered separately, and methanolic extract was extracted by ultrasonic and centrifugation methods. Total phenol was evaluated by the Folin-Ciocalteau method. Antioxidant capacity was determined by the FRAP method. The main compounds were estimated quantitatively and qualitatively by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods.

HPLC and LC-MS analyses of O. simia samples led to the isolation of 28 secondary metabolites (four compounds of bibenzyl derivatives, eight phenolic and flavonoid compounds, and 16 alkaloid compounds). Phenolic and flavonoid compounds identified in Simia orchid included benzoic acid, caffeic acid, m-coumaric acid, rutin, luteolin, kaempferol, quercitrin, and quercetin. In parallel, the total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity of the extracts were also measured in the extract. The results of variance analysis of the obtained data showed that the leaf, stem, and inflorescence samples were significantly different from each other at the 1% level in terms of total phenol content and total antioxidant capacity. Among the studied organs, inflorescence extract was superior to the other studied tissues in terms of 28 secondary metabolites as well as total phenol and antioxidant capacity. The average comparison results showed that the total phenolic compounds and antioxidant capacity in different organs of the O.s simia plant were not the same, and they were placed in three different groups. The highest total phenol content (138.65 mg GAE/g dry weight) was observed in orchid inflorescences. The highest and lowest levels of antioxidant activity were obtained from inflorescence (77.58 μmol/g) and stem (53.24 μmol/g) samples, respectively.

A proper knowledge of the chemical composition of a plant leads to a better understanding of its potential medicinal value. In this research, therefore, the changes in biochemical compounds and antioxidant capacity of the extracts were studied in leaf, stem, and inflorescence organs. According to the results of this research, the inflorescence of O. simia is a potential source of antioxidant capacity, phenol, and alkaloids, which will have an important medicinal role. The secondary metabolites obtained from this plant are reported for the first time and will be useful for new medicinal developments and applications in the future. Moreover, this study will help reduce the waste of this orchid in industrial production because its aerial organs can be exploited for medicinal purposes.

Field Sowthistle (Sonchus arvensis L.) is a plant with high potential medicinal and nutritional values, the medicinal properties of this plant are due to the presence of important phytochemical compounds, especially phenols, and flavonoids. Drought is an important abiotic stress and the most limiting factor for plant growth and production. S. arvensis has valuable secondary metabolites, hence investigation on the responses of this plant against drought stress is of great importance. The purpose of this research was to study the effect of drought stress on morphological characteristics and some phytochemical and biochemical parameters in S. arvensis.

To investigate the effect of drought stress on the morphological, phytochemical, and biochemical characteristics of Field Sowthistle, a pot experiment was carried out as a completely randomized design in three replications. The treatment of drought stress included four levels of 100% (non-stress), 75%, 50%, and 25% of field capacity. The morphological traits studied were shoot and root fresh weight, shoot and root dry weight, plant height, and root length. Also, phytochemical traits include photosynthetic pigments, relative water content, total phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant capacity with two DPPH and FRAP methods, proline and soluble sugar, and biochemical traits such as activity of antioxidant enzymes catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione Peroxidase, ascorbate peroxidase, and total protein were also measured in middle and lower leaves.

The results showed that drought stress had a significant effect on the growth components, the relative content of leaf water, proline, soluble sugar, chlorophyll a and b and total chlorophyll, carotenoid, total phenol, total flavonoid, antioxidant activity of catalase, superoxide dismutase, ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase and inhibition of DPPH radical activity and iron reducing power (FRAP). With the decrease in soil water content, plant height, fresh and dry weight of shoots and roots, relative water content, chlorophyll a and total chlorophyll decrease, and in contrast to root length, chlorophyll b, carotenoid, proline, soluble sugar, total protein, phenol and Total flavonoid, antioxidant enzymes, inhibition of DPPH radical activity and iron reducing power (FRAP) increased. Also, some traits were investigated in the middle and lower leaves, and there was a difference between the above traits between the middle and lower leaves, and the middle leaves contained more of the examined traits.

The results of the present study indicated that drought stress decreases morphological traits except for root length. Also, a higher amount of phytochemical traits were observed in the middle leaves compared to the lower leaves. In general, drought stress caused an increase in the biochemical and phytochemical traits, except for the relative water content, chlorophyll a, and total chlorophyll.

Essential oils are volatile compounds that are made as secondary metabolites in medicinal plants. The genus Achillea is one of the most important medicinal plants of the Compositeae family that its essential oil has anti-bacterial and anti-inflammatory properties. In this study, the essential oil components of four different Yarrow species including (A. wilhelmsii), (A. biebersteinii), (A. setacea) and (A. tenuifolia) were evaluated in west Azarbayjan province. Plant sampling was done in the flowering stage in the spring. The essential oil was extracted from dried plants using Klevenger's for four hours and identification of essential oil components was performed by mass spectrophotometer (GC/MS) gas chromatography apparatus. Essential oil yields varied from 0.52 to 0.82%. In general, 29 components were identified in the essential oil of the studied species with amount of 90.57 to 96.21 percent. The components camphor, camphene, alpha-pinene, alpha-terpineol, beta-pinene were the dominant components in the essential oils of all species. The species of A. wilhelmsii with high levels of camphor (37.4%) and A. biebersteinii due to the high percentage of 1,8-cineol (55.51%) can be used in pharmaceutical, food and perfumery industry and breeding programs.

Medicinal plant periwinkle with the scientific name Catharanthus roseus is an important source of anticancer and antihypertensive alkaloids. Due to the high price of these metabolites and their small content in periwinkle plant, tissue culture techniques have been suggested to increase their production. Therefore, this study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the effect of titanium oxide nanoparticles (TiO2) on the expression of key genes of the biosynthetic pathway of important medicinal constituents in periwinkle.

Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium was used as the basic medium along with 2,4-D (1 mg/L) and BAP (0.5 mg/L) plant growth regulators for leaf cultivation, callus induction, and cell suspension production. Periwinkle suspension culture was treated with concentrations of 0, 50, and 100 mg/l TiO2 nanoparticles at the peak of cell growth. Then, the expression of STR, SGD, DAT, and PRX genes was measured 24, 48, and 72 h after the treatment by Real-Time PCR. Tetrazolium test was also used to measure cell viability.

Although there was no significant difference between the percentage of cell viability after 50 and 100 mg/L NP-TiO2 treatment; however, the passage of time (from 24/48 h to 72 h) caused a decrease in cell viability. The application of a higher concentration of nanoparticles increased the expression of the key genes involved in the biosynthetic pathway of indole alkaloids. This increase continued up to 48 h after treatment, but then reduced. The highest expressions of STR, SGD, DAT, and PRX genes were obtained by 290, 186, 193, and 287% increase, respectively, in 48 h after the treatment of 100 mg/l TiO2 nanoparticles (as the most effective treatment with the highest percentage of cell viability).

in the face of TiO2 nanoparticles, as an elicitor and stress-causing agent, the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis of indole alkaloids is induced to achieve defense against the stressful agent and then the expression of the genes decreases after the passage of time and reduction of stressful symptoms. In general, the concentration of 100 mg/l TiO2 and the extraction of metabolites in 48 h after the treatment can be introduced as a promising stimulus to increase the content of indole alkaloids. According to the results, it is suggested that the exact mechanism involved in this metabolite increase be further investigated.

Heavy metals are one of the most important abiotic stresses which can have detrimental effects on the growth, metabolic pathways, and physiological and biochemical characteristics of plants. Today, the accumulation of heavy metals in agricultural lands has an increasing trend that can affect the production and quality of agricultural products as well as human health. Among heavy metals, cadmium (Cd) is one of the most important worldwide environmental pollutants. It can rapidly be taken up by plants and accumulates in plant tissues, and easily enter the food chain; so this heavy metal is a serious threat to humans, animals, plants, and environmental sustainability. Secondary metabolites play vital protective and adaptive roles in plants in response to biotic and abiotic stresses. In this study, the effect of cadmium stress on the physiological characteristics and secondary metabolite production, and cadmium accumulation in borage (Borago officinalis L.) was investigated under hydroponic conditions.

Borage seeds were germinated in Petri dishes, and the 5–6 cm seedlings were then transferred to hydroponic containers containing half of the Hoagland nutrient solution with continuous aeration. The cultures were maintained in a growth chamber with 16 hours of light and 25±2 °C. Cadmium treatments were applied at five levels (0, 81, 162, 243, and 324 μM cadmium) using cadmium nitrate (Cd (NO3)2 .4H2O) at the 6-7 leaves stage. European borage seedlings were sampled at five-time intervals (12, 24, 48, 72, and 108 hours after cadmium stress) treatments and cadmium content, physiological characteristics, and secondary metabolites of leaf samples were measured.

The results showed that the amount of photosynthetic pigments, chlorophyll index (SPAD), chlorophyll fluorescence, and secondary metabolites in borage leaves were significantly influenced by cadmium stress. With increasing cadmium concentration and exposure duration, the absorption and accumulation of cadmium in borage leaves increased significantly. Cadmium stress reduced the amount of chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, and carotenoids at all sampling times in comparison with the control treatment. The maximal quantum efficiency of photosystem II and the chlorophyll index (SPAD) were decreased with increasing the cadmium concentration and exposure duration so that the lowest value of these traits was observed at 108 hours after treatment with 324μM cadmium. With increasing the cadmium stress severity, the amount of secondary metabolites including anthocyanin, phenol, and total flavonoids and also the amount of soluble sugars were significantly increased in the borage leaves. The highest amount of these metabolites was observed at 108 hours after treatment with 324 μM cadmium.

In general, the results of this study showed that increasing the concentration and duration of cadmium stress negatively influenced plant photosynthesis by reducing the content of photosynthetic pigments and increasing chlorophyll fluorescence. On the other hand, increasing the concentration and duration of cadmium stress, increased the cadmium absorption and accumulation in the borage leaves as well as the amount of secondary metabolites.

To investigate the effects of foliar application of Acadian seaweed extract® and Biomix poultry manure® on qualitative traits and secondary metabolites of saffron, an experiment was conducted as a factorial arrangement based on a randomized complete block design with three replications in the city of Ferdows the during growing season of 2017-2018. Experimental treatments included four levels of Acadian seaweed extract® (0, 1, 1.5, and 2 kg. l000 L-1 water) and four levels of liquid Biomix poultry manure® (0, 2, 4 and 6 L. l000 L-1 water). Measured traits included phenol, anthocyanin, crocin, picrocrocin, safranal, and fresh and dry stigma yield. Results showed the effect of treatments was significant on the studied traits. So that saffron stigma picrocrocin in treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 Acadian seaweed extracts® was 26% more than the control. Liquid poultry manure® also had a significant effect on secondary metabolites of saffron, so that saffron stigma picrocrocin in treatment of 6 L. l000 L-1 Biomix poultry manure® was 24% more than the control. Interaction between Acadian seaweed extract® and Biomix poultry manure® had a significant effect on anthocyanin, crocin, safranal, and phenol content. The highest increase was observed in 2 kg. l000 L-1 Acadian® and 6 L. l000 L-1 Biomix poultry manure®. Also, the use of seaweed extract® had a significant effect on stigma yield, so that the yield of fresh stigma (13%) and dry stigma (20%) in the treatment of 2 kg. l000 L-1 seaweed extracts® was higher than the control. According to the results of this study, the use of seaweed Acadian® (2 kg. l000 L-1 water) alone or in combination with Biomix poultry manure® (6 L. l000 L-1water) can play an important role in enhancing the yield and quality characteristics of saffron.

Polyploidy is one of the main factors in plant adaptation that can increase secondary metabolites production in plants. Salvia officinalis L. is a perennial plant from the Lamiaceae family with a long history of use in the medicinal industry. Tanshinones are crucial active compounds biosynthesized in Salvia. This study was aimed to analyze the expression of genes involved in the tanshinones biosynthesis pathway in diploid and tetraploid sage plants and compare between them.

polyploidy in S. officinalis was induced by seed treatment with 0.5% colchicine for 24 h, and tetraploid plants were selected and confirmed by flow cytometry, chromosomal observations, morphological characteristics, and the number of stomata. RNA was extracted from the leaves samples of diploid and tetraploid plants of sage and then cDNA synthesis and the gene expression analysis of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones including KSL, IPPI, CMK, and DXR genes was performed using real-time PCR. In order to investigate the expression of genes by RT-PCR in sage leaf samples, the 18srRNA gene was used as a reference gene to normalize the data. The thermal program for amplification of the target genes by the RT-PCR method included the initial activation of the enzyme, the steps of denaturation, and binding of primers. The amplification accuracy of the genes product was confirmed by the melting curve of each gene and the amplification validity was checked by gel electrophoresis.

Evaluation of the quality of extracted RNAs with 1% agarose gel showed a relatively good quality of the extracted RNAs. The melting curves obtained from the RT-PCR reaction using forward and reverse primers for the target genes showed that the primers bind correctly to the target sites at the specified temperature and cause their specific amplification. The results of RT-PCR showed that the expression of the genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway of tanshinones including KSL, IPPI, CMK, and DXR genes in tetraploid plants was significantly increased compared with diploids.

In tetraploid plants, the expression of genes involved in the biosynthesis of tanshinones increased and this could increase the production of these secondary metabolites. Analysis of gene expression in different polyploidy series can increase our knowledge of the molecular mechanisms of biosynthesis of secondary metabolites and improve their production through polyploidy induction.

In the present study, the effects of radiation from radioactive waste in an obsolete uranium mine on the change in the quantity and quality of the metabolic content in the essential oil of Artemisia absinthium were investigated.

In order to have full access to the radiation exposure information of the study areas, a point-to-point radon map was measured at 10 points with a radiometer for two consecutive years. This measurement included points at the same level in two neighboring mountains (the mountain had points that contained radioactive material A and the mountain had points that did not contain radioactive material B). Sampling of Artemisia absinthium branches was performed systematically in three different replications. The essential oil in the branches was extracted by steam distillation methods, and the essential oil of metabolites was identified using Gas chromatography equipped with a mass spectrometer (GC-Mass).

Mean comparisons (P <0.01) with protected fisher by the statistical software GenStat12.1 showed significant changes in the values of the metabolites in both study points. At an altitude of 930 m with the highest radioactivity of 1.8 mSv (A930 / R1.8), in comparison with the control point (B930 / R0.16), increasing changes in the levels of Gamma-terpinene, Eucalyptol, Thujon, and Camphor were observed.

Prolonged exposure of perennial plants to environmental radiation has led to biochemical changes that may be the result of the mutagenicity of radioactive elements in genes involved in the biosynthetic pathways of secondary metabolites.

Here, the seeds of 10 different species of the Yarrow (Achillea spp.) originated from geographically different regions of Iran were planted in the greenhouse of medicinal garden of Hamedan (2017-2018), and subsequently phytochemical variation of the essential oils of each individual species collected before and after flowering were assessed using GS-MS. Before flowering, overall, 27 metabolites were detected, among which 1,8-cineol, artemesia alcohol, artemesia ketone, camphor, germacrene-D, linalool, Terpineol and nerolidol were the superior. The maximum amounts of 1,8-cineol was observed in A. alepica, A. eriophora, A. biberstinii, A. filipendula, and A. nobilis, while both A. alepica and A. eriophora contained the highest amounts of camphor. Meanwhile, here, the maximum amounts of Germacrene D were acquired in A. tenuifolia (43.19%) and A. wilhelmsii (47.03%). Upon flowering, overall, 78 metabolites were detected, among which Cubenol, Eucalyptol, Camphor, germacrene-D, sabinol, trans-Nerolidol, Chamazulene, Chamazulene, and 2-Cyclohexen-1-ol, 1-methyl-4-(1-methylethyl)-, cis- were the superior. Based on cluster analysis and PCA constructed by the metabolite data of before and after flowering, all the 10 species of the genus Achillea were respectively grouped into three and four distinguished categories. Lastly, the results indicated that both quantity and quality of chemical composition of yarrow essential oils could be influenced by species under study, various growth and development stages, genetic background and possibly geographical/climatological factors, and that there is an acceptable phytochemical variation among them.

The application of various stimulants, such as abiotic stress, radiation, and growth regulators to increase the quantity of secondary metabolites is one of the interesting research areas. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of 24-epi-brassinosteroid on the expression of some genes involved in the diosgenin biosynthetic pathway of fenugreek under high temperature stress. The highest expression of cycloartenol synthase (27-fold) was observed at high temperature treatment and 2 ppm of 24-epi-brassinosteroid (at 24 h after heat stress), while the highest expression of SSR gene was 3.5 fold at normal temperature and 5 ppm 24-epi-brassinosteroid. Application of 2 and 5 ppm of 24-epi-brassinosteroid significantly increased squalene epoxidase expression during high temperature stress. Compared to normal condition, squalene epoxidase expression increased 20 and 10 fold at 2 and 5 ppm of 24-epi-brassinosteroid, respectively. Application of 24-epi-brassinosteroid (2 ppm) after 24 hours significantly increased the expression of sterol methyltransferase by 6-fold (Compared to 23°C and non-application of 24-epi-brassinosteroid). Interestingly, compared to normal condition, squalene synthase expression was decreased at high temperature treatment and different levels of 24-epi-brassinosteroid. The results showed that 24-epi-brassinosteroid (2 and 5 ppm) could be used as a suitable stimulus to enhance the expression of some genes involved in the biosynthesis pathway and subsequently to increase the content of the diosgenin.

Intercropping is an valuable cultivation system in all of the world due to the better use of resources and increase the quantitative and qualitative yield of plants. It also can be considered as one of the approaches to improve yield and stability in production. Recently, medicinal plants intercropped by legumes has been noticed. In order to evaluate faba bean and fennel intercropping advantage under row-replacement and additive series, an experiment was conducted in 2019.

This experiment was carried out at the research farm of the Azarbaijan Shahid Madani University, Tabriz, Iran, in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments including 6:0, 4:2, 3:3, 2:4, and 0:6 of faba bean: fennel rows under replacement series and 6:3, 6:2, 2:6, and 3:6 of faba bean: fennel rows under additive series. After reaching a constant weight of fennel fruits, yiel and its components (number of umbels and umbellets and fruits per umbellet, 1000-seed weight, biological yield, seed yield, and harvest index) were measured in fennel plants. The essential oil content in fennel fruits was also measured using a Clevenger apparatus. Faba bean biomass was measured after harvesting plants in the flowering growth stage. Finally, the relative crowding coefficient, land equivalent ratio, actual yield loss or gain and intercropping advantage of faba bean: fennel mixed cultivation were calculated in the row-replacement and additive series.

The results showed that intercropping of faba bean and fennel had a significant effect on all studied traits. The highest number of umbels per plant was obtained from sole cropping (12.10). Also, the highest number of umbellets/umbel was related to intercropping of two rows of faba bean: four rows of fennel and three rows of faba bean: three rows of fennel by 22.05 and 19.62, respectively. The highest 1000-seed weight was obtained from sole cropping of fennel (5.62 g) and replacement intercroppings, especially from two rows of faba bean: four rows of fennel (5.56 g). The highest biological yield (1503.47 kg/ha) and seed yield (617.73 kg/ha) were obtained from the sole cropping of fennel. The maximum harvest index was related to the intercropping of three rows of faba bean: three rows of fennel, which shows that such a mixture ratio leads to the highest seed yield rather than biological yield produced. The highest fennel essential oil content was obtained from additive series. The highest faba bean biomass was found in the sole cropping (1933.02 kg/ha) and the lowest in treatments in which two rows of faba bean has been planted. Two rows of faba bean + six rows of fennel had the highest (3.96) relative crowding coefficient. The land equivalent ratio in all row-replacement and additive series was more than one or close to one, which indicates the usefulness of faba bean and fennel intercropping. The highest actual yield (0.07) and intercropping advantage indexes (0.17) were related to three rows of faba bean + three rows of fennel. Also, the lowest actual yield was related to additive series, especially treatments in which fennel had a higher mixture ratio than faba bean.

Based on the results obtained in this study, environmental resources including light, water, and nutrients have been used optimally in the three faba bean rows + three fennel rows and there was no effective competition to achieve them in this row-replacement series. In other words, ecological niche separation in this intercropping system has been done favorably, and subsequently the actual yield index increased. Therefore, the mixture ratio by 50:50 in the row-replacement series is recommended to achieve the highest benefit in semi-arid conditions where this experiment was conducted.

In arable soils, decreasing the fungal population due to tillage, application of chemical fertilizers and pesticides reduces the potential benefits of mycorrhizal fungi to crop plants. To solve this problem, soil inoculation can be a practical ways to improve populations size of mycorrhizal fungi, however, in this situation weeds can also be benefited. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of three species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (Funneliformis mosseae, Rhizoglomus fasciculatum, Rhizoglomus intraradices) on the growth of I.purpurea. Results indicated that inoculation with R. intraradices increased photosynthetic rate 1.9 times as much as control plants. Inoculation with F. mosseae increased leaf chlorophyll index, root dry weight and root volume by 35%, 60 % and 70%, respectively, compared to the noninoculated plants. Inoculation with F. mosseae and R. fasiculatum improved plant growth parameters. Inoculation with AMF also increased plant's secondary metabolites, including phenolic compound, flavonoids and total terpenoid. The concentration of flavonoids in leaves of I. purpurea colonized by F. mosseae was 4.2 times more than that found in leaves of non-mycorrhizal control plants. Increased photosynthesis, growth and secondary metabolites content in weeds associated with mycorrhizal fungi indicate that the competitive ability and allelopathic potential of these plants will increase when associated with AMF and the high allelopathic potential may facilitate this weed to become a good competitor against other plant species in the environment.

Today, medicinal plants have a special place in the pharmaceutical, food and cosmetic industries. Moldavian balm (Dracocephalum Moldavica L.) is an herbaceous annual plant belonging to the Lamiaceae family. In foliar application of plant nutrients the transfer rate of nutrients from the surface of the leaves to various organs of the plant has a great effect, particularly when leaves reach their maximum level. In this method, nutrients are directly aerobic and there is no problem of sediment accumulation in soil and its ability to use. Ecotype characteristics is another factor affecting the components of the medicinal plant. depends on s. This research was carried out in order to evaluate the importance of organic medicinal plants and the advantages of using organic fertilizers and their extracts to improve the quality of active ingredients, maintain soil and environmental contamination.

This research was carried out at the research farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, located at Nazlou campus, during two season of 2014 and 2015.The land preparation operations included plowing, leveling and cutting was performed in the fall of first year. Sowing was carried out on April 15th. First, the seeds of ecotypes were weighed. Then the seeds of each ecotype were divided equally into the plots to be planted. Seed sowing was done manually and uniformly in each plot. The dimensions of the plots were 2×2 meters. The blocks were spaced one and a half meters apart. The plots were then irrigated regularly. Weed control was carried out manually and mechanically during the growing season in two stages. The application of spraying treatments in vegetative growth stage was carried out in two stages in the first and fifth of June according to the experimental design with manual sprayer. Sampling was done at the end of flowering in August. Samples in each experimental plot with an area of one square meter were harvest. Essential oil was extracted from dry specimens. For this purpose, 40 g of each sample was weighed, and this amount was put into a 1000 ml bécher  after being crushed for the purpose of extraction of the essential oil with a Clevenger apparatus.

The results of combined analysis of variance showed that application of spraying treatments and ecotypes on total dry weight, 1000 seed weight, seed yield, biological yield, grain harvest index, yield and essence percentage were significant at 1% probability level (p-value < 0.01). The interaction of ecotype and spraying application on 1000 seed weight and grain harvest index were significant at 1% probability level (p-value < 0.05) and on yield and essence percentage were significant at 5% probability level (p-value < 0.05). The results showed that the highest amount of 1000 grain weight, grain harvest index, yield and essence percentage were 2.3 g, 76.76%, 9.42 kg ha-1 and 0.99%, respectively belonged to poultry manure spraying and Urmia ecotype. The highest total dry weight and seed yield belonged to Urmia ecotype (969.5 and 875 kg ha-1 respectively) and poultry manure spraying (892.5 and 756.7 kg ha-1, respectively) were obtained. Finally, according to the results of this research, application of poultry manure spraying and ecotype of Urmia in Urmia region and cultivation of native ecotypes in other regions is recommended.

The results of this study showed that foliar application of organic fertilizer extracts has significant effects on studied traits. Therefore, application of organic fertilizers can be a suitable alternative for chemical fertilizers and is recommended. Considering the significant importance of ecotypes on the studied traits, choosing the suitable ecotype for each region is economically feasible.

Satureja avromanica Maroofi is a medicinally perennial herb which is native to Iran, exclusively restricted to Uramanat mountains of Kurdistan province. It has various pharmaceutical and biological activities such as antibacterial, antifungal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antiviral, anticancer and antiprotozoal properties. The experiment was conducted to study the biochemical characteristics of S. avromanica Maroofi extract by two extraction methods as solvent and solvent-ultrasonic.

The study was carried out as a factorial based on a completely randomized design. The investigated factors were the type of solvent (water, 75% water, 50% water, 75% methanol and methanol) and extraction method (solvent and solvent-ultrasonic). For this purpose, the plant samples were collected from Uraman Mountains of Kurdistan province in July of 2016. Samples were immediately transferred to Herbarium of Agricultural Research Center and Natural Resources of Kurdistan province. The samples were dried in shade for 15 days, and then crushed into pieces of 0.5 to 1 cm by a laboratory mill (Molyneux, Spain). The content of phenol and flavonoid as well as antioxidant activity was measured. Besides, the components of phenol and flavonoid for the best treatment were determined by HPLC apparatus.

The results showed that the compounds extracted by water-ultrasonic were significantly more than those extracted by water. Inhibition percent in water-ultrasonic and water treatments were 16.62% and 11.92%, respectively. The content of phenol (45.36 mg/g, 40.29 mg/g) in water-ultrasonic was higher than that obtained in water treatment (40.29 mg/g). The flavonoid content (15.33 mg/g) in water-ultrasonic was more than that in water treatment (13.29 mg/g). Therefore, water-ultrasonic treatment was more efficient in extracting S. avromanica Maroofi compared to water treatment. On the other hand, the 75% water treatment had more compounds compared to other solvents. The chromatogram of essential ingredient revealed that S. avromanica Maroofi had more Caffeic acid, Gallic acid, Chlorogenic acid, Quercetin, p-Coumaric acid, Ferulic acid. Also, Rutin as the highest amount was obtained in Ferulic acid to be 9.12 mg/g.

We found that water is the best solvent for biochemical extraction of S. avromanica Maroofi. We found a 12% increase of phenol and 14 % increase of flavonoid in water-ultrasonic relative to water treatment. Due to the wide structure of hydrogen bonds, water is a very polar solvent with a dielectric constant at room temperature and atmospheric pressure. Ultrasonic is a type of ultrasound that increases the polarity of the liquid phase. Ultrasonic waves cause mechanical fluctuations in the liquid medium. The mechanical effect of ultrasound improves the penetration of solvent into cellular materials and mass transfer. Hence, ultrasonic waves are more efficient for producing the biochemical compounds like phenol and flavonoid.