جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « استخراج » در نشریات گروه « صنایع غذایی »

In the present study, bioactive compounds were extracted from cotyledon of bitter orange (Citrus aurantium) seed, as a waste of citrus processing, using a microwave-assisted extraction method. The effects of four independent variables including microwave power (100-300 W), extraction time (5-15 min), sample weight (5-15 g), and solvent volume (100-200 mL) on responses of extraction yield, total phenolic content, total flavonoid content, free radical scavenging activity (IC50), ferric ion reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), cupric ion reducing antioxidant capacity (CUPRAC), and chelating capacity of extracts were investigated. Response surface methodology based on the central composite design was employed to investigate the effects of independent variables on the responses and also to optimize the extraction conditions. The optimum extraction condition included microwave power of 300 W, extraction time of 15 min, sample weight of 5 g, and solvent volume of 200 mL. Regarding the extraction yield, its amount increased significantly by increasing microwave power, extraction time, and sample weight, while it decreased significantly by increasing solvent volume. Also, the highest total phenolic content in the extract was observed at the lowest levels of microwave power and extraction time. Concerning the total flavonoid content in the extract, its amount increased significantly by increasing extraction time and solvent volume, while it decreased significantly by increasing sample weight. In addition, the CUPRAC of the extract increased significantly by increasing microwave power, extraction time, and solvent volume, as opposed to sample weight. In conclusion, microwave-assisted extraction can be suggested as a suitable method for extracting bioactive compounds from the bitter orange seed cotyledon.

In this study, the effect of ultrasound pretreatment (at 40 kW power, for 20 min) with single partial solvent including water and ethanol and two partial solvents containing water/ethanol in the form of 30% (water): 70% (ethanol) and 60% (water): 40% (ethanol), were considered on the extraction efficiency, total phenolic and flavonoid compounds, as well as the free radical inhibition rate of the St. John’s wort (Hypericum perforatum L.) extract. In order to analyze the data, a completely randomized design was used in three replications, and the comparison of means was done by Duncan's multi-range test, at the probability level of α=1%, and using SPSS 14. Based on the results, the highest amount of extraction efficiency (18.3 %), total phenolic (0.295 mg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (0.105 mg QE/g dw) compounds and the inhibition rate of free radicals (84.21 %) was measured in the samples pre-treated with ultrasound along with two partial solvents [30% (water): 70% (ethanol)] and the lowest amount of extraction efficiency (4.21%), total phenolic (0.051mg GAE/g dw) and flavonoid (0.0115 mg QE/g dw) compounds as well as free radical inhibition rate (47.53 %) was specified in water (100 %) solvent.

This study aimed to apply percolation and microwave-assisted extraction methods to extract phenolic, carotenoid and chlorophyll compounds from Gracilariacorticata red algae. During this study, in the MAE method the solvent type (water, ethanol, and methanol), time (10, 20 and 30 min), power (90, 180 and 270 W) and solvent-to-sample ratio (5, 12.5 and 20) were used as variables. Also, in the percolation method, the variables were solvent type (water, ethanol, and methanol), time (24, 48 and 72 h) and solvent-to-sample ratio (5, 12.5 and 20). Based on the results obtained during this study, it was found that the percolation method the solvent and time interaction, solvent and solvent to sample ratio interaction had a significant effect on the chlorophyll a content (p<0.05). To the extract carotenoids in the percolation method, the most effective parameters were type 1 solvent (water) and solvent to sample ratio of 20. The variables of percolation and MAE methods had no significant effect on phenol content (p>0.05). In the MAE extraction method, the solvent-to-sample ratio and the square solvent type had a significant effect (p<0.05) on the chlorophyll content. For extraction of carotenoids using the MAE method, solvent type, and solvent to sample ratio had a significant effect on extraction efficiency (p<0.05).

Medicinal plant extracts contain effective compounds such as phenolic, antioxidant and antimicrobial. To extract the extracts from plants, traditional methods such as soxhlet and maceration or new nonthermal technologies such as ultrasound can be used. The type of extraction method affects the quantity and quality of the extract. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of using ultrasound in the aqueous extraction of phenolic and antioxidant compounds of Capparis spinosa leaves and roots. Response surface methodology (RSM) and Box–Behnken design were used to optimize the extraction factors, including extraction time (10, 25, 40 min) and sound intensity (40, 70, 100 %) with aqueous solvent. The results showed sound intensity was more effective factor than time. By increasing of sound intensity and the time of extraction the yield increased. The optimum conditions for extraction of phenolic and antioxidant compounds were as follows: extraction time 36 min and sound intensity 91 percent. Total phenolic content was obtained 21.80 mg/g in leaf and 14.96 mg/g in root and IC50 was obtained 11.75 µg/mg in leaf and 52.17 µg/mg in root.

Pectin, which is made from citrus peel and waste, is one of the most commonly used compounds in the food industry. For large scale production, a combination of membrane-vacuum filtering has been suggested as an alternative to traditional methods of purifying the acidic solution for pectin extraction. This study investigates the main factors involved in membrane filtering system for separation of fibrous materials from an acidic pectin solution under vacuum. These factors which include: filter-aid-particle size, amount of filter-aid (perlite) added to the solution, and the vacuum level, affect, separation quality, volumetric flow rate, and energy consumption . A vacuum separation device was developed for this purpose in order to separate the fibrous material dissolved in solution. The independent variables were examined at three levels, the data were analyzed, and the optimum value for each variable was determined using the response surface method (RSM). Results revealed that increasing the vacuum level from 0.2 to 0.4 bar increases the flow-rate 6.5 folds, while, further increase in the vacuum level decreases the flow-rate. This indicates clogging of the paper filter and decreased flow-rate at vacuum level of 0.6 bar and perlite particle size of 100 microns. The evaluation results showed that thickness of the perlite layer has the greatest effect on the separation efficiency and when increased from 1 to 2 cm,  increases the efficiency  2.5 folds. The maximum value of separation efficiency was obtained at a vacuum level of 0.2 bar, particle size of 20 microns and perlite thickness of 2 cm. The energy consumption of 60-micron perlite was 0.74 Wh in the optimal state, and the larger and smaller sizes of perlite had 4.5 times the energy consumption. These findings are applicable in the industrial scale implementation of a biomaterial separation system using vacuum membrane filtering.

Considering the importance and extent of industries related to food processing in human life and the key role of a raw material such as pectin in this industry, the use of innovative, more optimal and less expensive methods of extracting this material can be important. A semi-continuous rotary separator system for separating pulp from fluid containing pectin has been investigated in the present study. In this research, to evaluate the separation process with the help of semi-continuous separator by considering the rotational speed, fluid input flow rate and time in the separation process, on the efficiency and energy consumption at flow rates of 60, 90 and 120 ml/min and five levels of rotational speed 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, rpm and time intervals 0-50, 51-100, 101-150, 151-200 and 201-250 seconds, according to the optimal energy consumption. The solution contains acid as a solvent for pectin and some solid fiber suspended in the fluid, in order to produce pectin, its solid particles must be separated first and a semi-continuous separator is used in this step. According to the obtained results, the input flow rate of 60 ml/min due to the longer retention time for better separation, the rotational speed of 6000 rpm due to the creation of the greatest rcf force, and finally the time interval of 0-50 seconds had the best separation quality. By considering the time and energy consumption and using the RSM, the optimal point with an efficiency of 99.12% in the conditions of a rotational speed of 3400 rpm, an input flow rate of 120 ml/min and a time of 50 seconds with a consumption of 6.48 W hours of energy consumption, by computer it was validated by testing the first 5 optimal points and with an error of 6% of the introduced optimal point.

Maize bran is the most common by-product of maize milling process and it is mainly used as animal feed. In this study, antioxidant and anti-diabetic activities of two types of maize fiber gum, FAX (fiber with phenolic compounds) and Y (fiber without phenolic compounds), were examined. In addition, intrinsic and extrinsic fluorescence intensity was assessed to explore the inhibitory mechanism of two enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. The results revealed that FAX had the highest DPPH radical scavenging property at 39.74 ± 0.399 µmolTE/g, whereas Y had 3.73 ± 0.257 µmolTE/g. Furthermore, the ABTS cationic radical scavenging activity in FAX was 137.10 ± 2.99 µmolTE/g, whereas Y was 29.68 ± 1.17 µmolTE/g. FAX had a higher inhibition rate of porcine α-amylase enzyme activity than Y, and the difference was significant (p ˂ 0.05). FAX inhibited rat intestinal α-glucosidase activity the highest (26.15%), whereas Y had no enzyme inhibition property at the concentration used. In addition, applying different concentrations of both fibers to α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes resulted in a decrease in fluorescence intensity; however, this intensity was higher for FAX. Both fibers were able of inhibiting both enzymes by changing the third structure of the enzyme via non-covalent bonds. Overall, the results showed that high phenolic fiber from maize bran can be consider as a natural source of antioxidant activity and inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, and that it can be used in the production of functional foods.

Analysis of the extraction modelling for natural compounds is essential for industrial application. In the present paper, ohmic-assisted extraction was investigated for the extraction of Falcaria vulgaris extract. This study was performed in order to express the effect of some pecific parameters (as: voltage gradiant, ethanol to water ratio, extraction time and temperature) on the extraction yield and total phenolic content (TPC). Kinetics models (first-order, second's-order and pelleg models) and artificial neural network were used for modeling ohmic-assisted extraction process. Kinetic study plays a very important role in evaluating the extraction process because it allows estimation of the cost-effectiveness of the process in saving time, money and energy. The results showed that the second-order and plleg's kinetic models respectively, were successfully predicted the value of the total phenol content of the extract and extraction yield in all experiments. The correlation coefficient between experimentally obtained extraction yield and total phenolic content and values predicted by artificial neural network (4-16-2) were 0.995 for training, 0.963 for validation, and 0.979 for testing, indicating the good predictive ability of the model. The artificial neural network model had a higher prediction efficiency than the kinetic models. Artificial neural network can reliably model the process with better predictive and estimation capabilities than the kinetic’s models.

Rose hip (Rosa canina L.), as a valuable medicinal herbs of Iran, has beneficial effects on the human health. High dose of the rosehip should be used to be effective on the health and anti-inflammatory activity, but it is difficult especially due to its flavor and texture. Therefore, the main goal of the research was to produce rosehip concentrate to increase the bioactive components in the extract and promote the health. Therefore, the effect of ethanol concentration (20-96%), solvent/solid (S/S) ratio (5:1- 15:1 ml/g) and the extraction time (6-24 h) on the components of the extracted samples of rosehip was investigated to select the treatment with the highest bioactive components. The results indicated that increasing of the S/S ratio enhanced all of the components; although the extraction time hadn’t any significant effects on the extraction yield. Increasing the ethanol concentration enhanced total flavonoid content (TFC) and total carotenoid (TC) and decreased total phenol content (TPC). Therefore, to obtain the highest TC and TFC (at optimum condition including S/S ratio 14.94 ml/g, time of 6 h and 96 % ethanol) and highest TPC (at optimum condition including S/S ratio 15 ml/g, time of 6 h and 35.8 % ethanol) , two stages extraction was selected. Finally, these two obtained extract were combined and concentrated under vaccum condition at 45 °C and then, freeze dried. The highest total triterpenoid content (8 % triterpenoid per weight of extract powder) was related to the two staged extract.

Extraction of hydrocolloids from plant seeds is important due to the increased consumption of these compounds in the formulation of food products. Ultrasound-assisted extraction has become very popular due to its many advantages, one of the most important of which is to increase the extraction efficiency of the biopolymers. The aim of this research was to use inverse numerical method to estimate the effective parameters in mass transfer related to the ultrasound-assisted extraction of galactomannan form two plant seeds including fenugreek and Gleditsia caspica. To achieve this goal, the concentration of galactomannan extracted from both plant seeds was obtained against time and the experimental data and the data predicted by the software (based on the simulation) were compared which had proper convergence. Effective parameters in mass transfer including dispersion coefficient (E), diffusion coefficient (D) and total mass transfer coefficient (kc) were in the range of 1.21 – 1.52×10-12, 2.39 – 3.05×10-8 and 1.18 – 1.85×10-7m2/s for fenugreek galactomannan and 1.31 – 1.54×10-12, 2.63 – 3.11×10-8 and 1.46 – 1.95×10-7m2/s for Gleditsia caspica galactomannan. The difference between the values obtained for the two galactomannans could be attributed to the seed type, hardness or softness of the seed wall and characteristics of the target component. According to the obtained results, inverse numerical method could be introduced as an acceptable and effective method for modeling of the extraction process of both galactomannans.

Proteins are one of the most important food constituents due to their unique functional properties and health benefits. Among plant proteins, fenugreek seed protein is of great interest due to its high content of essential amino acids. The current study was carried out to optimize ultrasound-assisted extraction of fenugreek seed protein and evaluation of its functional, structural and antioxidant properties. The optimal conditions for protein extraction were ultrasonic power of 80 W and sonication time of 28.39 min which under these conditions, the predicted extraction yield was 8.65% which was in good agreement with the experimental value (8.57%). Amide A, amides type I, II, and III bands were observed in Fourier transform infrared spectrum. The solubility was pH-dependent. The water and oil absorption capacity was 6.24 and 2.72 mL/g, respectively. The lowest (44.66%) and highest (92.49%) foaming capacities were observed at pH 4.5 and 10, respectively. The highest emulsifying capacity (84.53%) was observed at pH 10, while the lowest (54.82%) was at isoelectric point. At the constant pH, the foam and emulsion stability decreased over time. The results revealed that ultrasound can be applied effectively to reduce the time of protein extraction process from fenugreek seeds. In addition, the fenugreek seeds extracted by using ultrasound have desirable functional and antioxidant properties that make it feasible for utilization in the food industry.

Medicinal plants are rich in secondary metabolites and contain the active ingredients of many drugs(Davari et al., 2018). Over the years, the secondary metabolites in plants have been used to treat most diseases due to their ease of access and use and fewer side effects compared to chemical products(fazelinasb et al., 2017). Fungi are one of the types of medicinal plants that have attracted the interest of researchers in recent years. Ganoderma Lucidum is an annual fungus of the genus Basidiomycetes belonging to the class Agaricomycete, order Ployporaceae and family Ganodermataceae(chen et al., 2017). This effective medicinal fungus has been khown in East Asian countries for about 2000 years, such as Reishi or Mannetake in Japan(ten thousand years old fungus) and Ling Chih, Ling Chu and Ling Zhi(immortal fungus) in China and Korea is famous(Robertos 2004). Medicinal properties of Ganoderma Lucidum are due to the presence of biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides, sterols, amino acids, triterpenoids, alkaloids, proteins and peptides(Peterson 2006). As triterpenes and polysaccharids are the most important chemical compounds in Ganoderma that most scientific research has been done on them(stemets 2000).One of the most important polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum is Glucan, which strengthens the immune system(wang et al., 2002). The polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum also have antioxidant, antibacterial, antiviral, and radiation protection properties, and the protein in it has anti-tumor and anti-diabetic activity(Gao et al., 2004). Ganoderma lucidum contains a variety of compounds, including ketones, esters, lactones, alcohols, ethers, and hydroxybenzene (Taskin et al., 2013).The polyphenolic portion of Ganoderma lucidum consists mainly of flavonoids such as Quercetin, Routine, Myersitin, Morin, Hesperetin, and Naringenin (Saltarelli et al., 2015 , Veljovic et al., 2017).Different methods are used to extraction plant extracts such as ultrasound, microwave, supercritical fluid and maceration. Each of the obove methods has a differents ability in extracting plant compounds, depending on the sample, type of solvent used and extraction conditios.In the maceration method, the mass of the desired compound is transferred from the sample to the solvent used while the solution is in contact with the sample. Extraction also depends on the particle size and properties of the plant tissue. Extraction efficiency in maceration method is generally higer than new extraction methods and the probability of heat damage in this method is lower(wang et al 2002).

Ganoderma Lucidum was obtained from the Department of Medicinal Plants of the University of Tehran. The materials used for the tests, including ethanol and methanol solvents, were purchased from Pars Shimi Company, Iran. Folin ciocalteu reagent was purchased from Merk Company, Germany. Galic Acid, DPPH reagent, and sodium carbonate were purchased from Sigma Company, USA.Ganoderma lucidum was extracted by using the Shon method with modifications.The total amount of phenolic compounds in the Ganoderma lucidum extraction was measured by the Folin-Ciocalteu method. In this method, Folin reagent is reduced in the presence of phenolic compounds in alkaline solution and blue color is produced in the solution. Color intensity can be determined at a wavelength of 765 nm by the optical spectrometer.Evaluation of free radical inhibition activity with Diphenyl Picrylhydrazyl was measured. The IC50 factor, which represents the amount of required sample to inhibit 50 percent of free radicals, was used for better assessment of antiradical activity. The lower the IC50, the higher would be antioxidant potential (low concentrations of the sample can prevent large amounts of free radicals [ Khalili and Ebrahimzadeh 2015]. Minitab software version 16 was used to design the treatments from the response level method, the Box- Behnken model, and to assess the optimal conditions for extraction from Ganoderma Lucidum by the statistical method of the response level.

different extraction conditions (tempreature, time, and type of solvent)had significant effects on the total amount of phenolic compounds and IC 50 of Ganoderma lucidum extract, so that the total amount of phenolic compounds of produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum ranged from 7.244 to 21.089 mg100g-1, and IC 50 ranged from 2.409 to 8.369 percent. The results show that increasing temperature (20 to 40 C°), extraction time (12 to 48 h), and application of methanol solvent, compared to the use of water solvent and a mixture of 50/50 water and methanol, significantly (P ≤ 0.05) increases the total extraction of phenolic compounds and decreases the amount of IC 50 from Ganoderma Lucidum.The linear effects of all three variables of temperature, time and type of solvent, and square effect of solvent type (C2) on the total extraction of phenolic compounds and IC 50, were significant (P≤ 0.05). Meanwhile, the square effects of temperature, extraction time, interactional effects of temperature, extraction time, solvent type on the total extraction of phenolic compounds, and IC 50 from Ganoderma lucidum were not significant (P <0.05).According to Single optimization the maximum amount of phenolic composition of the produced extract from 20.9944 mg100g-1 Ganoderma lucidum with 99.32 percent desirability was achieved in the following condition: 48 h of extraction time, 40 C° of temperature, and the use of methanol solvents and the maximum antioxidant composition of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum which can inhibit free radicals was predicted to be 2.1128 percent with 100 percent utility belonging to 48 h extraction time, 40 C° temperature, and use of methanol solvent. According to Multiple optimizations total phenol optimum and IC 50 of the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum. It was predicted that the optimal conditions for the produced extract from Ganoderma lucidum by macration method to achieve the maximum total phenolic composition and the minimum amount of IC 50 multiple with 99.662 percent of desirability on 48 h of extraction time, 40 C° of temperature and the using of methanol solvent that total phenol content and the IC50 were 20.9944 mg100g-1 and 2.1128 percent, respectively.

The results of this study proved that by optimizing the extraction conditions of Ganoderma Lucidum, a higer amount of its effective compounds can be achieved. Also, the response surface method can be an effective way to optimize the extraction conditions of effective compounds from Ganoderma Lucidum.

In this study, using thyme medicinal plant without using heat by osmotic method, sugar solution with maximum active ingredients was produced. Effects of temperature (25, 35 and 45 degrees Celsius), sucrose osmotic solution concentration (40, 50 and 60%) and sampling time (15, 30, 60, 90, 120, 180, 240 and 360 minutes) on the amount The removal of active ingredients from the plant and the change in pH values and electrical conductivity (EC) were evaluated. Then the effect of blanching with hot water in (30, 60, 120 and 180 seconds) and ultrasound (0, 15 and 30 minutes) on the osmotic processing were investigated separately. The highest EC was in the solution with 40% sucrose concentration and 45°C and the lowest was in osmotic solution with 60% concentration and 45°C. Blanching before osmosis resulted in increased pH and EC. Blanching for 30 seconds caused the greatest increase in EC. Treatment with 30 minutes ultrasound increased the pH and EC in samples compared to 15 minutes of ultrasound. The chromatographic results of the control samples and the sample containing thyme extract in sucrose solution showed the release of polar and non-polar active compounds in the osmotic solution. The release of different compounds showed a difference in their release rate during the osmosis process. Finally the results showed that the extraction of active ingredients of medicinal plants was possible by osmosis process, so that the pH and EC changed over time. The product of this research can be used in the production of beverage syrups and food. In this method, the damages of other methods of extraction of effective substances such as solvent extraction, use of heat in extraction and drying of medicinal plants such as distillation and essential oil extraction methods are minimized.

In this study, extracts of microalgae Spirulina platensis were extracted by maceration, microwave and ultrasound methods and water and ethanol as solvent under controlled conditions. Determination of total flavonoid content (TFC) and total phenolic content (TPC) as well as free radical scavenging activity (IC50) of the extracts done based on Alcl method, follin-ciocaltuea and absorption of radical DPPH (2,2-diphenyl -1-ipicryl hydrasil) respectively and in triplicate. The results showed that between extraction techniques, ultrasound and between two solvents used, water had the best efficiency of extraction the TPC, TFC and free radical scavenging activity. By ultrasound technique, PC, TFC and IC50 were 2.13±0/36 (mg/g), 3.4±0/35 (mg/g) and 0.34 ±0/35 (µg/ml) respectively. As a conclusion, it can be concluded that the application of ultrasound technique and water in comparsion with other five treatments showed the best efficiency and finally, it was selected as an optimal treatment.

Moringa oleifera is known as a rich and cost-effective source of phytochemical compounds and has many applications in industry, water treatment, pharmacy and biofuels The leaves of Moringa oleifera were introduced by the Taiwan Plant Center as one of the 120 food species studied as the plant with the highest nutritional content. In this study, the effect of different extraction methods such as Maceration and Soxhlet on phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant properties, The effect of these extracts on A549 lung cancer cells was also evaluated by MTT assay. This plant was studied. According to the results obtained from the leaves of Moringa oleifera, the highest extraction efficiency was related to Soxhlet extraction. The highest phenolic and flavonoid content was related to Maceration extraction method. The results of studying the antioxidant properties of the extract showed that most of the antioxidant properties were related to the extract obtained by Soxhlet method. MTT test showed that among the various extracts, the lowest IC50 was related to the extract extracted by Soxhlet method. This study shows that Moringa oleifera leaves are a good nutritional source.

The ultrasound process is a non-thermal method of extraction, and due to its effective effects on food storage and processing its use is increasing. Therefore, the aim of current study was to investigate the effect of ultrasound waves on phenolic and flavonoid compounds extraction of lemon peel extract. In this method in order to evaluate the phenol and flavonoids extraction and to assess the inhibitory power of DPPH free radicals, three different water solvents, 70% ethanol and 80% methanol were used. Then, the best solvent for the extraction of these compounds at of 30, 60and 90 moments were compared. The software used for analysis of variance and comparison of means was SPSS. According to the results, the strongest and weakest solvent for the extraction of bioactive compounds were 70% ethanol and water, which was 8.202 and 6.95 mg, equal to Gallic acid per grams of dry extract of phenolic compounds, 4.61 and 3.74 mg equal to quercetin grams of compound flavonoids dry matter and 87.468 and 70.213 percent of the inhibitory power of DPPH-free radicals. In 70% ethanol solvent, a significant difference was observed between 30, 60 and 90 moments for extraction of effective compounds, and 90 and 30 minutes, respectively, had the highest and lowest extraction rates of the compounds, respectively. In each extraction method, the amount of extraction of bioactive compounds was different depending on the solvent and 70% ethanol solvent was the best extraction method.

Cell membranes are the main preventive of intracellular solute extraction. Mechanical destruction and thermal treatment are pre-treatment methods commonly used to destroy cell membranes and facilitate the release of solute into the solvent during the extraction. However, the overall rupture of membranes requires excessive heating that leads to altering plant tissue, passing solid materials through membranes (such as pectin in sugar production) to the adjacent solvent, and altering the chemical structure cell walls by hydrolytic reactions which itself requires further purification cost. Applying a pulsed electric field (PEF) with low heat treatment of products significantly enhances mass transfer into the biological tissues of food crops, which leads to saving  much time and energy. In this study, extraction of sugar from carrots under both different pulsed electric field conditions (including  field strengths of  250, 750, and 1250 V/cm and number of 10, 45, and 80 pulses) and thermal treatments (20, 45, and 70ºC) was investigated based on full factorial design experiments. Carrot slices treated with PEF were suspended in water at the desired temperature and liquid to solid (L/S) weight ratio of  2. Immediately after the PEF treatment, a significant increase in the solute extraction was observed because of the cell membrane permeability, which led to the enhancement of solute convection on the surface of the tissue.

One of the most common problems in dairy products, which are rich in unsaturated fatty acids is lipid oxidation. This phenomenon can occur during processing, distribution and storage steps and leads to loss of valuable nutrients, discoloration and unpleasant flavor. Many medical studies confirmed harms and side effects of synthetic additives on human health. Accordingly, extracts and essential oils obtained from medicinal plants have received more attention as natural antioxidants in recent years. The use of phenols in these products has long been supported not only as natural antioxidants but also to produce new tasty and colorful natural products. Therefore, evaluating the function of jujube extract in a dairy emulsion system which is susceptible to oxidation could prove the ability of this fruit to help in processing and enhance the oxidative stability of food products.

At the beginning of this research, ohmic heating system equipped with a temperature regulator was designed and made. This system (a new and green heating technology) was applied in optimal conditions in order to obtain Jujube extract as a rich source of bioactive compounds and in the following, this extract was added to confectionery cream as a natural antioxidant. Confectionery cream samples were produced at the industrial pilot scale according to optimized formulation in the research and development unit of Zarrin Ghazal company. Formulations were contained of jujube extract at the level of 0.5 and 2.5%, synthetic antioxidant butyl hydroxytoluene (BHT) and BHT-extract combination. Assessment of oxidative stability was conducted by measuring peroxide, p-anisidine and total oxidation values during the storage period under different conditions such as darkness and ultraviolet light radiation.

The results showed that cream formulations containing BHT-extract and Jujube extract at the level of 2.5% had the lowest values of total oxidation which represented the highest free radicals inhibitory effect. Evaluation of anisidine number in the absence of ultraviolet light revealed that the growth rate of secondary products oxidation in samples containing jujube extract and BHT separately was significantly lower than the growth rate in control sample. While in the presence of ultraviolet light, only the growth rate of anisidine number of cream containing Jujube extract sample at the level of 0.5% was significantly different in comparison to control sample. However, It was observed that antioxidants in different concentrations and environmental conditions can act as proxidants. The inhibitory mechanism of antioxidants against photo-oxidation was similar to that in samples which were not exposed to light. Therefore, Jujube extract can act as an antioxidant against spontaneous and photo-oxidation. It also demonstrated antioxidant properties in confectionery cream emulsion and BHT-extract combination was affirmed to has synergistic effects against oxidation, due to different functions of polar and non-polar antioxidants. According to the sensory evaluation results, the highest general acceptance score was related to the cream sample containing 0.5% of Jujube extract. The positive effect of this extract on flavor, aroma, texture and desired mouthfeel was determined with a significant difference compared to other samples.

Jujube extract could be used as a natural alternative to synthetic antioxidants in the food and pharmaceutical industries. However, according to the results of sensory evaluation, by increasing the percentage of these compounds a negative impact on overall product acceptance was observed. On the other hand, due to the synergistic effects of polar and non-polar antioxidants and reducing the total oxidation, partial replacement of synthetic antioxidant with natural phenolic compounds is suggested as the optimal option. .Furthermore, fortified cream prepared in the present study could be introduced as a functional food because of health-promoting properties of Jujube extract.

Due to the identified side effects of current synthetic drugs and growing public awareness in terms of beneficial usage of the natural compounds, the attention of researchers towards effective compounds in plants have recently drawn. D-limonene is a monoterpene, volatile, and aromatic flavor compound which is found in citrus fruits such as orange peel oil. As an essential oil, it has been reported that D-limonene presents a wide spectrum of antimicrobial, antioxidant, and therapeutic properties. D-limonene is also classified as generally recognized as safe (GRAS). This compound is widely used in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, perfume, food, and beverage industries. However, due to some inherent properties of D-limonene such as low water solubility, chemical destruction in the presence of light and high temperature, and high sensitivity to oxidation, its application is considerably limited at the industrial scale. In this paper, structure, extraction methods, physicochemical, therapeutic and health properties of limonene, as well as its applications in the food industry are investigated.