جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « آفلاتوکسین » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

In most parts of the world, poultry are exposed to mycotoxins-containing foods. Aflatoxins are the most common mycotoxins formed primarily by the fungus Aspergillus. Fungi that produce aflatoxin can grow and multiply on different materials and under different conditions of humidity, temperature and pH (Mohammadi et al., 2015). A variety of additives, including organic acids, plant essential oils and extracts, probiotics, enzymes, vitamins, and minerals, have been tested to alleviate the negative effects of aflatoxins. Medicinal plant extracts contain active natural substances with antifungal and antioxidant properties that are able to reduce the toxicity of aflatoxins in food (Abdulmajeed, 2011). Ferulago angulate is one of the Apiaceae (Umbelliferae) families native to western Iran (Hosseini et al., 2012) that has been shown to have antioxidant properties and to improve the humoral immune system (Govahi et al., 2013). The aim of this experiment was to investigate the comparative effects of hydroalcoholic extract of Ferulago angulate (FAE), antifungal sorbate, probiotic, and vitamin-selenium complex (containing vitamin C, vitamin E, and selenium) on growth performance, immune response and intestinal morphology in broilers chickens challenged with aflatoxins.

A total of 350 one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were distributed to 7 treatments with 5 replications/treatment in a completely randomized design. The experimental groups were: 1) negative control (NC; basal diet without any feed additive or aflatoxin B1); 2) positive control (PC; basal diet + 0.5 mg aflatoxin B1/kg); 3) PC + 1 g toxin binder/kg (TB); 4) PC + 1 g/kg probiotic PrimaLac (Pro); 5) PC + a vitamin-selenium complex preparation (ECSe; 200 IU vitamin E/kg feed + 250 mg vitamin C/kg feed + 0.2 mg selenium/kg feed); 6) PC + 200 mg/kg FAE (FAE200), and 7) PC + 400 mg/kg FAE (FAE400). Body weight gain and feed intake were recorded during starter (d 1 to 10), grower (d 11 to 24), finisher (d 25 to 42) and whole of the experiment (d 1 to 42), then the FCR was calculated. At the end of the experiment (42 d), 2 birds of each replicate were randomly selected and then slaughtered by Islamic method. Spleen, bursa of Fabricius and thymus weights were measured and relative weight to total BW of broiler chickens were determined. At 42 d of age, blood samples were collected from two birds in each replicate into vials containing EDTA to avoid blood clot formation. The values of hemoglobin (Hb) and hematocrit (Hct), red blood cell (RBC), white blood cell (WBC), as well as blood leucocyte profiles were measured. In order to assay the primary and secondary antibody responses against sheep red blood cell (SRBC), at 28 and 35 d of age, two birds per replicate were immunized intramuscularly with 1 ml of 2.5 % SRBC in PBS. Blood samples (1.5 mL/bird) were obtained from brachial vein at 7 d after each injection (d 35 and 42). For histopathological examination, the jejunal tissues of slaughtered broiler chickens (1 per replicate) were fixed in 10% of neutral buffered formalin, routinely embedded in paraffin, cut into 6-μm thick sections, and processed for hematoxylin and eosin staining.

The results showed that aflatoxin challenge adversely affected growth parameters; while treatments antifungal and FAE200 during the growing period and all additive-containing treatments during the finisher and whole experimental periods reduced the negative effect of aflatoxin on growth performance (P<0.05). The heterophil count and the heterophil to lymphocyts ratio were decreased by all dietary treatments than those determined in the PC group (P<0.05). All treatments, except probiotic, increased the values of red blood cells, white blood cells, and hematocrit as compared with PC group (P<0.05). The antifungal, probiotic and FAE400 treatments also increased the secondary IgG titer against sheep red blood cells in the aflatoxin-challenged birds (P<0.05). Furthermore, vitamin-selenium and FAE-containing treatments alliviated the negative effect of aflatoxin on villus surface area (P<0.05). According to a previous study (Hussein, 2015), the weight loss during aflatoxin challenge have been attributed to the toxic effects of mycotoxins on different cell organs, resulting in chickens refusing to consume toxins in their diets. It has been documented that the use of additives like selenium is used to remove fungi such as Aspergillus in poultry feed (Hatfield et al., 2012), which can explain the reduction of negative effects of aflatoxin on performance by vitamin-selenium mixture treatment in the present study. It is also reported that lipid peroxidation and the production of free radicals can cause damage to cell membranes during aflatoxicosis (Manafi and Khosravinia, 2013). Therefore, due to their antioxidant properties, vitamin C, vitamin E, and medicinal plants can prevent the production of free radicals in biological systems and thereby improve performance and health status under aflatoxin-inducing conditions. The phenolic compounds, especially polyphenolic compounds in the FAE have been reported to have a high ability to scavenge free radicals and thus can be used as a natural antioxidant in food and pharmaceutical industry (Hosseini et al., 2012). As a result, consuming FAE might reduce the impact of aflatoxin on growth performance, immune response and gut morphology, which is likely due to the antioxidant properties of this medicinal plant and its ability to scavenge free radicals caused by aflatoxin consumption.

In general, according to the findings of this study, Ferulago angulate extract, particularly at a dose of 400 mg/kg of diet, can improve growth performance, immune response, and health status during aflatoxin exposure, which appeared to be comparable to those recorded in the prebiotic and vitamin-selenium treatments. However, the growth benefits by Ferulago angulate extract were poorer than those recorded in the chickens fed with the NC and antifungal diets.

This study was conducted to investigate the efficiency of dietary inclusion of ASRI1 and ASRI2 commercial toxin binders and probiotic on performance, immunity, and intestinal microbial population of broiler chickens fed with aflatoxin-contaminated diets. A total number of 420 1-d-old broiler chicks with initial weight of 42±3, were assigned to 7 treatments with 5 replications (n=12). Experimental treatments included 1) non-aflatoxin contaminated diets (NC), 2) aflatoxin-contaminated diet (PC), 3) PC diet containing probiotic, 4) PC diet containing ASRI1 toxin binder, 5) PC diet containing ASRI2 toxin binder, 6) PC diet containing probiotic+ASRI1 toxin binder, and 7) PC diet containing probiotic+ASRI2 toxin binder. Performance, absorption index, intestinal microbial population, immunity index and survivability percentage were recorded and used as indexes for the comparison of the treatments. Multi-index decision management method was used to select the best treatment and decision about probiotic and toxin binder use. Based on the scoring obtained by this method, treatments of 1, 7, 6, 5, 3, 4 and 2 obtained the scores of 0.6264, 0.55674, 0.5118, 0.4171, 0.22244 and 0.0221, respectively. Based on Multi-index decision management method method, weight gain and production index had most role and the best response was observed in broiler chicks fed with probiotic and toxin binder (ASRI2). Therefore, a combination of probiotic and toxin binder (ASRI2) is recommended as a strategy for improving productive and performance traits of broiler chicks infected with aflatoxin

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of toxin binders and prebiotics on growth performance, intestinal microbial population, stress andantioxidant indexes of broiler chicks fed diets contaminated with aflatoxin B1. In this study, 600 1-d-old mixed broiler chicks (Ross 308) wereinvestigated in 10 treatments with 6 replications and 10 chicks per replication. Experimental treatments included: Negative controls un-supplementedand supplemented with ASRI1 and ASRI2 toxin binders and prebiotic and positive groups un-supplemented and supplemented with ASRI1 andASRI2 toxin binders and prebiotic, ASRI1 +prebiotic and ASRI2 +prebiotic. Growth performance, stress indexes of heterophile, lymphocyte,bacterial population and stress indexes of super oxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and malondialdehyde (MDA) wereinvestigated. Dietary inclusion of aflatoxin into diet increased heterophile, heterophile:lymphocyte ratio and decreased lymphocyte (P<0.05), but toxinbinders and prebiotic alleviated effects of aflatoxin on heterophile and lymphpocyte. Thepopulation of E. coli and lactobacilli were significantlyhigher and lower in positive control compared to negative control (P < 0.05). The results also showed that the serum concentrations of antioxidantenzymes were significantly lower in negative control compared to positive control (P < 0.05). In sum, aflatoxin showed negative effects on growthperformance, intestinal microbial populations, stress and antioxidant indexes but toxin binders and prebiotic decreased its negative effects andinclusion of ASRI1(3kg/ton) was better than other toxin binders.

The purpose of this experiment was to investigate the effect of activated carbon on reducing the negative effects of aflatoxin on gas production, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter of sheep diet ration under laboratory conditions. In this experiment, we assumed that activated carbon was able to reduce the negative effects of aflatoxin. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with five treatments and four replicates per treatment. Expermental treatments were: 1- control (untreated diet), 2- control with methanol (control + methanol), 3- contaminated diet with methanol solution containing AFB1 at 800 ng/ml, 4- contaminated diet treated with activated charcoal at 7mg/200mg, 5-contaminated diet treated with activated carbon at 75 mg/200mg and 6-contaminated diet treated with activated carbon at 150 mg/200mg. To measure gas production and digestibility, glass bottles with a volume of 100 ml was used in a constant culture. All bottles were purged with anaerobic CO2, sealed with rubber stoppers and incubated in a water bath for 96 h at 39 degree centigrade and their gas production at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 h incubation times was measured. The amount of gas produced was measured by means of a pressure gauge. The results showed that aflatoxin B1 treatment decreased the amount of gas production but the amount of gas production was increased in treated group as supplemented activated carbon level increased (p <0.05). Regarding the digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, there is a similar process to gas production, where aflatoxin treatment reduces both, but in treated group as supplemented activated carbon level increased the amount of them increases (p <0.05). Ammonia N concentration was highest in aflatoxin group and declined with addition of increasing level of activated carbon. Partitioning factor, microbial mass and efficiency of microbial synthesis were distinctly lower in aflatoxin group than other groups (p <0.05). However, treatments that containing high level of activated carbon had higher Partitioning factor, microbial biomass production and efficiency of microbial synthesis. It can be concluded that activated carbon has the potential to improve detrimental effect of aflatoxin on ruminal fermentation.

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of thyme alcoholic extract on reducing the effects of Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin on broiler chicks. In this experiment, 384 male Ross-308 broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement 2 × 2 × 8 with 8 treatments, 4 replicates and 12 birds per replicate. The treatments were: 1: base diet (control), 2: basal diet + ppb 500 Aflatoxin, 3: basal diet + ppb 250, Ochratoxin, 4: basal diet + 0.3 percent thyme extract, 5: base diet + 500 ppb Aflatoxin with ppb 250 Ochratoxin, 6: Base diet + ppb 250 Ochratoxin with 0.3% thyme extract, 7: Base diet + 500 ppb Aflatoxin with 0.3% Thyme extract, 8: Base diet + 500 ppb Aflatoxin with 250 ppb of Ochratoxin with 0.3% Thyme extract. The results showed that adding alcoholic extract of thyme plant to broiler chickens diet would improve functional characteristics compared to controlled treatment, and that the chickens receiving alcoholic extract with Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin had better performance than Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin chicks they showed up. Meanwhile, the addition of alcoholic extract to broiler chicken diets did not show a significant difference compared to control of concentration of blood parameters, liver enzymes and internal organs weight. However, chickens that received Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin in the thyme alcoholic extract improved the concentration of blood parameters, liver enzymes, and their internal organs weight compared to those that received only Aflatoxin and Ochratoxin in the diet.

Mycotoxins are secondary metabolites of fungi that are produced under stress condition. Aflatoxin is one of several extremely toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic compounds produced by Aspergillus Flavus and Aspergillus Parasiticus. Numerous agricultural commodities such as Forages, cereal grains, oilseeds, and cotton seeds are potential sources of aflatoxins in ruminant diets. Many studies indicate that ruminants, like other animals, are affected by aflatoxins. Aflatoxin B1 reduces ruminal digestion, animal production, and in high doses causes liver damage and death in ruminants. Several chemical, biological, and physical strategies developed in order to, detoxification of aflatoxins or minimizing the production of aflatoxins and inhibiting the absorption of them in the gastrointestinal tract. Recently, many researchers are focused on aflatoxin adsorbents to reduce the bioavailability of aflatoxins in the diet. Eggshell has a porous structure and on the other hand has significant amounts of pure calcium carbonate, which has the ability to absorb toxins. Due to limit information on the ability of egg shell powder to absorb aflatoxin, the present study was designed to investigate the effect of adding egg shell powder as toxin binder in diets containing aflatoxin B1 on fermentation parameters and ruminal digestibility and gas production in vitro.  

To produce the aflatoxin required for the experiment, a standard strain of Aspergillus Parasiticus NRLL 2999 used and cultured on potato dextrose agar. In other to obtain proper amount of Aflatoxin, 2 ml of spore suspension with a concentration of 6.5× 106 grown fungi was prepared and added to a flask containing sterile culture medium. After 5 days, the culture medium was dried in an oven. Culture medium contained of 250.9 mg/kg aflatoxin B1. This experiment was performed in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications in each treatment. Experimental treatments consist of , control with methanol, control without methanol, Aflatoxin (800 ng/mg of rumen fluid), Aflatoxin+ level 1 egg shell powder (7 mg per 200 mg of diet), Aflatoxin +level 2 egg shell powder(75 mg per 200 mg of diet), Aflatoxin +level 3 egg shell powder(150 mg per 200 mg of diet). Rumen fluid was collected before the morning feed from three fistulated Moghani male sheep with 46 ± 3 kg live weight. Sheep fed with basal diet used in this experiment at a concentration of 50:50 forage to concentrate for 15 days before rumen fluid collection. In vitro gas production was measured in 4 replicate with 200 mg DM for each. The bottles were filled with 30 ml of incubation medium that consisted of 10 ml of rumen fluid plus 20 ml of buffer solution and placed in a water bath at 39 °C. Gas production was recorded at 2, 4, 8, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. Gas values corrected for blank incubation. The gas production and rate of gas production measured through 96 h incubation. A procedure similar to gas production with 4 replicate for each treatment was used for rumen batch culture system to measure NH3-N and in vitro digestibility after 24 h incubation. Contents of each glass bottle were filtered through three layers of cheesecloth and rumen fluid used to determination of NH3-N using the distillation method. Finally, all remaining contents oven dried at 60 °C for 48 h and analyzed for IVDMD and IVOMD. Metabolizable energy (ME), net energy for lactation (NEL), short chain fatty acids (SCFA), partitioning factor (PF), Microbial mass and Efficiency of microbial synthesis calculate throughout 24h incubation.  

Results indicate a significant decrease in GP in aflatoxin treatment compared to treatments without aflatoxin, so that the amount of gas production decreased from 295.05 and 294.38 in control with methanol and control without methanol to 228.48 ml/g of DM. This change in GP was associated with significant reduction in IVDMD and IVOMD, ME, NEL, SCFA, PF, microbial mass and Efficiency of microbial synthesis. Addition of different levels of egg shell powder as aflatoxin binder improved fermentation conditions which was significant in level 2 treatment compare to aflatoxin treatment. There was no significant difference in GP, IVDMD and IVOMD, ME, NEL, SCFA, PF, microbial mass and efficiency of microbial synthesis between control treatments and level 2 egg shell powder as toxin binder.  Conclusion Considering all the results of experiment, egg shell could be considered as an adsorbent of aflatoxin in ruminal conditions. Egg shell powder suggested as toxin binder to reduce the negative effects of aflatoxin B1 on microbial activity and degradability in ruminal conditions.

When aflatoxin contaminated food is given to lactating animals, the metabolite of aflatoxin, called M, is secreted in milk. Since pasteurization, sterilization, and milk processing have little effect on the survival and reduction of AFM1 toxicity, this poison ultimately transports to various dairy products and endangers consumer health. Along with the negative effects of mycotoxins on health and livestock products, these compounds can to be effective in digestion, metabolism and ruminal microbial populations. In ruminants (especially lactating cows) fed with AFB1 contaminated feeds, health problems such as liver cancer, reduce immunity, reproductive disorders, malformation, decreased feed intake and milk production have also been reported. An increase in liver enzymes can be attributed to the signs of an abnormal body. In addition, previous studies aluminosilicate has been show to tightly bind aflatoxins in vitro. This significantly reduce mortality and morbidity in animals, decrease molecular biomarkers of aflatoxin exposure in humans and animals.

Two experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of aflatoxin B1 and aluminosilicate toxin adsorbents on the parameters of gas production contains gas production potential (b) and gas production rate (c), in vitro fermentation parameters includes pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration, volatile fatty acids and ruminal digestion. In the first experiment, the effects of different levels of AFB1, including 0, 300, 600 and 900 ng/ml, were investigated on the parameters of gas production, fermentation and digestion using batch culture method. In the second experiment the effectiveness of three aluminosilicate adsorbents on the AFB1 detoxification was investigated. MegaBond and MycoBond as native adsorbents and MilBond as a commercial adsorbent were used in 6% of DM. The gas produced was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48, 72 and 96 h of the incubation. The data obtained were fitted to the non-linear equation to calculate parameters of gas production. Also, at the end of 24 h incubation, four bottles were transferred to refrigerator to stop fermentation. Then, pH, ammonia nitrogen concentration and volatile fatty acid (VFA) of batch culture medium was measured, as well as the dry matter digestibility.

Results of first experiment indicated that with increasing the AFB1 from 0.0 to 900 ng/ml, the gas production rate (c) decreased from 0.134 to 0.092 ml/h and the gas production potential (b) decreased from 160.7 to 131.3, but there was no significant difference between the treatments 0 and 300 ng/ml AFB1. In addition, the gas production lag phase increased significantly with increasing level of AFB1 (P<0.05). Addition of AFB1 to the batch culture did not affect its pH, but the dry matter digestibility significantly decreased (P<0.05) with increasing AFB1. Ammonia nitrogen concentration decreased significantly (P<0.05) with AFB1 addition, so that the lowest concentration of ammonia nitrogen was observed at 600 and 900 ng/ml AFB1 (15.2 and 15.3 mg/dL, respectively). In this experiment the total VFA concentration decreased significantly with AFB1 (P<0.05), but the molar ratio of acetate, propionate, butyrate, valerate and isovalerate was not affected (P>0.05). In the second addition of different aluminosilicate adsorbents significantly reduced the rate and potential of gas production. Likewise, dry matter digestibility and ammonia nitrogen concentration reduced significantly (P<0.05). Significant increase in pH of the culture medium by addition of aluminosilicate adsorbents can be attributed to the fact that aluminosilicate acts as a modifier of hydrogen ion in the environment due to the replacement of cations with hydrogen ion and prevents a significant decrease in rumen pH. Probably lowering the ammonia nitrogen concentration is due to the fact that the protozoan population is affected by aluminosilicate adsorbent and decreases; consequently, the population of the ruminal bacteria increases, which results in the removal of more ammonia nitrogen by microorganisms, and ultimately the concentration ammonia nitrogen decreases in the rumen.

The results of this study showed that AFB1 reduced gas production rate (c), the gas production potential (b), the concentration of ammonia and digestibility, but the pH is not affected in vitro. Also, none of the adsorbents was able to neutralize or reduce the negative effects of AFB1 on the parameters of gas production, fermentation and rumen digestion, which could be due to the absorption mechanism of aluminosilicate adsorbents for AFB1 absorption. The results of this study indicate that adsorbents cannot reduce the negative effects of AFB1 on digestion and rumen fermentation, therefore only proposed strategy is to prevent the contamination animal feed with mycotoxins.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different levels of aflatoxin on the gas production, in vitro fermentation parameters, dry matter and organic matter digestibility of sheepchr('39')s diet. This experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replicate per treatment. The treatments included 1.diet without aflatoxin and methanol (control), 2.control with methanol, 3.diet containing 400 ng / ml of aflatoxin B1, 4.diet containing 800 ng / ml of aflatoxin B1, and 5.diet containing 1200 ng / ml of aflatoxin B1 in ruminal fluid. Treatments were incubated at 0, 12, 24, 36, 48, 60, 72, 84, 96 hours and the amount of gas produced was measured using a barometer at 39 °C. The results showed that treatments with high levels of aflatoxin, especially 1200 ng / ml rumen fluid, significantly decreased gas production compared to those without aflatoxin. Addition of different levels of aflatoxin significantly decreased dry matter and organic matter digestibility, microbial mass production, and biodegradability index compared to control group. The results of this study showed that rumen microorganisms have the ability to neutralize aflatoxin at low levels and fermentation conditions are not significantly affected. With increasing level of aflatoxin in the diet, the gas production, digestibility of dry matter and organic matter, and also microbial mass production and PF was reduced. Therefore, it can be concluded that aflatoxin modifies ruminal fermentation processes with reduced nutrient degradability, which is dependent on aflatoxin concentration.

The aim of current research was to investigate the efficiency of dietary addition of ASRI1® and ASRI2® toxin binders and probiotic on performance, Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle and intestinal microbial population of broiler chicks fed Aflatoxin-contaminated diets. A total of 420 one-day old Ross 308 broiler chicks were assigned in a completely randomized design to 7 treatments with 5 replications of 12 birds in each. The experimental treatments 1) non Aflatoxin contaminated diets or negative control (NC), 2) Aflatoxin-contaminated diets or positive control (PC), 3) PC diets containing ASRI1® toxin binder, 4) PC diet containing ASRI2® toxin binder, 5) PC diet containing probiotic, 6) PC diet containing probiotic+ ASRI1® toxin binder and 7) PC diet containing probiotic+ ASRI2® toxin binder. Performance was evaluated in periodical, Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle at 28 and 42 days of age and intestinal microbial population at 42 days. The results showed body weight was significantly lower (p < 0.05) and feed conversion ratio was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in NC group when compared with PC group in grower and finisher periods. The harmful microbial population and Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle were significantly higher (p < 0.01) in PC group in comparison to NC group. However, the dietary addition of commercial toxin binders and probiotic especially their combination, significantly alleviated (p < 0.05) Aflatoxin effects on performance, Aflatoxin concentrations of liver and muscle and intestinal microbial population.

Using 350 Ross broiler chickens, the effect of licorice extract (LE), probiotic, antifungal and boiler litter biochar on performance of broiler chickens fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diet in a completely randomized design with 7 treatment (negative control (basal diet without aflatoxin and additives), positive control (basal diet 1 mg aflatoxin B1 and without additives) and 5 other treatments were positive control with LE (3 and 6 g/kg), Protexin probiotic (0.5 gr), Agrabond (0.5 gr/kg) and biochar toxin binder (10 g/kg)) and 5 replicates (10 birds in each replicate) considered. The treatments were. The result showed that aflatoxin B1 lowered body weight gain and breast relative weight and increased FCR and abdominal fat of broilers (P

Introduction Aflatoxins (AF) as secondary metabolites are produced by Aspergillus flavus and Aspergillus parasiticus. The most abundant aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is toxic and carcinogenic to humans and animals. Utilization of mycotoxin adsorbents are noted as the most practical methods for protection of feed ingredients. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of organic and inorganic adsorbents for the adsorption of AFB1 and its effects on dry matter digestibility and rumen fermentation characteristics.
Materials and Methods The experimental diet was a mixture of alfalfa silage and concentrate. Procedure of in vitro batch culture was performed according to the Menke and Steingass procedure. In an anaerobic condition, 30 ml of buffered rumen fluid was dispensed with pipetor pump into a 120-ml serum bottle containing 0.5 g DM of the experimental diet. The content of each bottle was contaminated with 0.5 ppm AFB1. Experimental treatments were: the control diet, commercial bentonite, activated bentonite, activated charcoal, the cell wall of Saccharomyces serevisia with 75% purity, bentonite activated charcoal yeast, (0.5 0.4 0.1 percent), bentonite activated charcoal yeast, (0.4 0.45 0.15 percent) and , bentonite activated charcoal yeast(0.3 0.5 0.2 percent) The amount of absorbents for all treatments was 1% of the experimental diets. All bottles were purged with anaerobic CO2, sealed with rubber stoppers and placed in a shaking water bath for 72 h at 38.6 degree centigrade. The amount of produced gas was recorded at 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 16, 24, 48 and 72 h of the incubation. At the end of incubation, all the bottles were transferred to refrigerator to stop fermentation, and then opened. After pH measurements 2-ml sample of each filtrate bottle was taken and frozen at 20 degree centigrade after acidification with 2-ml of 0.2 N HCl. The biomass residues were centrifuged at 1000×g for 10 min at 4 degree centigrade. The supernatant in each bottle was decanted and the pellet was dried at 65 degree centigrade to a constant weight for the determination of the residues.
Results and Discussion Absorbents addition increased the amount of produced gas in all treatments in comparison with the control treatment significantly (P

This study evaluated the efficacy of aqueous extract of Thymus daenensis to ameliorate the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) in Japanese quail. The experiment was conducted as a 2×2 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with two levels of aflatoxin (0 and 500µg/kg) and two levels of aqueous extract of T. daenensis (0 and 2000 mg/kg). Each of the 4 dietary treatments was fed to five replicate cages (4 birds/cage) from 24 to 45 days of age. The results showed that Aflatoxin and extract did not have any effect on the histo-morphology of jejunum of birds (P

In order to evaluate the efficiency of savory essential oil and a commercial mycotoxin binder total of 120 breeder quail at 51 d of age were studied in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 4 replications (a male and four females) as follows:1- Negative control, 2- Positive control-fed diet contaminated with aflatoxin B1 (2.5 ppm), 3- Contaminated feed 300 ppm savory essential oil 4- Contaminated feed 600 ppm savory essential oils 5- Contaminated feed 900 ppm savory essential oils 6- Contaminated feed 2.5 g per kg commercial mycotoxin binder. The experimental period was 6 wks and the performance of progeny hatched from 1, 2 and 3 experimental groups was evaluated during 5 wks. Results showed a significant effect of treatments on the relative weight of the ovary, testis, foam gland size and the volume of foam produced in males)p≤ 0.01). Fertility and hatchability rate of eggs were significantly affected by the experimental treatments (p≤0.05). Evaluation of progeny performance of birds fed treatments showed significant effect on feed conversion ratio. The results show that the use of essential oil of savory at 300 ppm and commercial toxin binder (polysorb) can improve reproductive performance in quails fed aflatoxin B1.

Introduction About 500,000 species of fungi have been realized up to now. There are abundant fungi in air, soil and our environment. So the growth of them increases in the presence of air moisture and appropriate temperature. However saprophytic fungi have a wide distribution in nature, they are responsible for decomposition of organic materials and playing an important role in the biogeochemical cycles of major nutrients. Some saprophytes are toxic that contaminate human foods and animal feeds by production of mycotoxins. Aflatoxins are the most common and dangerous mycotoxins produced by few species of Aspergillus and penicillium. This group of mycotoxin has disorder and risks, including the induction of liver cancer. They are mutagenic and teratogenic. Aflatoxin B1, B2, G1 and G2, which are naturally produced by several toxic fungi, may contaminate a wide range of dairy animal feeds resulted severe economic loss of cattle meat. Since Aflatoxin B1 and B2 can be transmitted via mammalian’s milk and cheese in form of synthetic Aflatoxin M1 and M2 to human consumers, cause significant health problems. Therefore contamination of animal feed with common toxic airborne saprophytic fungi is a major concern of health officials. Wheat, barley, corn, soybean and other animal feeds may be contaminated with toxic fungi during implantation, harvesting and storage. There are many dairy and livestock centers in Yazd that prepare milk and dairy products for Yazd and neighboring provinces. The aim of current study was to evaluate the amount and type of fungal contaminates of dairy feeds in Yazd dairies.
Materials and methods This cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted in the summer of 2012 on 23 dairies in Yazd. Samples of different animal feeds including concentrates, wheat straw, hay, corn, silage corn, soybean and canola as well as waste of bread, were randomly selected from their bulks. The temperature and humidity of feed storage were recorded by using thermometer and portable hygrometer at the time of sampling. Samples were transferred to medical mycology laboratory in paramedical school by sterile containers. Samples were cultured on Sab¬ouraud dextrose agar plates based on standard method. Isolated fungal colonies were firstly enumerated and identified using macroscopic and microscopic characteristics for determination of their genus and species of saprophytic and toxic fungi. The suspected fungi with definitive diagnosis by the use of the men¬tioned methods were then identified by performing slide culture by Riddle method. For the detection of aflatoxin producer species UV radiation was used. Results were analyzed statistically by Chi-square and Mann-Whitney test using SPSS 16 software.
Results and Discussion Saprophytic hyphomycets including Cladosporium, Alternation Penicilium, Verticillium, Aspergillus, Penicillium species and yeast were the most prevalent isolated fungi from cattle feeds in current study. Bread waste showed maximum contamination with opportunistic fungi such as Mucor and Rhizopus species, other saprophyte moulds and yeasts. Wheat straw had the highest contamination of aflatoxin-producing toxic fungi particularly Aspergillus flavus. Silage and concentrate were ranked as highest average contamination with 42600 and 40600 CFU/g, respectively in present study. There was seen a significant relationship between the average humidity of the environment of open and covered storage of feed with frequency of isolated fungal species (PConclusion According to results of present study, there are a high fungal contamination in cattle food with saprophytic and toxigenic fungal spores. Monitoring of animal feed and control of humidity can control the proliferation of micro-organisms in food, eliminate contamination of microorganisms and prevent cross-contaminations. High levels of fungal contamination in intake dairy feed shows that the major source of contamination seems to be in raw materials used for animal feed. With respect to the effect of cattle food contamination especially contamination with Aspergillus flavous on health of cattle and dairy products and the secondary effects on human health, Control of fungal contamination in livestock foods is the best way to prevent aflatoxin contamination in milk and other dairy products, which help to improve the public health.

This experiment was conducted for determining of the effect of physical sizes and levels of clinoptilolite on liver histology, protein and energy efficiency ratio, carcass traits and blood enzymes activityof broilers fed rations contaminated with aflatoxin.Clinoptilolite were used in two levels (1.5 and 3%) and three physical sizes (<0.25 mm, 0.4 -0.8 mm and 1-2 mm). On the basis of the results, Broilers fed by non-contaminated diets with aflatoxin had the highest protein and energy efficiency ratio and the lowest protein and energy efficiency ratio were found in broilers fed by contaminated diets with aflatoxin(P<0.05). Also, using of 3% clinoptilolite with particle size of 1- 2 mm in contaminated diet improved protein and energy efficiency ratio than the aflatoxin contaminated diet and without additive (P<0.05). The highest and the lowest liver percentage were obtained in broilers fed by contaminated diet with aflatoxin and non-contaminated diets with aflatoxin respectively (P<0.05). The highest and the lowest amount of blood aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase were found in broilers fed by contaminated diet with aflatoxin and non-contaminated diets with aflatoxin respectively. Using of 3% clinoptilolite with particle size of 1- 2 mm decreased the level of blood aspartate amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase in broilers fed by contaminated diet with aflatoxin (P<0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that the supplementation of diet contaminated with aflatoxin with clinoptilolite had positive effects on protein and energy efficiency ratio and blood parameters in broilers.

The objective of this experiment was to evaluate the effect of Bentonite as a natural adsorbent to ameliorate the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 on growth performance and immune systems in broiler chicks. A total of 256 Ross 308 one-day-old broiler chicks were randomly divided into 4 treatments, with 4 replicate pens per treatment and 16 chicks per pen based on a completely randomized design. The following dietary treatments were applied: 1) Basal diet not containing AFB1or Bentonite (control), 2) Basal diet + 5 g/kg Bentonite, 3) Basal diet + 1 mg/kg AFB1, 4) Basal diet + 1 mg/kg AFB1 + 5 g/kg Bentonite. The broiler chicks were fed the experimental treatments from 1 to 35 days of age. Performance parameters were recorded weekly. At d 28, two birds of each replicate were randomly selected and injected with sheep red blood cell antigens. At the end of experiment, four birds in each treatment group were sacrificed for measurement of relative weight of various components of carcasses and lymphatic organ weights in broiler chickens. The results indicated that aflatoxin B1 decreased significantly the BW gain, feed intake and impaired feed conversion ratio in starter and grower periods compared to the control diet (P< 0.05). The addition of Bentonite to diet ameliorated significantly the negative effects of 1 mg/kg of AFB1 on feed intake and weight gain (P< 0.05) but no significant effect on feed conversion rate. Aflatoxin B1 significantly decreased antibody response to the SRBC antigen and bursa of Fabricius relative weight. The addition of bentonite in the contaminated diet not significantly alleviated the inhibitory effect of aflatoxin B1 on immunity parameters. Feeding AFB1 alone caused significant increases in the relative weights of livers and preventiculos compared with the control (P< 0.05). It is concluded that addition of Iranian Bentonite used in the present study could alleviate the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 in growing broiler diets and this product can be used as a suitable toxic adsorbent in poultry nutrition up to 5 gr/kg.

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of ensiling pistachio by-product (PBP) on nutrient value، some physical and chemical parameters. Fresh PBP were ensiled into a trench silo for 3 months and simultaneously amount of PBP was dried in front of the sun. Chemical composition، buffering capacity، water holding capacity، protein fractionation according to cornell net carbohydrate and protein system (CNCPS)، concentration of aflatoxin poison and ruminal and post ruminal degradability was measured for both products. The result showed that pH reduced from 4. 73 to 4. 12 after ensiling. The ensiled PBP had low aNDFom and water soluble carbohydrates and high phenolic compounds content compared to the sun dried PBP (P<0. 05). There was no difference in buffering capacity، water holding capacity، non protein nitrogen، concentration of aflatoxin and degradability in total gastrointestinal tract between sun-dried and ensiled PBP. Aflatoxin concentration for both PBP was in the permitable range of using in animal nutrition. It was concluded that PBP had a good potential for ensiling and that process of ensiling had no deterimental effect on nutritive value of PBP and furthermore ensiled PBP had a desirable aerobic stability.

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of adding of two commercial absorbent products in feeds and to compare the results with the effect of adding of natural zeolite in reducing the adverse effects of aflatoxin B1 on broiler growth, performance and immune system. In this study, 200 one day old Arian 386 broiler chickens were used in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments, 4 replications and 10 chicks per each treatment. Experimental groups were as follows: negative control fed basal diet; positive control fed basal diet plus 1 mg aflatoxin B1 kg-1 diet; and three other groups fed 25g/kg Milbond-TX, Polysorb and Zeolite with 1 mg/kg aflatoxin B1, respectively. Feed intake did not significantly differ between the groups. The body weight gain and feed conversion ratio of birds fed contaminated diets were significantly decreased and increased, respectively but adding of the absorbent materials to contaminated feed caused a significant improvement in body weight gain and feed conversion. Among the internal organs, the spleen relative weights increased by consumption of aflatoxin B1contaminated feed. Aflatoxin B1 use without absorbent materials significantly decreased antibody production against Newcastle disease vaccine in 21 day. In addition, produced antibodies against sheep red blood cells in 35 day of age in birds fed aflatoxin B1 contaminated diets were reduced. The results of this study showed that the adding of natural zeolite and commercial absorbents in feeds contaminated with aflatoxin B1 causes improved performance and immune system compared with the group that received the aflatoxin B1 alone.

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of some mycotoxin absorbents on biochemical and hematological parameters of broiler chickens fed on aflatoxin B1 contaminated feed. Total of 200 broiler chickens Arian 386 in a completely randomized design with 5 treatments and 4 replications (10 birds for each replication) were used. Experimental treatments were: group A or negative control (soybean meal and corn diet)، group B or positive control (basal diet+1mg/kg aflatoxin B1)، groups C، D and E were formed by addition of 2. 5 g/kg of Milbond-TX، natural zeolit and Polysorb، into diet B، respectively. The results showed that aflatoxicosis significantly increased AST، ALT and LDH enzymes activity in comparison to the negative control group (P<0. 05). Adding absorbent additives decreased these enzymes activity compared to positive control. The amount of total protein and serum albumin were significantly lower in positive control group compared with the other groups (P<0. 05). The use of additives significantly reduced the serum cratinine in comparison with positive control group (P<0. 05). Addition of zeolit reduced serum uric acid compared to other absorbents. Serum cholesterol، triglyceride، glucose، calcium and Zn were not affected by aflatoxicosis (P>0. 05). Red blood cell counts in positive control group was significantly lower than the other groups except E (P<0. 05). Hematocrit in positive control group was significantly higher than the negative control group (P<0. 05). The hemoglobin value and erythrocytes osmotic fragility were significantly influenced by the type of added absorbent. In conclusion natural Iranian zeolit as well as the two commercial mycotoxin absorbents reduced the aflatoxin B1 induced biochemical and hematological alterations in broilers.

In this study the effect of AflatoxinB (AF) and potential of organic absorbent (Mycosorb) performed on broiler chicken. A total 105 broiler chicks were divided into 5 equal treatment groups in a completely random design. The adsorbents mycosorb was added into the basal diets at 3 and 1 gr/Kg which contaminated with 0 and 1 ppmaflatoxin/ kg-1 from 2 to 42 days of experimental treatments: 1.Control, 2.AF(1ppm), 3.AF(0.05ppm) 4.Mycosorb (1gr/kg) + 1ppm (AF), 5. Mycosorb (1gr/kg) + 0.05ppm (AF). The results indicated that red blood cell, haematocrit and lymphocyte counts of chicks were significantly reduced in AF groups compared with the control group, while the heterophil counts increased significantly. Among serum biochemical parameters, the Aspartat trasaminas (AST), Gamma glutamil transferase(GGT), Lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and billirubin values increased in AF groups (P<0.05). The addition of Mycosorb to the AF containing diet (groups4&5) significantly improved the biochemical and hematological parameters. The mycosorb had a significant effect on broiler final weight(P<0.05). These results of this study clearly indicated that addition of adsorbent (Mycosorb) to the AF containing diet can reduce the toxic effects of AF.