جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « تاب آوری شهری » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

Purpose the purpose of this research is to investigate and analyze the state of resilience against flood hazards in District 3 of Shiraz. The present research has been done by combining objective data taken from statistical documents and written reports as well as questionnaire data from surveys.The statistical sample of the research is 30 professionals involved in crisis management and resilience in District 3 of Shiraz Municipality. The sample volume was determined using the theoretical saturation method and the snowball method was used for sampling. In order to determine the weight of indicators and their importance in resilience using Shannon's entropy method Also, in order to evaluate the resilience of the studied areas, the copperas method has been used. The results of the surveys show that in four dimensions (physical, economic, social and institutional) Areas 6 and 5 have better performance in terms of resilience And areas 7 and 2 have poor performance in flood resilience variables.

According to the Quranic verses and hadiths, migration has special position and dignity, so that its achievement is considered as one of the necessities of religion, and its non-fulfillment in the believer's life will result in divine retribution. In a superficial view, migration may be a solution to overcome pressures and get rid of hardships and problems, in such a way that by examining its role, importance and special position from the perspective of the verses of the Qur'an and the life of the Prophet (PBUH), it can realize the unique impact of this social phenomenon on all political, social, cultural and biological aspects of Muslims. From a resilient point of view, migration can be seen as a decision to reduce social pressures, to achieve favorable conditions and favorable platform for socialization, growth and development of the urban and civil society in which Islam reaches its peak and glory. In this article, an attempt has been made to explain the motivations and goals of migration, to interpret and explain this movement with tenacious dimensions, how to get out of the political, social, cultural, and religious, climatic, etc. impasse in Mecca by entering Medina becomes an opportunity and development in all aspects. The research method of this research is interpretive-historical and based on Quranic verses and hadiths and written from library sources. The results show that emigration apart from escaping from the existing situation, is a strategy to move towards a superior society in which the establishment of Islamic civilization begins, and after some time the result of that change become golden. Explanation, description and interpretation of migration as one of the most basic policies and strategies of the beginning of Islam, which is undoubtedly derived from the specific conditions of the Muslims of that time and place, can give new definition about the migration phenomenon itself through redefining and adapting to the elements of resilience and can be a bridge between this concept and resilience and be used as a component for sustainability and resilience goals in different times and places. Undoubtedly, dealing with the concept of resilience in Islamic thought can be helpful in formulating and framing applicable components for discussing resilience in today's cities. According to this, emigration, which is a measure of necessity and a solution to escape from the existing situation, is removed from the solid dimensions and is presented as a strategy and foresight with considering all aspects that provides way to develop and find wide platform to establish more favorable conditions which cause growth and favorable living environment in the new city of Medina.Considering that the city of Mecca did not have many components of development and was unsuitable for the foundation of urban civilization meanwhile Islam was going through its so-called childhood and maturity at that time, it was Medina that with its strategic location, in terms of access and proximity to commercial centers and the possibility of social communication and neighborhood with neighboring civilizations and the possibility of urban development and growth and etc., could provide this platform and possibility.

The indicators for measuring urban spatial-spatial resilience are directly related to the physical and environmental dimensions of the urban system and are related to the main components of the spatial organization of the city. The aim of the current research is to evaluate spatial-spatial resilience against urban floods in Babolsar. The current research is descriptive-analytical in terms of method and practical in terms of purpose. The data collection of the present research was through library and field methods and questionnaire data collection tool. The community of the current research is the experts of Babolsar city related to the issue of urban floods, from among them 30 people were selected as a sample in the form of possible cluster sampling. To analyze the data, average, Kolmogrof- Smirnov, Shapiro-Wilk and one-sample t-test were used in SPSS software, as well as AHP and WASPAS techniques. The results indicate that the city of Babolsar is in a relatively good condition in terms of resilience and it is necessary to use the potentials, opportunities and resources available in the city in order to improve spatial-spatial resilience against floods. use.

Natural hazards have always been a major challenge in achieving development. In response to this challenge, the concept of resilience has entered the scientific field. This concept seeks to quickly return to pre-crisis conditions. Today, in addition to geo-structural risks, the issue of climate change and related risks also threatens human societies, and this issue, along with the complexity of societies, shows the necessity of creating empowerment capacities to strengthen communities and deal with these risks. A resilient city is a city that supports the improvement of resilience in its offices, infrastructure, and social and economic life. These cities reduce vulnerability and provide creative responses to economic, social and environmental changes to increase long-term sustainability.In this regard, the current research tries to evaluate and analyze the comparative dimensions and components of the resilient city approach in the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh, emphasizing the climatic changes, in order to clarify the level of resilience of urban areas. The main importance and necessity of the present study is explained in the following cases.- Explaining and describing the approach and concept of urban resilience as a targeted and effective framework with the aim of dealing with various environmental risks and achieving a stable, safe and ideal urban environment.- Comparative analysis of Naqadeh and Qorveh study areas for the first time in the field of scientific research- Explaining and verifying the basic challenge of climate change in today's urban societies (important and new risks in the field of urban science and scientific research)

The present research, with a practical purpose and a descriptive and analytical-adaptive method, tries to describe and explain certain boundaries (comparative comparison of the cities of Naqadeh and Qorveh), and in order to determine points of commonality and difference and achieve the goal of the research (determining a boundary durable and livable settlement) takes place. The statistical population and the sample size of the present research include groups of experts, university professors, managers and city officials, experts in the field of urban sciences and all native citizens of each of the study cities. The quantitative data analysis method is derived from the new and targeted Kolmogorov-Smirnov tests, Pearson Correlation Coefficient and Swara and Mabac techniques. In order to determine the correlation level of the factors, and the level of importance and priority of the research evaluation dimensions and components and to determine the best and final option, it has been selected.

According to the findings of the quantitative analysis of the research, the structural-physical and managerial aspects have gained the highest and highest level of importance and priority in the matter of urban resilience, respectively. Also, the component of having an orderly, desirable and consistent urban structure and texture has the highest level of importance and study value. Economic and socio-cultural dimensions have respectively the lowest level of importance and value and study priority in the scientific field of urban resilience. Also, the component of economic dynamism and diversity has gained the lowest and lowest level of importance and study priority. Finally, based on the MABAK method and the results of the MABAK test, the city of Naqadeh has a favorable and more suitable resilience situation compared to the city of Qorveh in relation to the dimensions and components investigated, emphasizing the challenge and crisis of climate change.

In the following, based on the findings and the current situation, we will present some targeted and effective proposals, strategies and policies regarding the improvement and promotion of environmental conditions and achieving a safe and resilient urban society in various dimensions of development. It is as follows.- Emphasizing the adoption of policies and programs with the aim of materially and spiritually supporting the people of Qorveh city in order to improve the environmental quality of buildings and physical structures (renovation, improvement and renovation of unsuitable and unsafe buildings).- Benefiting from experts and experts and knowledgeable officials in order to improve the level of effectiveness and achieve self-reliance in the urban management system of Qorveh city.- Adopting policies and strategies with the aim of improving the level of individual and social identity and strengthening the sense of belonging to the living environment in Qorveh city.- Emphasis on improving the level of solidarity, cohesion, unity and empathy in the city of Qorveh- Supporting the creation and development of diverse economic activities and functions in order to increase the mix of uses and with the aim of dynamism of the economic level in the city of Qorveh- Improving the quantitative and qualitative levels of the communication network and the access system in the city of Naqdeh and improving urban facilities (including the quality level of roads, the creation and development of bridges, tunnels, etc).- Improving the quality level of buildings and houses and the physical structure in the city of Naqadeh in order to improve safety levels.- and improving the level of effectiveness and support in the management and urban planning system and the implementation of development plans and measures in the city of Naqadeh

Urban resilience is an approach, developed to respond to different unpredictable disasters. It is hypothesized that besides capacity, resistance and ability, there are other elements involved in urban resilience that have to be extracted. It seeks to develop a conceptual framework for urban resilience and to present its characteristics through a systematic review of the updated publications. Second, it proposes an inclusive definition of urban resilience, relying on the results of this study, finally, the qualitative data are reviewed to shed light on hidden aspects of urban resilience. This is a qualitative research in which thematic analysis, MAXQDA 13.28 software is used to understand and analyze the data. A collection of 100 publications containing definition of resilience was gathered as data, based on which six characteristics for conceptual framework of urban resilience were extracted as R1 to R6. The extracted results, were confirmed by expert panel and also the keywords were used in CiteSpace software to confirm their inclusion in 1250 published papers in the international journals under WOS index over the period of 2010 to 2020 (i.e. the papers which had ‘urban resilience’ and ‘urban resiliency’ phrases in their topics) and the results were supported. The authors define: “urban resilience is ability of cities to respond in timely manner and to resist during occurring natural or man-made disasters; while adapting and coordinating with new situations, in case of not being collapsed, they will continue their urban functions stronger than the past.”

The worldwide outbreak of Covid-19 since the end of 2019 can be considered as one of the biggest challenges in recent decades, which has caused the issue of epidemic diseases to assume a prominent position in the atlas of natural and artificial hazards. The high rate of spread, high mortality rates, and severe damage to various economic and social sectors of societies indicates the importance of considering this key issue. According to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus epidemic is a global crisis that is unique in contemporary history in terms of spatial extent, onset rate, and complexity. Therefore, the present study has sought to answer the following question: which urban resilience variables are associated with higher priority in the struggle against epidemic diseases in the city of Kermanshah, Iran?

Theoretical Framework

A community’s resilience to potential contingencies is determined by the degree to which it can access the required resources and its capability of organizing itself both in advance and when needed. Accordingly, a resilient community is one that functions prudently in reduction of risk, preparation for the various effects of risk, and acceleration of recovery from hazardous events.Following the outbreak of Covid-19, it became clear that urban resilience extends beyond climate, landscape, ecology, and natural disasters. To raise the capability of an urban environment, therefore, such shocks need to be absorbed without significant changes in its structure or function. Hence, urban planners must seek to answer such questions as why urban planning has been inactive in control of the coronavirus epidemic crisis, and whether the concentration and distribution of population and activity has made city dwellers more vulnerable to diseases, terrorist attacks, and artificial and natural disasters. The answers to these questions are essential because there is ample evidence about the influence of urban form and design on the prevalence of epidemics.

The present applied research involved interpretive description. The required information was collected in two ways: through library studies and questionnaires. For collection of data and identification of the initial variables through a review of various study sources, nineteen variables were finally selected for evaluation. After the variables were compiled, the studied sample was analyzed by the elite.Since the Micmac software was used to analyze the data, the questionnaire involved a matrix of cross-adjustment effects, and was validated by experts. The data input to Micmac were obtained using the Delphi method and a questionnaire distributed among fifteen experts familiar with the conditions in Kermanshah (ten people with doctorate degrees and five with master’s degrees). In order to increase the validity of the data, prerequisites were considered such as explanation of the conceptual model based on the latest scientific research, the experts’ acquaintance with the case study, reception of the experts’ feedback about the final results, and independency of the experts.

The present study analyzed the influence of urban resilience against epidemics on the basis of nineteen variables. The findings demonstrated that the following variables had the greatest direct and indirect impacts on the other variables involved in resilience in Kermanshah in the face of Covid-19: the infrastructure for remote provision of professional, administrative, academic, and medical services, access to green and open spaces and recreation-and-sports land uses, access to services and neighborhood scale uses, capacity of urban facilities and equipment such as the electricity network and Internet, and unified, integrated management in crisis conditions. Moreover, the two variables capacity of neighborhoods for walking and cycling and enhancement of local communities’ public participation and social capital exhibited a two-dimensional nature in the issue of resilience in Kermanshah. This means that these variables are affected by others while greatly influencing them.

Based on the factors identified as drivers, suggestions should be made for their promotion. Therefore, four macro approaches were mentioned as priority plans through adaption of the driving factors to what had been proposed in previous studies, including integrated urban management, the digital city, orientation toward the neighborhood, and social capital. In fact, one can implicitly achieve urban resilience against epidemic diseases by placing such approaches at the forefront of the urban planning system.The four proposed approaches are important because the synergy of measures taken in the public and private sectors is expected to improve and prevent waste of time and financial and human resources, aided by integrated urban management. Enhancement of the role of the digital city is important not only for provision of tools for identification and control of carriers of disease but also for better reduction of physical contact through telecommuting capacity, e-learning, online shopping, etc. Orientation toward the neighborhood is also considered significant as it reduces  long inter-neighborhood commute by meeting citizens’ daily and weekly needs on a neighborhood scale. In addition, if urban neighborhoods are properly designed, achievements such as pedestrianization and access to green and open spaces will be realized, which will play a key role in residents’ mental and physical health during quarantine. The impact of social capital is also important because epidemics can be managed only through the people’s empathy and collective will. In fact, as the disease spreads among the people, their support and participation can undeniably help to control it.

The stability and safety of our habitable against hazard has always greatly occupied our minds."Earthquake is one of such natural hazards that can cause death.In fact whatever that makes this phenomenon as disaster is not to be prepared and takeMeasure to confront this event.To reduce the seismic damage and cities safety promotion it's necessary, regarding, speciallyTo the dangers of earthquake and estimate it's effects in sustainable development urban planning collection.So vulnerability and damages should be evaluated of various studies.So the possibility of evaluation calamities impresses by use of development methods and modeling the earthquake could be so important in optimum vulnerability management.Regarding to Tehran importance from the political, social and economical aspects and its high risk earthquake zone, it's necessary to introduces and explain the true way to comfort the feature prop able earthquake and short time & long time procedures to comfort the earthquake in urbanism view point.That these procedures should conation population problems and shortage of basically possibilities and unfit extension and anisotropic distribution of service centers and building texture that are UN matched with structure conditions.In fact during last year's, hasn’t been done any enough and fundamental measures for reducing the earthquake hazard. But many parameters like anisotropic growth of Tehran especially during these years construction near faults and the areas that are unsafe because of tectonic instabilities and construction and execution of buildings and unmatched vital establishment with Tehran's earthquake intensity.And shortage of enough management to comfort the earthquake and old texture in the cities show that there will be ….of hazard if the earthquake happens.So, in this research I chose 19distric of Tehran as case study for evaluating earthquake risk.

Natural disasters, which are part of the process of human life and their number and diversity are increasing every day, are a major challenge to achieve sustainable development of human societies. Hence, the prevailing view of focusing solely on reducing vulnerability to increasing resilience to disasters has shifted. The purpose of this study is to explain the spatial-spatial characteristics of urban resilience in the face of floods in Babolsar. The methodology of qualitative research is based on content analysis and the statistical population in the qualitative and quantitative sections is composed of managers with academic and executive backgrounds and experts in urban organizations. Statistical samples were selected purposefully based on the snowball method. The sample size in the qualitative section has reached theoretical saturation (5 people) so that in the quantitative section the sample size includes 30 experts and specialists in the city of Babolsar who have been experts in the field of floods and issues related to the city. After explaining the indices, the obtained indices were prioritized using Friedman test in SPSS software and the samples of Babolsar city were measured in terms of spatial-spatial resilience using t-test. Findings from the qualitative section and theoretical studies showed that the criteria of spatial resilience included diversity, relevance, redundancy, robustness and crisis management. The results of the quantitative section in terms of prioritization of indicators have shown that the index of urban areas in the first priority, the index of resistance of the road and bridge construction system are in the second priority. Also, the results of sample t-test showed that the spatial-spatial resilience of Babolsar city in the face of floods with an average of 3.60 and a value of t, 3.09 was in a good condition, which indicates the relatively high resilience of Babolsar city in Is equal to a flood. The results indicate that increasing coordination with various organizations, training high-level crisis managers, holding public training courses for office workers and the general public can be promoted and increase the spatial productivity of Babolsar city. Against floods; Be an important and significant way forward.

One of the main solutions to deal with climate change and its resulting crises in cities is urban resilience. Resilience refers to the ability of any urban system to withstand and recover quickly from multiple shocks and pressures and to continue to provide services. A resilient city is a city that is ready to rebuild the damage caused by any crisis, such as climate change, while maintaining its basic functions, structures and identity, as well as adapting and progressing against constant change. This issue has found a special place in various researches and international documents, and since Iran is exposed to many climatic challenges, the necessity of such researches is fe lt more than ever. In this research, the main question is how climatic resilience is formed in the city and how its dimensions, especially physical resilience, should be evaluated. Considering that Isfahan is exposed to climate change and based on different scenarios, wide changes in temperature and rainfall of this city are predicted for the coming decades, the present study has been designed and carried out to evaluate the physical resilience of urban neighborhoods to climate change through the case study of Naqshe Jahan Neighborhood in Isfahan. The first step was to study the theoretical framework of urban resilience and extract the in dicators of physical resilience. Then data collection was performed by methods such as documentary studies, interviews and observation and the data obtained were analyzed by GIS and SPSS software. Finally, the level of climate resilience was evaluated and analyzed in five categories of environmental- physical, urban structure, resistance and compatibility, density and access to services. In Naqshe Jahan District, the final score indicates that physical resilience to climate change is moderate. Therefore, strategies were proposed to improve it.

Meta-analysis is a statistical method for combining the results of different research studies on a specific research problem to achieve a general conclusion and requires a quantitative or qualitative combination of the findings of different studies. The purpose of this study is to use meta-analysis method to study and analyze urban resilience studies in Iran and then provide a systematic formulation of them. The method of this research is descriptive-analytical and its nature is applied. Journals approved by the Ministry of Science, Research and Technology in the fields of geography and geology constitute the statistical population of the research. The results of meta-analysis show that the rate of resilience in Iranian cities is low. The central fabric of cities, the worn-out textures of cities, and informal settlements have lower resilience than other parts of the city.

Due to the rapid urbanization, urban planning is faced with increasingly complex problems. One such overwhelming issue is urban resilience that has created challenges both for the planners and city managers. Technologies such as IoT, Big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence etc., however, have provided new opportunities to facilitate urban planning efforts. Hence, the smart cities concept, as an innovative mix of technologies and social structure, can be seen as a solution toward making cities more livable. The technologies used in this arena provide open, massive, diverse and accessible data that can be analyzed by reliable and real-time methods to support better planning and decision-making. In this regard, many researchers have found interest in “smart resilience city (SRC)”. This paper is a systematic literature review of such studies in order to provide a new theoretical frame for SRC planning. Here, we have analyzed the mechanism of smart resilience city and its relation with smart city and urban resilience. A sample of 42 related research documents, which were published in 2010-2020, are selected for our study. In the literature, SRC attempts to connect the smart cities concept with resilience: a) to understand the major steps of creating a smart city: design and planning, modelling and simulation, implementation, technology management and evaluation; and b) to contribute to the urban resilience methods such as computational, non-computational, evaluation-based and recovery methods and their applicability in pre-, during, and post-disaster situations. The literature review showed that 35 percent of the research covered design and planning of smart city themes and nearly 75 percent discussed the non-computational methods of urban resilience. Also, they are mainly focused on proactive methods. Our review has uncovered the inadequacy of studies in both smart cities concept and urban resilience. Planning a smart resilience city entails both substance and procedure. “substance” consists of the hard dimension (technology, resources and procedures) and the soft dimension (people, institutions and activities). Moreover, it is revealed that the substance of SRC is formed based on 13 common characteristics: Awareness, Networking, modularity, redundancy, innovation, creativity, learning and predictability, participation, flexibility, collaboration, adaptability, efficiency and diversity. The “procedure” of SRC deals with three major approaches, including the general, thematic and local ones. The general approach explains the frameworks of SRC or a process to achieve it. The thematic approach contains different methods and technologies to ascertain part of SRC. The Local approach concentrates on evaluating and lesson learned from the practical cases around the world. It is proved that the procedural approach is highly related to the expertise of researchers. In conclusion, to plan for SRC, we ask the following questions: (a) How is the plan of SRC related to the steps of creating a smart city?; (b) How is it related to the states of resiliency?; (c) Which methods of resiliency are used in the SRC planning process?; and (d) What are the basic characteristics of the new SRC plan. Finally, the procedure should be designed by a multidisciplinary group based on the redefined content.

Today, most urban areas and settlements are built in geographical locations that are exposed to all kinds of natural and man-made threats and accidents in terms of natural hazards. The point of view that has been paid attention to in urban disaster management has been more of a confrontational point of view and reducing risks. Meanwhile, resilience is a concept that is used recently in facing uncertainties and unknowns. The motive and purpose of this study is to evaluate the resilience components of safe urban neighborhoods in Matataq Kaviri using the Delphi model in Naeem Abad neighborhood of Yazd without taking into account the specific risk threat. Therefore, first, the components and dimensions mentioned in urban resilience were extracted and verified from the review of a large number of related domestic and foreign articles and theses. Then, using the Delphi model, the opinions of experts and senior managers of Yazd Municipality, urban planning professors of Yazd University, as well as comparative studies, dimensions and final components of the authors of the article were presented, and by examining and analyzing the questionnaires and studying and evaluating the components of resilience in detail Safe urban neighborhoods in desert areas were validated and measured in different dimensions and components. According to the statistical analysis and calculations and the studies conducted in the Delphi model, indicators such as the participation rate of citizens, the desire to maintain cultural standards and the savings and capital of households are among the factors that affect the resilience of safe urban areas in desert areas.

Earthquake vulnerability is one of the most important challenges faced by metropolises in Iran. Earthquakes are the most unexpected disasters among various natural and unnatural hazards. They cannot be prevented in any special way, and so far no tools and technology have been able to predict their occurrence. In fact, unpreparedness in times of crisis, especially in earthquakes, causes vulnerability in different levels of a society and increases human and financial losses.   Therefore, it can be acknowledged that “assessing and measuring the level of preparedness” in order to improve the processes of crisis management cycle is a primary action that effectively reduces the effects and complications of manmade and natural crisis. In Tehran, however, this issue is still in a state of ambiguity The existence of numerous faults and the geographical distribution of earthquakes in Iran indicate that almost a vast area of this country, full of inhabitants, is at risk of earthquakes. Carpenterchr('39')s definition of resilience, which has been accepted as a comprehensive definition in many studies, is: (1) the amount of damage that a system is able to absorb, without going out of balance; (2) the amount of ability of a system to organize and reorganize themselves in different conditions; and (3) the ability of the system to create and increase the learning capacity and strengthen adaptation to critical conditions. A resilient city is a city that has the components of readiness, strength, adaptability, stability and durability. In fact, the resilient city is a stable network of physical systems and human societies. Tehran, as the largest metropolis and the capital city of Iran, is at high risk of earthquakes. Therefore, the study aims to measure and analyze the level of earthquake preparedness in Tehran.  The different dimensions of this research, including physical, environmental, social, cultural, institutional, managerial and economic dimensions, were studied with the Resilience Theory.  In this research, the descriptive-analytical method with a survey approach has been emphasized to review and answer the research questions. Among the risk reduction programs, resilience can be considered as a more accurate and successful program due to its attention to social and economic dimensions. Due to the importance of the above principle and the vulnerability of Tehran, especially in areas with dilapidated structures such as parts of District 4, and due to the imminence of earthquake, there are two questions. Whether the city of Tehran is sufficiently prepared for earthquake? Considering the theory of resilience, how effective this preparedness is in different physical, social, economic and institutional and managerial dimensions? The statistical population studied in this study includes: managers, experts and crisis management experts working in District 4 of Tehran Municipality. After reviewing and analyzing the documents and opinions of managers and experts, which were obtained through questionnaire, the findings of this study showed that the level of social, institutional and managerial preparedness for earthquake in District 4 of Tehran is moderate, and the level of physical, environmental and economic preparedness is not good.

In today’s world, the early impact of the changes in the cities can considerably improve the design and planning in urban resilience. Urban form-based resilience in the residential neighborhoods and historical textures, in particular, can protect the cells of the social communities against the sudden changes in forms. The current research aims to evaluate the resilience in the neighborhoods of the historical texture, such as Oudlajan and Sangelaj neighborhoods located in District 12 of Tehran. The research method is an analytical-descriptive and comparative study. The data were collected using the library and survey studies. Given the research problem and its purpose, the indicators and parameters of the evaluation were extracted by investigating the theoretical foundations and research background. The metric calculations method was applied to evaluate the physical aspect, and a number of researcher-made questionnaires based on the Likert scale in the interval scale were used to measure the local society aspect. In a pre-test, the AHP method in the urban social area with the academic experts' panel was used to determine the relative significance of the components affecting the urban form resilience. In the following, the urban form resilience from the optimal level for both neighborhoods was obtained using the optimal distance method. The results indicate that despite some exceptions, the urban form in both neighborhoods is not resilient and has an undesirable distance from successful global experiences. Considering the analysis of the indicators and calculating the ARI, the neighborhoods have 0.57 and 0.65 optimal distance, respectively, and social resilience in the Oudlajan neighborhood is higher than in another one. Finally, it must be considered that improving the depth of the recognition and involving the responsible organization for plans along with the re-definition of the social aspects of the life of the citizens will lead to the increase in the urban form resilience of these neighborhoods and will manifest a better prospect of the future of the cities.

In more developed countries significant changes have occurred in the ways in which risks are viewed, so much that the prevailing view has shifted from a mere concentration of vulnerability reduction towards increasing resilience against disasters. On this basis, risk reduction programmes should seek the creation and reinforcement of resilient communities. Due to its particular natural and geographic conditions, Tehran has been vulnerable against a series of shocks including earthquakes, floods etc., rendering the attention to the concept of resilience all the more necessary.
The present paper views the measurement of resilience in Tehran using indicators, and the offering of an investigation method, as a first step towards making the city more resilient. This is done here based on Tehran districts’ 2001 statistical data, using ‘Baseline Resilience Indicators for Communities’ (BRIC) methods, and with a focus on a series of indicators based on amended ‘Disaster Resilience of Place’ (DROP) model as presented by Cutter et al. A conceptual model is made on this basis, and used to calculate a combined resilience indicator using ‘Fuzzy Analytic Network Process’ (F’ANP), which is comprised of factor analysis and ANP network model. After accurately defining the conceptual model through affirming factor analysis according to resilience levels, Tehran’s 23 resilience indicators were determined under six categories socio-economic, public service accessibility, infrastructural-social, open space (infrastructural), activity-economic, and infrastructural. These factors and their indicators were then used to process F’ANP analytical model. This significance factor was then combined with arithmetic combination method, and eventually the resilience combined indicator was worked out, and then applied to Tehran districts. The results show higher resilience levels for the northern half of Tehran compared to its southern half.

Issues such as the growing urban population, urbanization of societies, globalization, the necessity of responsiveness and being citizen – based, has directed Managers and decision-makers to utilize the optimal methods in urban management. Here, one of the most famous methods is good urban governance. A good urban governance approach has been presented by international organizations to reduce poverty and improve quality of life, especially in the developing cities. Also, taking advantage of the good urban governance approach could bring sustainable, safe, viable and resilient cities. The purpose of this research was evaluating the role of the good urban governance pattern on urban resilience in Ahwāz city. According to the research objectives, it was an applied study, and according to the method, it was a descriptive-analytic one. In this research, 36 questions for the »good urban governance variable (participation, being justice-centered, agreement and consensus-centered, efficiency and effectiveness, legality, clarity, responsibility and accountability) and urban resilience (economic, social, institutional-management and infrastructure-physical) has been used. The research population consisted of the academic professors, administrators, and experts familiar with the research topic in Ahvāz city, from which 40 persons were selected as the research sample, using the purposeful sampling method. Findings showed that there is a high positive relation (0.69) between the indicators of participation, being justice-centered, agreement and consensus-centered, efficiency and effectiveness, legality, clarity, responsibility and accountability which reflect the good urban governance and the urban resilience variable in Ahvāz city. Therefore, with the improvement of good urban governance indicators in Ahwāz city, the resilience of this city and its citizens could also increase.

Nowadays, due to different reasons such as low financial affordability, high cost of standard housing, lack of affordable land in cities (especially for a particular population), lack of scientific criteria in finding location (for housing) or in urban development, and as urban development processes surpass rational urban planning and managemen, most cities and urban habitats are located in sites which are exposed to a variety of human-made threats because of natural hazards or technological progresses. In this regard, in the case of a crisis, efforts to achieve circumstances which provide the possibility to restore the conditions before crisis or increasing the flexibility of those cities and habitats are of high importance. Resilience is a new approach proposed as a novel perspective to deal with rapid changes and increasing needs and complications of cities. In most cases, this approach is used to face the unknowns or uncertainties. Resilience is also emphasized over vulnerability. The concept of resilience has evolved over time; in the recent decade, it has peculiarly been the center of attention in scientific and political debates. The present applied research tries to recognize and evaluate the effective factors on social and institutional resilience in Naisar detached urban district of Sanandaj. It also attempts to optimally adapt those factors by using descriptive, analytic and comparative methods. Naisar district is located at the northeast of Sanandaj. It is 309.5 hectares making it the largest spontaneous settlement of the city. At the beginning, this area was in the form of a village in Sanandaj suburbs, but, due to lack of residential land in the city (Sanandaj has many hills unsuitable for residential construction), the village turned into a satellite area for the overflowing population of the city in the 90s. In the census of villages in 1996, the population of Naisar was announced to be 938. The interesting point is the rapid increase in Naisar population over the past 15 years. The population of Naisar was 12480 in 2006. In 2011, it increased by 29.5% and reached 27377. Like many such settlements, Naisar has a very low resilience in the face of incidents. The purpose of this research is to investigate the social and institutional resilience criteria in this settlement. To this end, the indices and influential factors on social and institutional resilience in these settlements were first identified and defined operationally through library research. Then, the resilience level of the spontaneous settlement of Naisar was determined through AIR, RIF and CIR formulas. The results of the research indicated low levels of resilience in this settlement. Based on the findings, it seems that more factors are effective on the evaluation of the resilience level of the spontaneous settlement of Naisar due to its unfavorable conditions. The results also indicate that, in Naisar detached urban district, as one of the particular settlements of Sanandaj which has been recognized as an informal settlement, social resilience has a more favorable situation than institutional resilience.