جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اکوتوریسم » در نشریات گروه « آبخیزداری، بیابان، محیط زیست، مرتع »

Improvement of the natural tourism industry is considered as an important way for sustainable development of watersheds. Ecotourism should increase watershed income and consequently reduce the pressure caused by harvesting of natural resources. Sangtarashan watershed located in Khorramabad city, is a suitable area for tourism development. The main aim of this study was to identify the internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (opportunities and threats) of the study area available for the development of regional tourism and present appropriate strategies. To conduct this study, first, based on the basic information available in the region and with the opinion of managers and stakeholders, a list of strengths and weaknesses as well as opportunities, opportunities and threats of the region was prepared and provided to experts and watershed residents to determine the importance and rank of each case to be determined. Then, internal and external factors were analyzed using SWOT model. The Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was used to select the best strategy for tourism development in the region. According to the results conservative strategies (WO) are the most appropriate strategies for development of Sangtarashan tourism.

Man is regarded a major source of adverse impacts on nature; a fundamental strategy in tourism should, therefore, be the control of tourist behavior at natural sites. The carrying capacity of a promenade and its use should be proportional to its ecological capacity; otherwise, destruction will result. Estimation of the carrying capacity of natural recreational sites allows planners to know the permissible number of tourists that can enter any recreational resort. This estimate will serve as a measure of preventing decline in the natural capacity of ecosystems and a means of providing desirable tourism services to visitors in a sustainable manner. In order to attain and maintain the appropriate carrying capacity, certain principles should be observed and necessary corrective and protective measures taken. These include restoration of vegetation as well as water and soil conservation, among others, that should be placed at the top of tourism planning of a given resort. In the present study, the recreational carrying capacity of Kani Mamatekeh in Sanandaj watershed park was determined. According to the results obtained, the physical carrying capacity within the recreational site was 19272 visitors per day and 7034280 people per year while the daily and annual real carrying capacities of the region across the intensive recreation area were 2767 and 431186, respectively. It was also found that the physical carrying capacity would reduce by as much as 86% if the ecological constraints in the watershed park including number of rainy days, number of frosty days, bioclimatic conditions of the region, and the mating seasons for the wildlife were considered.

Ecotourism is closely related to the environmental potential of the ecosystem. Therefore, the feasibility study of suitable zones for ecotourism can help identify the relevant capacities, improve the developmental programs, protect the environment, and sustainably develop tourism, especially ecotourism. Moreover, more accurate identification of suitable zones for ecotourism and careful setting of well-designed plans to enable the zones’ potential in this regard seems to be an effective solution, playing a key role in sustainable development, improvement of the living standards in target communities, and maintenance of the ecosystem’s natural balance. Considered as a tourist destination in Iran, Kashan City enjoys a wide range of tourism capacities in terms of resources, attractions, infrastructures, facilities, etc. However, the ecological potential of the region has not been assessed scientifically in terms of ecotourism development. Therefore, this study sought to evaluate the ecological potential of Kashan City for developing centralized extensive ecotourism so that appropriate plans could be set for developing nature-based tourism, taking advantage of the city’s landscapes as the natural potential for sustainable development.

The current study attempted to assess the ecological potential of Kashan City for developing ecotourism using spatial analysis via ArcGIS, ENVI, and Google Earth software. Moreover, the tourism development model was used to assess the environmental potential of the study area. The criteria used in this regard consisted of climatic factors, including temperature, sundial, wind velocity, and precipitation. landscape factors such as slope, aspect, elevation, bedrock, and soil order, and ecological factors such as vegetation density, greenness value, plant height, and species were also taken into account. On the other hand, a set of base maps, a digital elevation model, spatial data, satellite images, climatic data, field surveys, and library studies were used to collect the required data. Finally, after providing the digital layers of the aforementioned indicators and applying the thresholds, the areas for developing ecotourism were classified into three categories, including highly suitable, suitable, and unsuitable areas.

The results of land suitability analysis for developing ecotourism in Kashan showed that 1859.58, 2690.27, and 476.97 sq. Km (42.2, 6.06, and 84.84 percent) of the total study area were highly suitable for ecotourism in terms of climatic, landscape, and ecological criteria, respectively. Moreover, 1859.58 and 2730.29 sq. Km (42.2% and 61.97%) of the region were highly suitable zones for extensive ecotourism in terms of climate and landscape criteria, respectively. On the other hand, the final results of the feasibility study for ecotourism development in Kashan city revealed that 60.63 and 39.34 percent (1730.86 and 2667.71 sq. Km), and 63.09 and 22.65 percent (2778.82 and 997.63 sq. Km) of the region enjoyed highly suitable capabilities for centralized extensive ecotourism, respectively. Furthermore, as can be seen in climatic factors maps, the northern to southeastern regions (as a continuous zone) have the highest land capability, and the western to southern areas have the lowest land capability in terms of extensive tourism development. Considering the same influence of climatic status on centralized and extensive ecotourism, the spatial distribution of proportional classes was found to be the same for both types of ecotourism zones. Moreover, as far as climatic factors are concerned, wind velocity and precipitation maps suggested the highest spatial diversity and temperature and sundial maps showed the least spatial diversity. On the other hand, considering their distinct role in the type of ecotourism and different alteration threshold of each parameter, the landscape factors offer a greater variety than the climatic ones. On the other hand, the slope, aspect, bedrock, and soil order maps revealed the highest spatial diversity, while the elevation map suggested the least spatial diversity. The high spatial diversity among vegetation-related factors could be attributed to the distribution of plant species (from shrubs to trees), the extent of greenness, vegetation density, plant height, and the range of changes in tourism classes in terms of such indices. In general, the highest land suitability belonged to the areas with maximum greenness.

The analysis of land suitability maps for the development of extensive centralized tourism in Kashan City suggested that the city was highly suitable for the development of various types of nature-based tourism, including ecotourism, mountain sports tourism (mountaineering and rock climbing), agricultural tourism, medical tourism and nature therapy (sand therapy, halotherapy, and desert tourism), bio-tourism (species and gene biodiversity), astronomy tourism, rural tourism, etc. Moreover, regions covered with vegetation are highly appealing for all types of tourism, especially if they are located in arid lands with natural shrubs and trees. On the other hand, more than 84% of the study area was found to be suitable for ecotourism development in terms of climatic and landscape factors, indicating the lack of vegetation in the region, which is quite justifiable as it is located in an arid land with a dry climate. In contrast, the highly suitable areas for ecotourism development are scattered throughout the region with a focus on the center, south, west, and east of the study area, most of which are covered with agricultural lands and vegetated mountainous areas. Furthermore, it could be argued that due to the reputation of Kashan City for its Rosa damascene flowers, the city’s agricultural areas are suitable places for agricultural tourism, bio-tourism, event tourism, and flower and rose festivals.

Nature tourism includes all forms and types of tourism, but the factors used to classify the different forms of tourism are not the same. In the ecological model of tourism, recreation is divided into two types: centralized and extensive. Centralized recreation includes those recreations that need to be developed, such as swimming, skiing, camping, etc. Extensive recreation includes activities that do not require development, such as mountaineering and hunting, or require little development, such as fishing, hiking, horseback riding, and wildlife watching, each of which is grouped into the first and the second class and unsuitable for recreation (Makhdom, 2010). Abbasi et al. (2022) in a study with the aim of designing a rural ecotourism entrepreneurship development model in Dezful city used a qualitative type in terms of implementation method, a mixture of qualitative content analysis and Delphi technique, and showed that the combination of social responsibility, biological responsibility, growth and development through ecotourism, ecotourism innovations, and creativity leads to the development of rural entrepreneurship.

In order to determine the natural tourism potential of Kojour summer rangelands, the system analysis method, which is the most common method of identifying, evaluating and planning land productivity in Iran, was used. In the first stage, ecological resources were identified. Ecological resources including physical resources (slope, direction, altitude and soil), etc. were prepared from a 1:25000 digital topographic map. By superimposing these three maps, a single map of the earth's shape was obtained. The next step involved analyzing and summarizing the resources, which in this step was prepared by combining and superimposing the earth shape map and other maps.

The initial recreation map was prepared in three floors. According to the initial recreational map, 0.61% of the study area has a wide recreational capacity of the first floor, 65.22% of the area has a wide recreational capacity of the second floor and 34.17 % of the area is unsuitable for recreation. According to these results, most of the area has a wide recreational capacity of the second floor with an area of 14486.95 ha. According to the final recreation plan and table 3, Chenarbon rangeland with an area of 1514.29 ha has a wide recreational capacity of the second floor, Dasht Lashak rangeland with an area of 79.74 ha, of which 46.51% has a wide recreational capacity of the second floor and 53.49% is unsuitable for recreation, also Islamabad rangeland with an area of 28.87​​ ha, of which 75.2% has a wide recreation capacity of the second floor and 24.98% is unsuitable for recreation, and the Kohneh Lashak rangeland with an area of 128.56 ha, of which 96.19 % has a wide recreational capacity of the second floor and 3.81% is unsuitable for recreation. In addition, Kojour rangeland has an area of 652.74 ha, of which 87.24% has a wide recreational capacity of the second floor and 12.76% is unsuitable for recreation, Lorgan rangeland has an area of 51.80 ha, of which 12.54% has a wide recreational capacity of the second floor and 87.46% is unsuitable for recreation, and Pideh rangeland has an area of 31.9168 ha of which 57.31% has a wide second-class recreation capacity and 42.69% has unsuitable recreation. Kojour summer area is in good condition in terms of slope factor for recreational planning, especially extensive recreation. In the studies of Kumari et al. (2010) slope layer has also been used as an important factor in evaluating recreational power. The north and east directions are usually suitable for summer recreation and the south and west directions are suitable for winter recreation (Makhdom, 2010). The results of the vegetation map showed that most of the area (31.43%) includes agricultural lands and gardens, which makes the area unsuitable for recreation, and the rest of the area with forest and pasture cover with canopy density between 5 and 50 percent is suitable for extensive recreation of first and second class, which is consistent with the results of Parham et al. (2011). Loamy soils are very suitable soils for recreation (Mahmoudi, 2006; 2007; Takihkhah, 2008). In general, there is no restriction in soil texture for ecotourism use in the study area, in Farajzadeh & Karimpanah. (2008), distance from water resources was used as an important factor in assessing the recreational potential of the region. Results of studies (Mahmoudi, 2006; 2007; Takihkhah, 2008; Ahmadsani et al., 2008) also showed that distance from water resources is one of the key factors in evaluating recreational power. Access routes can increase the amount of recreation, and in principle recreational planning for areas with recreational potential is consistent with studies (Mahmodi, 2006; Takihkhah, 2008). High-pressure faults and power towers are among the limiting factors in the region that lead to reduced recreation.

The results of determining the potential of the region showed that this region has a wide recreational capacity of the first and second floors. The results showed that 65.83% of the region has recreational potential and 34.17% of the region is unsuitable for recreation due to the high slope, high altitude and the presence of agricultural lands and gardens in the area. Also, among the seven rangelands studied, Chenarbon rangeland has the best resort conditions due to having all the recreational conditions. Therefore, it is possible to suggest the rangelands of the region, with the exception of high-altitude and sloping rangelands, especially Chenarbon rangelands, for tourism, and to teach its users the necessary practical and managerial measures for this purpose.

In recent decades, global trends in tourism have undergone a gradual transformation. In many social activities, the environmental aspect strengthens and relies more on individual and collective responsibility to protect the environment, leaving a deep trace in the tourist activity itself, and the need arises to create an entirely new alternative concept with the expressed ecological dimension of "ecotourism" in contrast to traditional, massive forms of tourism. The increasing growth of the tourism industry in parallel with rapid economic, political and technological developments has made tourism an important component of the economies of nations, and the benefits of tourism in all sectors have served economic growth. Dena region with countless potentials of tourism can contribute to improving the economic prosperity of Kohgiluyeh and Boyerahmad province and finally the country and provide a favorable environment for employment and sustainable use of the ecosystem. Thus the purpose of this study is the landscape evaluation of Dena protected area for the purpose of ecotourism, based on quantitative method of diversity (V-Wert method) Presented by Landscape Ecologist Hans Kiemstedt. In this method the natural elements of landscape (forests, water surfaces, relief, climate) and land use of considered area are taken as the main criteria for the evaluation. Results show that out of the total analyzed surface, which amounts to 832 km2, very favorable and favorable surfaces of landscape for ecotourism activities development comprise 34 and 48 km2 respectively, i.e. 10% of the territory, which are mainly distributed along the main rivers in the study area. Therefore, in order to develop nature tourism in the Dena Protected Area, it is necessary to select the most scenic spots with excellent visual quality at the very desirable and desirable levels identified in this research with the help of field surveys. Unfavorable lands for ecotourism development rrom an aesthetic point of view as well with 619 km2 (74%) cover the largest part of the region which in the development of ecotourism, it is necessary to pay serious attention to the visual and ecological limitations of this dominant part of the region. Comparison of the results of this study with other similar studies conducted in the Dena Protected Area showed that this model is more stringent than other evaluation models in separating the suitability of areas for the development of ecotourism, which in a way, it can indicate the accuracy of the model.

Tourism and entrepreneurship are including in new thread of world scientific literature. No doubt accurate and appropriate compilation of tourism and entrepreneurship can not only meet the needs of the villagers, involving secure tourism for tourists. The key issue in the realization of entrepreneurial activity at the community level, providing entrepreneurial atmosphere. The relationship between tourism and sustainable development of entrepreneurship in the region can be through consideration the potential positive impact of entrepreneurship on various aspects of economic, cultural and social environment to be determined. The present study aims to identify and prioritize the criteria for ecotourism entrepreneurship desert regions have been conducted in Maranjab. The research instrument was a questionnaire constructed with 6 index, 21 criteria and 125 sub-criteria Its validity by experts and its reliability by using Cronbach's alpha test and was confirmed to the 0/93 and by 25 experts in the field of tourism Maranjab answered. Data analysis was conducted using the Delphi technique. The findings suggest, cultural and educational criteria with a weighted average of 1.096, the highest factor influencing entrepreneurship is ecotourism in Maranjab. Social Criteria 0.946 Weighted average rating criteria for eco-tourism, basic infrastructure, accommodation, transport and leisure facilities have been 0.665, 0.588, 0.560, 0.559 weight rating and 0.524 respectively in the second to seventh positions. Local market benchmark with an average of 0.508 points eighth criteria of effective was influencing entrepreneurship ecotourism. Criteria soil characteristics, physical appearance, economic, vegetation, climate, wildlife, institutional, advertising and media, health - Medical treatment, food and beverage, water resources, communications - electronic and environmental sensitivity weighted average 0.163 respectively in the subsequent positions ecotourism was diagnosed impact on entrepreneurial opportunities.

This study aims to determine the priority of disposed zones of desert tourism in Isfahan province. With respect to the components, the research type is applied and developmental and the research method is descriptive and survey. In this study Rating are given to the attractions of the desert and sand dunes based on performance levels (national, regional, international), privileges (infantry, cavalry), hotels and climate,.Maranjab desert in Natanz and Aran, Mesr desert in Khoor, Siahkooh, Rigjen and a part of Kavir plain in naein, Daghsorkh in Ardestan, and Varzaneh sand dunes in Isfahan, have desert tourism potential in Isfahan province.The results show that the best areas for desert tourism development based on performance levels, privileges, hotels and climate are Abbas Abad and Matin Abad villages and the cities of Islamabad, Khalidabad and Badrod in Natanz, Mesr and Farahzad vilages in Khor And Hossein Abad and Abuzeydabad villages in Aran Bidgol. After that, Respectively, Choupanan village in the Nain, Amir Abad and Hossein Abad villages in Ardestan and Varzaneh in Isfahan have the most score for desert tourism development.

Determining the recreational appropriatness of rangeands based on their ecological potentials is vital for ecotourism management. Ecological potentials should be evaluated to achieve an appropriate ecotorism planning. This study aimed to provid a model for evaluating ecotourim suitability using GIS in Venae basin, Boroujerd County, Lorestan province, Iran. The effective sub-criteria on ecotorism suitability were identified using literature review, questioners from exporters and tourists. Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) was used to weight and evaluate these factors or sub-criteria on rangeland recreational appropriateness. Expret Choice software was used to conduct AHP. Digital information map, slope, aspect, satellite map and so on were overlaid by ArcGIS© software. The ecotourism suitability sub-criteria were categorized into two main physical and biotic criteria. Twenty two sub-criteria were evaluated based on the specific ecotourism type, and their spatial maps were produced and combined. According to the AHP synthesis, sensitivity to soil erosion was identified as the most important sub-criteria (with relative weight of 0.431) from physical criteria for ecotourism suitability and distance from city and camping were not identified as important sub-criteria with relative weight as low as 0.028. Security and residents charcteristics were also identified as the most and least important sub-criteria for ecotourism suitability among biotic criteria with relative weight of 0.56 and 0.33 respectively. Results indicated that 1457 hectares (24.85 percent) of the study area was classified as highly suitable for eotourism (S1), 1751 hectares (29.86 percent) classified as S2, 1200 hectares (20.46 percent) classified as S3 and 1456 hectares (24.85 percent) were classified as unsuitable (N) for ecotourism purposes. In summary, the physiographic condition of the study area such as high slope and mountainous land units were identified as the most limiting factors of ecotourim suitability. Specific landscape, high mountain peaks, plant diversity, gardens, orchards and plantation were aslo identified as sub-criteria that improve ecotourim suitability in the study area. The limitation of slope sub-criteria for ecotourism suitability can be decreased by providing walking trails appropriate for tourists in the area.

The Talesh summer rangelands is one the resorts affected by ecotourism activities at regional and national levels. This research was aimed to investigate the effects of ecotourism on soil changes. For this purpose, three recreational zones were selected in the rangelands of the study area with low, moderate, and high tourism pressure. Sampling was performed in a random systematic manner. In each zone, six transects of 10 m length were established randomly and on each transect, five quadrates of 25 cm2 were selected at a distance of two meters apart. To study soil physical and chemical properties, five soil samples were taken on each transect at a depth of 0-30 cm. The soil moisture content, volumetric moisture content, soil texture, pH, EC, bulk density, and phosphorus and potassium content were measured in the laboratory. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software and Duncan's test was applied to compare the means. According to the obtained results, significant differences were found for soil moisture content, volumetric moisture content, organic matter, pH, EC, bulk density, and soil saturation percentage among the three study zones.

Ecotourism is based on environmental potential and presents an opportunity for suitable utilization and conservation of the sites under management practices, considering accurate planning, potential of the area and people preferences. The present study is conducted to evaluate the ecotourism potential in MianKaleh wildlife refuge. The area is located south of the Caspian Sea. After defining the recreational activities and people priorities, we used Multi Criteria Evaluation for assessing the ecotourism potential. The approach included 5 steps: objective determination, criteria definition, standardization of criteria, assigning weights to the criteria using the analytical hierarchical process and finally criteria combination using Weighted Linear Combination method. Results show the area has potential for boating as the highest with 32879.7 hectares and camping has the lowest potential with only 353.88 hectares. Water depth and distance to shore were found to be the most affective in suitability mapping for boating,. Also, the most effective factors for camping were distance to access routes and water sources, so the suitability map mostly reflected these factors. Other uses in order of potential are swimming (21665.5), viewing scenery (3375.63), bird watching (1075), and horse riding (444.69). The final areas for each activity is changeable due to the competition of these in a multi objective land allocation. Overall, the results revealed that MCE method is capable of evaluation of wildlife refuge for various recreational activities. Also, the geographical information system was found a useful tool, allowing combination of many factors and Boolean layers. The system also can act as a decision support tool, letting stakeholders change weights and standardization within the accepted ecological thresholds and arrive at a consensus on the final results in an iterative process

Tourism development in places that have the potential to attract tourists could be employed as an effective tool for comprehensive growth and development of communities.Fars province is considered as one of the important tourism centers in Iran in terms ofhaving numerous natural, historical, and cultural potentials, among which desert regions could be mentioned. This research was aimed to evaluate the desert tourism attractions of Shiraz Desert and determine the strategies for sustainable tourism development using SWOT. In this regard, initially, the capabilities and limitations of the study area were identified and after consultation with experts, questionnaires were developed and given to the tourists in the region and natural resources experts. Then, the results of questionnaires were analyzed using SWOT and statistical tests in SPSS software. According to the obtained results, growth and development strategy is recommended for development of desert ecotourism.

The recognition of human bioclimatic comfort in geographical area is an important factor for planning of ecotourism. Climate is a very important component to identify natural landscape values. For better planning and management of landscape units such as recreational purposes, there is a need for emphasis on the visual aesthetic aspects, and also for understanding the climatic effects on recreation-seeking humans. Becker and TCI are models for assessment of human bioclimatic comfort and for this research both have been used for MianKaleh wildlife refuge. Climatic normal statistics were gathered from three synoptic stations covering the period 2001-2011. The result showed that bioclimatic comfort in the study area changed during the year from tolerable to excellent condition. Optimal conditions were seen in May, June, July, August, September and October. In the remaining months of the year we need measures to eliminate discomfort brouth about by inclement climatic conditions such as cold air for tourism.

Evaluating the ecological capability and determining the natural capacity as well as appropriate planning and management actions ensure the sustainable utilization of the ecosystems. The aim of this study was to assess the ecotourism potential of the middle Taleghan located in the Alborz province. According to the importance of the ecotourism potential criteria, two groups of highly important factors (distance from attractive places, accessibility and path and topography) and less important factors (vegetation, soil erosion, distance from water resources and temperature) were determined. The spatial variables were classified, rated and overlaid for the whole studied area using geographic information system (GIS). According to the results, 3936/1 hectares (10/36%) classified as S1 class, 12309 hectares (32/42%) classified as S2 class, 14797/52 hectares (38/96%) classified as S3 class and 6934/5 hectares (18/26%) categorized in N classes. Results indicated that distance from attractive places, road and paths availability and vegetation in some vegetation types were the main limiting factors. Temperature, distance from water resources, topography and soil erosion were identified as the important factors to enhance the ecotourism capacity of the studied area.

A study with Travel Cost Method (TCM) was performed to evaluate ecotourism demand of lake belonging to Karoon 3 dam. For this purpose, 220 Clawson questionnaires at highest demand time (February to May 2008) were completed. Results of this investigation showed thatforecasting outdoor recreational value of Karoon 3 dam limits is equal to 2, 879, 550, 000 Rials at month, during study. In order to present ecotourism development quantitative strategic plan in Karoon 3 dam “A وWOT” combined strategic planning method was used. Summation of weighted scores calculated for internal factor evaluation matrix was equal to 2/54 and for external factor evaluation matrix was 2/27. Results of quantitative strategic planning matrix (QSPM) showed that, creation of the new job opportunities on the basis of natural potentials and rich culture of residents in order tosupport of handicrafts, preservation of cultural identification and the prevention of immigration (S 4) with 4/19 score are in the first position of priority, recommended for ecotourism development in this area.

This study was performed in order to provide a strategic development plan for ecotourism in Shahdad District of Kerman Province. Thus cultural, historical and natural attractions of the region and its surrounding areas were studied and identified initially. By completing Clawson Questionnaire in the form of Travel Cost Method (TCM), valuation and analysis of ecotourism demand index of the considered region was carried out. Considering the mentioned aim a number of 220 Clawson questionnaires at the time of maximum recreational demand (March, 2008 till April, 2008) was filled out in the study area. Based on performed calculations the recreational value of Shahdad District of Kerman was estimated equal to 5,698,250,000 Rial per month at the time of the study. Subsequently in order to compiling and presenting the quantitative strategies of ecotourism development the strategic planning method of SWOT was applied. This method is based on identification of internal factors (Strengths and Weaknesses) as well as the external ones (Opportunities and Threats) of the under studied area. In this regard the internal and external factors were specified using Delphi Method. After identification stage, the internal and external factors were arranged in the form of Internal Factors Evaluation (IFE) and External Factors Evaluation (EFE) Matrices and then scoring and weighing of the mentioned factors were carried out using EXPERT CHOICE Software and Analytical Hierarchy Process Method (AHP). The results obtained from noted above matrices were confirmed that despite the existence of unique natural and cultural attractions which potentially can convert the region as recreational pole of desert areas of the country due to deficiencies like lack of infrastructural facilities, failure introduction and advertising, the under investigation area is placed in competitive situation (ST Strategy). Moreover with the aim of integrating and scrutinizing information derived from internal and external evaluation, the Quantitative Strategic Planning Matrix (QSPM) was implemented. As regards the results of the noted matrix three strategies were suggested which among them the attraction of private sector investment through banking facilities with long return periods, national wealth transfer in the form of ninty-nine years documents with score of 5.12 were recognized as the most important strategies of ecotourism development in the region over a twenty year period.