جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « صفات تولیدی » در نشریات گروه « علوم دام »

Considering the production of new silkworm hybrids by prominent countries in the sericulture industry such as China and the import of these hybrids to the country in recent years, it is necessary to update these evaluations so that correct decisions can be made to choose the most suitable type of hybrid in terms of functional traits. Therefore, such comparisons are done annually and the results are sent to the Iran Sericultural Corporation- Silk Worm Research Center as an executive body for final decision. The present study aimed to investigate the performance of eight Chinese commercial silkworm hybrids, including Suju×Minghu (S×M), Minghu×Suju (M×S), Baiyue×Qiufeng (B×Q), Qiufeng×Baiyue (Q×B), BaiyueB×QiufengA (BB×QA), QiufengA×BaiyueB (QA×BB), 874×873, and 874×873. Hybrids 872×871 and 872×871 also were among the studied hybrids, but due to the decrease in the performance of cocoon-related traits compared to other hybrids that had a big difference in terms of the obtained values, they were removed and excluded from the final analysis. The desired hybrids for 14 traits including best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), percentage of pupa viability (PPV), mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP), mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS), and mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) were reared in the spring of 2022 after hatching and according to standard methods and under the same conditions in Iran Silk Research Center and their performance was recorded. Each silkworm hybrid was reared in three replications of 200 larvae (total number of observations including 600 records per hybrid for all traits) in a completely randomized design. The analysis of the obtained data was done by SAS software by using the procedure of generalized linear model (GLM), and the average performance of the traits was compared to each other using Tukey's range test at the probability level of P<0.05. The results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits showed that the effect of the hybrid type for most of the studied traits including best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), the weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP), mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS) and mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) was significant (P<0.05). In the meantime, only traits of the percentage of pupa viability (PPV) as the most important index related to survival and the mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP) were not affected by the hybrid type (P<0.05). The average performance of the hybrids showed a significant difference (P<0.05) for all the traits except for the percentage of pupa viability (PPV) and the mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP). The BB×QA hybrid showed a higher performance than other hybrids for six traits including the best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), the total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), the weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), the mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), the mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), and the mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC) (P<0.01). Also, the M×S hybrid showed a higher performance than other hybrids for the five traits of the mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS), and the mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) (P<0.05). In addition, the M×S hybrid showed the lowest value compared to other hybrids for the number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), which the lower values of this trait are preferred (P<0.01).  Based on the results of the present research, the priority of importing and rearing silkworm eggs in 2023 is suggested for BB×QA and M×S hybrids. Although the performance of these two hybrids with other hybrids, except for the 874×873 and 874×873 hybrids, is not significant in most of the examined traits, they can still be considered as next-import priorities. The desired hybrids for 14 traits including: best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), percentage of pupa viability (PPV), mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP), mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS) and mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) were reared in the spring of 2022 after hatching and according to standard methods and under the same conditions in Iran Silk Research Center and their performance was recorded. Each silkworm hybrid was reared in 3 replications of 200 larvae (total number of observations including 600 records per hybrid for all traits) in a completely randomized design. The analysis of the obtained data was done by SAS software (version 9.4) by using the procedure of generalized linear models (GLM) and the average performance of the traits was compared to each other using Tukey's range test at the probability level of P<0.05. The results of the analysis of variance for the studied traits show that the effect of the hybrid type for most of the studied traits including best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), number of cocoons per liter (NCPL), the weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP), mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS) and mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) is significant (P<0.05). In the meantime, only traits of the percentage of pupa viability (PPV) as the most important index related to survival and the mean of male cocoon shell percentage (MMCSP) were not affected by the hybrid type (P<0.05). The average performance of the hybrids showed a significant difference (P<0.05) for all the traits except for percentage of pupa viability (PPV) and the mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP). The hybrid BB*QA showed a higher performance than other hybrids for six traits including the best cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (BCW), the total cocoons weight produced per 26,000 larvae (TCW), the weight of cocoons per liter (WCPL), the mean weight of a cocoon (MWC), the mean weight of a male cocoon (MWMC) and the mean weight of a female cocoon (MWFC) (P<0.01). Also, the M*S hybrid showed a higher performance than other hybrids for the five traits of mean weight of a cocoon shell (MWCS), mean of cocoon shell percentage (MCSP), mean weight of a male cocoon shell (MWMCS), mean weight of a female cocoon shell (MWFCS), and the mean of female cocoon shell percentage (MFCSP) (P< 0.05). Also, the M*S hybrid showed the lowest value compared to other hybrids for the number of cocoons per liter (NCPL); the lower values of which are preferred (P<0.01). Based on the results of the present research, the priority of importing and rearing silkworm eggs in 2023 is suggested for BB*QA and M*S hybrids. Although the performance of these two hybrids with other hybrids, except for the 874×873 and 874×873 hybrids, is not significant in most of the examined traits, and they can still be considered as next import priorities.

The study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different programs of feed restriction on performance and ascites syndrome occurrence in Arian broiler chickens under cold stress. Four hundred Arian male broiler chicks were used in a completely randomized design with four experimental groups (control (no restriction feed); feed restriction as 25 gram feed per chick since 9 until 14 days old; feed restriction as 8 hour per day since 9 until 24 days old; intermittent feed restriction since 9 until 18 days old) and four replicates of twenty five chicks (totally 16 pens) under stress condition. The house temperature was gradually decreased from 32°C and reached to 25, 20, 15 and 15 °C respectively in the end of 1st, 2nd, 3rd and until 6th weeks to induce cold stress and the development of ascites syndrome. Results indicated feed restriction programs decreased body weight, body weight gain, feed intake, and feed conversion ratio in some periods. However, in the period of 1 to 42 days, these effects weren’t significant except for feed intake with feed restriction as 25-gram feed per chick (since 9 until 14 days old). Effect of the programs was respectively insignificant on total mortality, carcass traits percentages and haematocrit amount and significant on decreasing ascites mortality rate with the intermittent feed restriction. In conclusion, the feed restriction programs especially the intermittent feed restriction are effective in decreasing of ascites mortality and feed intake without any negative effect on the performance of broilers under cold stress.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the performance of the hybrids obtained by crosses of the six Japanese silkworm lines named IRA1, IRA3, IRA5, IRA7, IRA9, and IRA11 and six Chinese silkworm lines named IRA2, IRA4, IRA6, IRA8, IRA10, and IRA12. The new hybrids derived from these lines along with available commercial hybrids (as control groups) for six traits including cocoon weight, cocoon shell weight, cocoon shell percentage, best cocoon weight, pupation rate and best cocoon pupation rate were measured and recorded in spring 2020. The IRA7×IRA6 and IRA7×IRA12 hybrids had more performance in comparison with commercial hybrids in terms of productive traits including cocoon weight and cocoon shell weight (P < 0.01), but, when productive and viability traits (pupation rate and best cocoon pupation rate) were considered together in an evaluation index, they were not among the selected hybrids. Commercial 31×32 hybrid in terms of cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell percentage had more performance in comparison with the other hybrids (new and commercial) (p<0.01). Hybrids had a significant difference for pupation rate and best cocoon pupation rate (P < 0.01), and the IRA5×RA12, IRA1×IRA10 and IRA11×IRA6 hybrids showed the lowest mean for both traits in comparison to other hybrids (P < 0.01). The results obtained from the present study indicated that seven hybrids including IRA9×IRA2, IRA11×IRA2, IRA3×IRA6, IRA3×IRA2, IRA7×IRA4, IRA7×IRA10 and IRA7×IRA8 were greater than the minimum set for every six traits. Therefore, they can be used to supply the country's required silkworm eggs.

Cottonseed meal was hydrolyzed using five types of enzymes: alkalase, chymotrypsin, pepsin, trypsin, and pancreatin. The experiment was carried out using 240 male broilers of Ross 308 strain in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications from 1 to 35 days of age and during the starter (1-15 days) and grower (16-35 days) phases. The experimental diets were the control diet, the control diet containing zinc bacitracin (70 mg/kg), and the experimental diets containing 15 or 20 g/kg cottonseed bioactive peptides which replaced equal amounts of corn and Soybean in the diet. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured and calculated for each cage (repetition) during three rearing (starter, grower and total period). At 35 days of age, 3 ml blood was obtained from the wing vein of 3 birds per replicate to measure serum antioxidant parameters. At the end of the rearing period, three birds from each cage were individually weighed and slaughtered and the relative weights of carcass, gastrointestinal and lymphoid organs as well as the length of different parts of the small intestine were measured. In the whole of the experimental period, the highest and lowest weight gain was observed in the antibiotic and the control groups, respectively. Antibiotic and peptide fed groups had higher feed intake and feed conversion ratio than the control group. Serum nitric oxide levels were higher in the 15 g/kg peptide group than in the control group and the antibiotic group. Malondialdehyde levels were lower for antibiotic or peptide groups than in the control group, and glutathione peroxidase levels in the groups fed antibiotic or 15 g/kg peptide was higher than in two other groups. Serum superoxide dismutase levels were higher in the groups receiving antibiotics or different levels of peptide than in the control group and the total serum antioxidant levels were not affected by the experimental diets. Antibiotic or peptide administration significantly reduced abdominal fat compared with the control group. The results of the present study showed that the bioactive peptides produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of cottonseed meal improved the growth efficiency and antioxidant parameters of broiler chickens. These results suggest that the bioactive peptides of cottonseed meal have the potential to be used as an alternative to growth-promoting antibiotics in the broiler chickens diets.

The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of imported semen under different selection indices on phenotypic changes of production traits in Holstein cattle population in various climates of Iran. In the present research, records of first lactation on milk yield, fat and protein percentage of 269786, 216850 and 270566 Holstein cattle derived from imported semen under different selection indices in cold, semi-cold, moderate and warm climates, were used. The data were collected by the Center of Breeding and Improvement of Livestock Production during 1993 to 2017. The data were analyzed using the General Linear Model (GLM) software SAS 9.2. In cold, semi-cold, moderate and warm climates, the means of milk yield (kg) in the progenies of imported semen were estimated, 9597.92, 9654.46, 9718.34 and 8985.37, the means of fat percentage were estimated, 3.13, 3.07, 3.08 and 3.15 percent, and the means of protein percentage were estimated 3.10, 3.25, 3.14, and 3.16 percent, respectively. In the present study, the highest least square means of the phenotypic value of Holstein cattle derived from imported semen based on different selection indices in cold, semi-cold, moderate and warm climates were according to countries of France 2001-2011, Italy 1993- 2001, Netherlands 2001-2006, France 2001-2011 for milk yield, Netherlands 1999-2000, United States 1987-1988, United States 1992-1993, and Canada 1998-2000 for fat percentage and Canada 1991-1992, France 2012-2013, Sweden 2008-2012 and Germany 2002 -2007 for protein percentage, respectively.

Improving animal performance should be sustainable and economically profitable, therefore economic selection indices have been used in most breeding programmes for livestock. For this purpose, economic weighting factors have to be estimated for all traits in the breeding objective.The best way to maximize profitability through genetic improvement is to use economic weights of the trait Involved. In this study, to estimate the economic values of production and reproduction traits, Costs, revenues and profit analysis in nomadic systems, determine the breeding objective for Moghani sheep. The human population is growing fast which it seems that in spite of the recent progresses in new issues and technologies, they are not enough to fulfill feed requirements of humankind. Planning a suitable breeding system would be an important practical method in using the production potential of local sheep flocks. Therefore, it is essential to estimate economic values of production traits in a one or multivariate selection scheme to evaluate the priority in-comes and costs of a breeding system. A bio-economic model was used to describe performance, revenues and costs and to calculate the economic values, economic values are determined from these models by simulating changes in the genetic level of a trait and noting the associated changes in overall economic outcome. As a first step in developing such a programme a suitable breeding goal for the cattle population has to be defined, giving emphasis to production as well as to functional traits in order to achieve a more sustainable production. For a sustainable production, traits that have been identified as important for selection are also functional traits. The economic value of a trait is defined as the increase in profit resulting from a unit genetic improvement in that trait, while all other traits in the breeding objective are kept constant in simple terms economic values are defined as the effect on the efficiency of production of a marginal unit increase in a trait, independent of changes in other traits. Economic efficiency of the production system was calculated as the difference between total revenues and total costs per cow and year at the stationary herd structure.
In this study, production, reproduction, management and economic parameters resulted from recording of 5 flocks with 500 head of breeding ewes during annual cycle of production (August 2015 to August 2016) in extensive rearing system were used to determine the breeding objective and relative economic values.Traits included; fertility, pregnancy rate, weight lambs from birth to the end of period, survival rate of lambs, wool production weight, average daily gain and milk production. A bioeconomic model was written for rearing system and flock information, economic values using maximum profit orientation was calculated by partial derivative of the profit function by the MATLAB software. To calculate economic values, change in system profit per unit change in the trait while was kept the other characters in the average, and was considered the average change in profit as an economic value. To calculate the relative economic values, the absolute economic value of each trait divided by the absolute economic value of weight of wool.First all costs, revenues, profits and flock structure determined then intered input files and run the software.
Economic analysis of system indicated that, costs, revenue, and profit per ewe per year were 9437617.88, 10637654.49, and 1200036.61 Rials, respectively.The results showed that live weight, milk yield, manure and wool yield accounted for 86.36 %, 9.64 %, 2.85 and 1.15% of total revenue, respectively. Feeding and management costs (variable costs) represented 73.65% and 26.35 % of total cost, respectively. The relative economic values for Carcass yield, Lamb live weight at 12-month , ewe survival, Post-weaning lamb survival, Pre-weaning lamb survival, Lamb live weight at 4-month, birth weight, conception rates ewes, , little size, Lambing frequency per year, Average daily gain yearlings, Wool weight, Milk yield of ewe, Average daily gain lambs, Replacement female weight, Adult weight of ewes were7.30,4.27, 3.08,2.85,2.44,2.35,2.01,1.85,1.54, 1.42, 1.05,1, 0.55, 0.34,- 0.06, and ( -1.81) respectively.
Breeding objective in Moghani sheep breed were Carcass yield, Lamb live weight at 12-month, ewe survival, Post-weaning lamb survival, Pre-weaning lamb survival, Lamb live weight at 4-month, birth weight, conception rates ewes, little size, Lambing frequency per year, Average daily gain yearlings, wool weight, Milk yield of ewe, Average daily gain lambs, Replacement female weight and Adult weight of ewes respectively.

The aims of interbreeding for the first level in planning interbreeding programs are generally maximize the improvement in the economical efficiency of the production system by means of increase the average of characteristics. The purpose of this research was to estimate the economic values for milk production traits, fat percentage, protein percentage, and lifetime of native cows of Ilam province and also consideration of their sensitivity to any change in productive and economical parameters in the production system.
Using a deterministic bio-economical model and economic and production parameters of Native cow, was estimated economic values of milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, herd life at the Ilam province in 2013. The economic values of each trait was estimated with increase of one unit of average traits used for the amount of annual profit change, so that were constant the other traits. Calculation of Revenues and Costs: Estimation of economical factors needs explanation of production system, revenue and costs sources and their relationship with existing characteristics for the aim of interbreeding. Costs are expressed as fixed and current. Current costs are depending on the level of cattle production. Fixed costs are independent of production level and including building and installations, machinery and so on.to calculate the nutritional costs for each age group of animals, four different levels according to the life style were defined by order. These levels include: from birth to weaning (bull calf and heifer before weaning),from weaning to selling age (bull calves in 8-months year old and heifers in 17 months of age, from selling age till the age of first delivery (for replaced heifers)and regenerator cows(over two years old). According to the definition, economical factor of each characteristic is described as a change in the net profit of factory for a unit of addition in the average considered characteristic in a way that the average of other characteristics in the population doesn’t change. In this research to calculate the economical factors of characteristics while other characteristics are in between in the population, the average for the considered characteristic was increased once by one unit and the difference of earned and profit or base mode was considered as the economical factor of that characteristic.
In the system of Native cows production, the economic values of milk yield, fat percentage, protein percentage, herd life were estimated 0.002079, 0.999782, 1 and - 0.000351 respectively. In the native cow's fostering system, revenue resources include annual sale of milk, bull calf, surplus heifer, annual, omitted regenerator cow and annual manure. Earned revenue out of annual milk sale equaled 43.54% of the total revenue which appropriated the greatest amount of revenue resources. Other revenue resources were including bull calf, surplus heifer and the sale of omitted cow that appropriated 11.23%, 32.37%, 10.04% and 2.81% of the revenues respectively. The costs were divided into two parts including annual fixed charge which contained the cost of building, installations, equipment and repairs. Annual current cost which contained nutritional costs, hygiene and reproduction, work force, cattle selling and transportation of manure from its place per each head of regenerator cow. Fixed annual cost per each head of regenerator cow equaled 4572556.56 Rial, which contained 14.44 percentage of the total costs .annual current cost per each head of regenerator cow equaled 27094514.46 Rials which appropriated85.56 percentage of the total cost. Among the current costs ,nutritional cost by 84.25% appropriated the most part .other current costs including workforce ,cattle sale and manure transportation from its place equaled 9.38% and costs of hygiene and reproduction appropriated 6.36% of the current costs.
Thus estimated the annual avenue of production system for Native cows -1801718.005 Rials. The results showed that positive amount of an economical factor to produce milk; selection of an average for an increase in the characteristic causes an increase in profiting in native cow's production system. According to the importance of interval in calving as a characteristic and specifically its influence in the situation of limitation in systems, it is suggested that interbreeding should be done to decrease it.

In some studies, it has been reported that high milk production has a negative effect on animal health and longevity and affects the herd's profitability. Decreased cow health can affect herd profitability through increased rates of involuntary culling and decreased or lost milk sales. Common diseases in dairy cows include mastitis, abomasum displacement, lameness and reproductive disorders such as ovarian cysts and metritis. The objectives of this study were to provide a report on the reasons for culling in dairy herds, estimate the genetic parameters of production traits, diseases and to calculate the spearmen correlation between the breeding value of bulls for the traits and their breeding value for resistance for risk of culling.
Material and In this study, 31550 calving records from 17476 Holstein cows were used. In this study production data and culling reasons for diseases of 47 herds in East Azerbaijan from 1995 to 2012 has been analyzed. For genetic analysis ASReml software has been used. The investigated culling reasons for diseases were including of: mastitis, displaced abomasum, lameness, ovarian cysts and metritis. Estimation of disorders heritability has been obtained using univariate animal model. It has been presented a description statistics of culling reasons for diseases, estimation of genetic parameters of diseases and production traits in the studied dairy herds. Furthermore, correlation between bulls breeding value for culling reason for diseases traits and their breeding value for production traits has been calculated.
The average culling rates of dairy herds in this study was 7.05% (with a range from 2.04% to 26.98%). Results of this study showed that 55.24 % of animals in the herd were culling because of diseases and 44.76% for other reasons such as other diseases, physical injuries, non-economic and financial needs. In the other studies the average culling rate of Holstein dairy cows in northeastern Iran was reported as13.1% (4.4 to 25.3% per herd). Lameness and metritis's culling reasons had the highest heritability among studied traits with values of 0.28 ± 0.010 and 0.21 ± 0.045, respectively. A positive correlation (0.37) between mastitis and milk production was reported (Urib et al. 1995) suggesting that high milk production cows have a high genetic capacity for mastitis occurrence. The highest and lowest estimated repeatability in our study were for the traits of 305-day milk yield (0.47 ± 0.009) and fat percentage (0.25 ± 0.009), respectively. The spearman correlation showed positive correlation between breeding value for milk production and ones for displaced abomasum, lameness and metritis that were 0.197, 0.121 and 0.116, respectively. In the present study, there was a positive and significant correlation between the breeding value of bulls for culling due to displaced abomasum and ones due to lameness and ovarian cysts. So it seems the selection of bulls to resist against the risk of culling due to displaced abomasum helps them to resist against lameness and ovarian cysts diseases. Logistic regression results showed that all studied factors affecting culling due to mastitis. Logistic regression of culling risk factors due to displaced abomasum showed that age and season of parturition are important. Fleischer et al. (2001) reported a significant correlation between 305-day milk production and displaced abomasum disease. Logistic regression results showed that culling due to lameness is related to parity and 305- milk production. The selection of cows based on high milk production, milk fat percentage or body type characteristics could have adverse effects on the occurrence of diseases and resistance to health difficulties. So ignoring these negative correlations among traits in the selection process in the long term affects the dairy herd's profitability. The results of this study showed that about half of the culling percentages in the studied herds was unpredictable and due to diseases. Therefore, with considering of the resistance to diseases in selection strategies, it can be achieving to more survivability of the profitable herds.
The results indicate that most of the studied traits have positive genetic correlation with 305-day milk yield, so probably the cows with high potential for milk production are less resistant to culling for diseases. It is suggested that mastitis and metritis be taken into account in the breeding programs of Holstein dairy cows in the country.

In this study, estimation of genetic parameters of Lameness and genetic and phenotypic correlations between Lameness and milk, fat and protein yield were performed. The data obtained from 63403 Holstein cows were collected from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran between 2001 to 2013 Estimation of genetic parameters for lameness was performed by univariate animal and Threshold models. Also, estimation of genetic and phenotypic correlations between Lameness and production traits was performed by bivariate animal model by using the ASREML Software. Results showed that heritability of Lameness with Animal and Threshold models were 0.02 and 0.057, respectively. Estimated heritabilities with two methods were low, but with Threshold model were more than linear model, also genetic correlations between Lameness and persistency of milk, fat and protein yield were 0.31, 0.23 and 0.27, respectively and phenotypic correlations between Lameness and persistency of milk, fat and protein yield were 0.048, 0.037 and 0.029, respectively. Positive correlations between Lameness and production traits show that long term selection for production traits could be the most important factor for culling by Lameness disorders.

To evaluate the effects of different of barberry pulp (BP) on production traits, blood parameters and immune system of broilers under heat stress, an experiment with 160 male Ross 308 chicks in a completely randomized design with 4 treatments, 4 replicates and 10 chicks each were done. A basal corn-soybean diet (Control) and three other treatments were diets contained the levels of 2.5, 5 and 7.5 percent barberry pulp treatment was fed. The experimental period was 42 days. The cyclic daily heat stress was done from 28 to 42 days. In this period, daily room temperature was increased from 21oC to 38±2°C during 10:00 until 17:00 hours. The treatments had no significant effects on body weight, feed conversion ratio, feed intake, carcass yield, heart, bursa of fabricius and liver. The relative weight of breasts and bursa of fabricus were increased when birds received 7.5 percent Barberry pulps (BP) compared to control. Serum concentration of cholesterol and HDL and liver enzymes (ALT and AST) and immune system were not affected by the levels of BP treatments. However the BP diets decreased the serum concentration of serum triglycerides and LDL. The blood concentration of glucose were increased by different levels of BP. The levels of 2.5% of BP increased the total protein as compared to control. Therefore, this findings were proposed since Barberry pulps had no any negative effects on production parameters and an improvement in the blood and immune system up to 7.5 %, it could be used in HS broilers.

The best way to maximize the profitability through breeding is using economical coefficients of characteristics with genetic assessment. One of the effective ways to increase profitability in animal husbandry is using livestock breeding. It is not possible to utilize breeding optimized method without considering relative importance of characteristics economically. On the other hand, the best way to determine the relative importance of characteristics is to calculate the economic coefficients. Economic Value of characteristic is the profit obtained from one unit genetic improvement of the average of a characteristic when other characteristics are held in their constant values. Bio-economic model is a set of equations which define the incomes and costs of the production system as a function of different characteristics. Simulation is a process in which a set of examinations are carried out by using a designed method on the basis of a real system in order to find out the system behavior and various approaches are assessed for its operation in a defined range.
The aim of the present study is to estimate the economic value of production and reproduction characteristics of dairy cows of Mohan cultivation, industry and animal husbandry based on collected data from 13000 dairy cows and market conditions in 2014 and by using a determined bio-economic model. The income factor included obtained incomes from milk sale, additional heifer sale, male calf, removed cows and fertilizer sale and the costs included nutrition, management and capital costs. The management costs included health and care, human forces and reproduction. Five different stages defined in animal life cycle. These stages including from birth to weaning, from weaning to the age calf sale (12th month), from weaning to the first insemination of female calf (18th month), from first insemination to first birth (alternative heifers) and productive cows more than two years old. The calculation of cost and revenue of the heifer per 18 months is carried out. The breeding period of calf, young cow and productive cow considered 12 months. In these herds, nutrition was done completely manually and in the place. Nutrition cost was calculated using energy requirements estimation equations AFRC (1991) by considering the consumed concentrate constant for productive cows, growing male and female calf and alternative heifers separately. In this system, artificial insemination is used for cows impregnate and reproduction cost considered as a function of interval of two births which indicates the number of insemination which resulted in impregnation. Health program included vaccination, deparasitation and quarantine. Male calf was sold based on each kilogram weight per each calf at a constant price. In present study, dairy cows in production system were categorized in seven different age groups of 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and then revenues, costs, final profit and economic value of characteristics calculated for every age group separately. The studied characteristics include milk production, fat milk production, age of the first birth, calf birth interval, increasing daily weight before and after weaning, birth weight, matured calf weight and live rate before and after weaning. The bio-economic model designed based on breeding and information system of herd and economic coefficients calculated by matlab software. Economic value of each characteristic estimated based on the changes in annual profit of production system per one unit increase in the average of the considered characteristic while other characteristics are kept constant. First, all of the revenues and costs and profit and herd combination determined and the input files saved and the program ran.
Annual revenues and costs calculated based on different age groups and the annual profit was 15966572/69 Rials for each productive cow. Among revenue resources, 71% was for milk sale and its components, 10% for removed cow sale, 11% for male calf sale, 6% for additional heifer sale and 2% for fertilizer sale. Among variable costs 68% was for nutrition costs, 17% for work force cost and livestock sale and 10% for health and reproduction costs. Economic values of production and reproduction characteristics including milk production, milk fat production, age of first birth, calf birth interval, daily weight increase after and before weaning, birth weight, matured calf weight and live rate before and after weaning estimated 4718/59, 144757/8, -30756/52, -86789/17, 1284/45, 34/57, 9894/16, -1900/13, 5808 and 107521/9 Rials per each cow respectively. The highest relative importance related to production characteristics (54/37%) and after that reproduction (21.98%), durability (20/56%) and the least amount estimated for growth (3/07%). Characteristics can be divided into several groups based on the impact on revenues and costs. Economic values of production and reproduction characteristics including milk production, milk fat production, age of first birth, calf birth interval, daily weight increase after and before weaning, birth weight, matured calf weight and live rate before and after weaning estimated 4718/59, 144757/8, -30756/52, -86789/17, 1284/45, 34/57, 9894/16, -1900/13, 5808 and 107521/9 Rials per each cow respectively. The highest relative importance related to production characteristics (54/37%) and after that reproduction (21.98%), durability (20/56%) and the least amount estimated for growth (3/07%). Characteristics can be divided into several groups based on the impact on revenues and costs. A group of characteristics increase the revenue and cost of production system and also increase the profit compared with the initial state (initial value). Most of the production characteristics such as milk production, fat, increase of weight before and after weaning, birth weight and live rate before and after weaning are placed in these groups. However, by increasing one unit of matured cow weight, the revenue and costs are increased and but the obtained profit is decreased. Characteristics of the second group do not impact the revenue but the costs of production system increased by increasing its average which include the age of the first birth. The third group includes the characteristic of interval between two births and the revenue decreased, system costs increased and profit decreased by increasing its average.
Increase in the average unit production and reproduction traits have different effects on revenue, cost and profitability of production systems.

The parturition is a very important stage in the longevity of cows and related to future animal health. The health parturition and avoid dystocia are main issues that needed to attention in farms. Prolonged or difficult parturition called dystocia and effects on the profitability of herds, animal welfare and admissibility of the production system of consumers. Dystocia is the main cause of stillbirth, death of cattle and calves and decreasing fertility, also have a negative effect on the reproductive traits (such as higher days open and number of inseminations per conception). This situation can also lead to increasing risk of infertility, the outbreak of diseases after parturition, culling probability and cost of veterinary. Although dystocia is one of the most important problems in dairy cattle production system and had major economic losses in the dairy industry. Thus, the objective of this study was to estimate genetic and environmental correlations between dystocia and production traits (milk, fat and protein production), reproduction (calving interval, calving to first service, fist service to conception) and birth weight in Holstein cattle of Iran with Bayesian linear- threshold model.
In this study, data collected by Animal breeding center of Iran during 1989 to 2012 were used. The dystocia was considered as traits for the mother and the service sire was fitted for this trait as an additional random effect. After edition of records, dystocia (threshold with 5 scores) with other traits (linear) were analyzed as bivariate analysis by Gibbs sampling method via DMU software. Gibbs chains with 300000 iterations were generated, with an initial discard of 20000 samples and a sampling interval of 120 iterations. Therefore, each analysis 2500 samples of (Co) variance components were obtained. The convergence checking of the chains generated by the Gibbs sampler was done using graphical analysis and diagnosis tests available in the Bayesian output analysis program (BOA).
Maximum frequency of dystocia was related to unassisted calvings (80.35%) and only 19.65 % of calving were performed with assistance. Among calving that require to assistance, the highest number was for assistance with no damage (11.43 %) and 8.22 % of calvings require a lot of assistance. The posterior mean of heritabilities for milk, fat, protein, calving interval, calving to first service, first service to conception, birth weight and dystocia were 0.175, 0.120, 0.126, 0.050, 0.040, 0.004, 0.128 and 0.012, respectively. According to the estimated heritability, the genetic selection for production traits and birth weight can be somewhat effective, but it will not observe appropriate response for reproductive traits and dystocia. The genetic correlation between dystocia with production traits were estimated low and negative (exception of fat). Low genetic correlations between traits showed that these traits were not influenced by same genes. The highest genetic correlation was estimated between dystocia and birth weight that showing similar genes affected for these traits and dystocia was increased due to increasing of birth weight. The genetic correlation between dystocia with calving to first service and first service to conception were obtained positive and negative, respectively, indicating that dystocia can be increase calving to first service and decreased first service to conception. Increasing of calving to first service interval can be created opportunity for improvement of anatomical conditions of the animal, thus first service to conception could be decreased due to the improvement of the conception rate.
Recent study showed that estimated heritability for production traits and birth weight were high and it was low for reproduction traits and dystocia. The results indicated that improvement of environmental conditions was necessary for the improvement of reproduction traits and dystocia. The highest genetic correlation between dystocia and birth weight suggested that improvement of birth weight increases dystocia. Increasing of calving to first service and reducing first service to conception after dystocia is expected due to genetic correlation estimates for these traits with dystocia.

An experiment was conducted to study the effects of different dietary energy levels in the rearing period on performance and productive traits of layer hens during the laying cycle. 196-day-old layer chicks were randomly assigned to 7 treatments (2400, 2500, 2600, 2700, 2800, 2900 and 3000 Kcal ME/kg), with 4 replicates of 7 birds each. The treatment containing 2800 Kcal ME/kg was considered as the control group. Results showed that feeding different dietary energy levels had no effect on feed intake and weight gain (P>0.05). Even though, feed to egg ratio was increased by reduction of dietary energy levels, decreasing energy levels up to 2400 Kcal ME/kg had no significant effect as compared to control group (P>0.05). Feed intake per dozen eggs and egg number per hen were not affected by reducing energy level up to 2500 Kcal ME/kg, as compared to control group (P>0.05). In addition, diluting the dietary energy up to 2600 and 2700 Kcal ME/kg had no effect on egg production and time of laying commencement, respectively (P>0.05). In conclusion, feeding the treatment containing 3000 Kcal ME/kg, not only improved performance and productive traits, but also increased the average weight of each egg when compared to other treatments (P

Introduction Productive traits such as milk production and fat and protein percentage have economic importance in the livestock industry. Accurate prediction of breeding value of animals is one of the best tools available for maximizing response to selection program. It is a fact that the main objective of the breeding program, is to achieve the maximum economic benefit. For breeders of dairy cattle, milk, fat, and protein are the main sources of income that are the most important traits in the firm goals. For evaluating the dairy cattle based on these traits (milk production, fat, and protein percentage), prediction of breeding values is essential. The present study was performed in order to estimate the genetic and phenotypic parameters and genetic and phenotypic trends of production traits in the Mediterranean climate of Iran (including; Ardebil, Hamadan, East and West Azerbaijan and Zanjan provinces) using 105118 records for Test Day and 30985 records for 305-day lactation records Related 8808 Herd of first lactation Holstein Cattle calving between 2003 to 2013. All records collected by Animal Breeding Center of Iran.
Materials and Methods Records were edited using Fox ¬pro 8.0 and ACCESS 2010 software and the wrong and unusual records were removed from the dataset. All analyses were performed using the RR (random regression) routine of the WOMBAT software package using AIREML algorithm on Linux operation system. Test day records were analyzed with the following random regression model (RRM): Where; Pk; kth fixed effect of province, YSl; lth fixed effect of year-season of calving, Yklimnptv; test day record i obtained at dimt of cow p calved at the nth age group in herd-test day m, HTDm; fixed effect of mth herd-test date, Cf; The fth fixed regression coefficient for calving age, agen; The nth calving age, k; The order of fit for fixed regression coefficients (k=4), βr; The rth fixed regression coefficient, ka; The order of fit for additive genetic random regression coefficients, kp; The order of fit for permanent environmental random regression coefficients, αpr; The rth random regression coefficient of additive genetic value for pth cow, γpr; The rth random regression coefficient of permanent environmental effect for pth cow, ∅r)dimt (; The rth coefficient of Legendre polynomials evaluated at days in milk t, emnptv; is The residual effect.
Results and Discussion The heritability of milk yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage during days 5 to 305 of lactation were 0.07 to 0.2, 0.019 to 0.041, and 0.019 to 0.217, respectively. The repeatability of milk yield, fat percentage, and protein percentage during this period of lactation were 0.65, 0.09, and 0.16, respectively. The study of production traits suggested that during the last 10 years in the Mediterranean climate of Iran, Genetic trend of Milk production was positive, but the genetic trend of fat and protein percentage, negative or zero. Figures 2 and 3 clearly indicate that using both types of records; test day records and 305-corrected records, genetic trend for milk production compared with fat and protein percentage was positive and increasing. Heritability of production traits in early lactation was low. The great influence of environment on animals and the negative energy balance are the reasons for the low heritability in this period (2). This amount was being increased and reaches its maximum in the second half of lactation. Increased heritability in the second half of lactation is a function of increasing additive genetic variance and sharp decline in the variance of permanent environment. Similar trends for the results of other studies were reported in the country (1, 14).
Conclusion Recent studies showed that the accuracy of test day records using random regression method was higher than 305 days lactation records. The results of random regression method and Test Day records showed that the heritability of milk production is the highest and heritability of fat percentage is. Result of this study showed that, during the last 10 years (from 2003 to 2013) in the Mediterranean climate of Iran, Genetic trend was positive in the amount of milk production, but genetic trend of fat and protein percentage, negative or near zero.

Estimates of genetic parameters for traits of economic importance in dairy cattle are necessary for implementing efficient breeding programs. Accurate heritability and correlation estimates are required to predict expected selection response and to obtain predicted breeding values using mixed model procedures. Traits related to milk, fat, and protein production, conformation, length of productive life, reproduction, workability, and health are included in breeding programs of dairy cattle in many countries to maximize improvement of a breeding goal involving traits related to income and costs. Extreme or rapid changes in environmental conditions can often be detrimental to cattle performance. The objective of this study was the genetic analysis of productive and reproductive traits of Holstein dairy cows in arid climate of Iran using multivariate animal model.
Material and Data from 5403 first lactation Iranian Holsteins collected by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran during 1996 to 2009 was used for the multivariate genetic analysis of productive (milk, fat and protein yield, fat, protein percentage) and reproductive traits (length of dry period, age at first calving and calving interval). According to weather conditions, geographical location of herds and De Martonne’s global classification five climate groups (arid, semiarid, Mediterranean, semi humid and humid) were identified. Provinces: Semnan, Yazd, Southern Khorasan, Ghom, Sistan and Bluchestan, Kerman were in the arid class. Variance components, breeding values and genetic and phenotypic correlations were estimated by restricted maximum likelihood method using DMU package.
Genetic and phonotypic trends were computed as a linear regression of yearly means on calving year using the REG procedure of SAS 9.2.
The estimated heritabilities were 0.23, 0.27, 0.28, 0.39, 0.41, 0.03, 0.05, 0.25 and 0.054 for milk, fat and protein yield, fat and protein percentage, length of dry period, age at first calving and calving interval, respectively. The range of absolute genetic correlations was varied from 0.0.01 for fat yield-length of dry days to 0.84 for milk-protein yield and absolute phenotypic correlations were from 0.01 for protein-fat yield, and age at first calving-protein percentage to 0.91 for milk-protein yield. Genetic trends (for daughters) for milk, protein yield and protein percentage were, respectively, 4.48±0.88, 0.08±0.03 kg and -0.001±0.0002 % (P The results showed that for all traits in the study, phenotypic trend was statistically significant and favorable. For milk and protein yield of Holsteins in arid climate of Iran, the genetic trend was positive and significant.

Economic values for production, reproduction, growth and functional traits in crossbred and Holstein cow production systems in Guilan province were estimated using a total of 16 herds consisting in average 12 and 30 cow, respectively, and a bio-economic model. Economic values were calculated in two production systems for 12 traits, classifying into four categories of production, reproduction, growth and survival. Economic value of each trait was estimated as the amount of change in the annual profit of production system by one unit increase in mean of the considered trait while the means of other traits were hold unchanged. Economic values, relative to the economic value for productive lifetime, for milk yield, fat yield, protein yield, age at first calving, calving interval, pre-weaning daily gain, post-weaning daily gain, birth weight, mature live weight, pre-weaning survival rate and post-weaning survival rate were, respectively 3.7, 0.003, -0.01, -7.26, -32.6, -4.35, -23.4, -46.55, -0.78, 4.26 and 68.68 for crossbred production system, and were 0.92, 0.001, -0.002, -6.72, -20.64, -1.10, -6.10, -11.82, 0.21, 30.49 and 25.29, for Holstein production system. The results showed, although the importance of some traits in two production systems were different, which was a reflection of overall difference in two production systems, the breeding objective of two population should be very close together, considering high similarity of economic values of traits

Body Condition Score (BCS) is a subjective metod for evaluating the nutritional status of the flock that provided the profitable information of productive trait and body ingridients. OBGECTIVES: The Effect of BCS at lambing on ultrasounography, biometry measurement and productive traits of Afshari breeds were investigated. 169 Afshari ewes 2 to 7 years old were selected from experimental flock of Zanjan University. BCS of ewes at lambing were categorized to 5 groups of 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4. The numbers of each Group were 12, 50, 45, 27 and 35 respectively. Traits in this study included: ultrasounography and biometry measurements, body weight and body temperature, wool production and some productive traits. BCS have significant effect on Longissimus muscle depth, body length, chest circumference, length tail, middle and bottom of the tail and body weight, while skin thickness, fat thickness, withers height and depth of the chest have no significant difference (P<0.05). Average wool production in ewes with a score of 3.5 more than other groups, and ewes with BCS 2 was lower than other treatments (P<0.05). Birth weight of lamb from ewes with different BCS, have no significant. This study showed that type of birth and sex of lamb in birth weight was significant (P<0.05). Ewe Body condition score, sex, birth weight and type of birth were effective on weaning weight and average daily gain to weaning. The results showed that positive effect of BCS, ewes with BCS of 3 to 4 had better performance than other groups in the flock, therefore complementary feeding of ewes in late pregnancy is recommended.

In this study, records of 64220 first lactation dairy cows were used. Data were collected from 749 herds during 1996 to 2009 by the Animal Breeding Center of Iran. Data included of production (305 d milk yield, 305 d fat percentage, 305 d protein percentage and lactation length) and reproduction (dry days, age at first calving, calving interval and days open) traits. Data analysis was performed by restricted maximum likelihood procedure using DFREML software. The estimated heritabilities of milk yield, fat percentage and protein percentage and lactation length were 0.197, 0.282, 0.333 and 0.031, respectively. The estimated heritabilites of dry days, age at first calving, calving interval and days open were 0.015, 0.079, 0.035 and 0.036, respectively. Genetic correlations between production traits were from 0.52 for milk yield and fat percentage to 0.74 for fat percentage and protein percentage. Genetic correlations between reproduction traits were from 0.07 (age at first calving and calving interval) to 0.95 (dry days and calving interval). Estimated genetic correlation between production and reproduction traits were from -0.63 (milk yield and dry days) to 0.96 (lactation length calving interval). Considering negative genetic correlation between production and reproduction traits, planning of selection programs in dairy cows based on a combination of production and reproduction traits is recommendable.