جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « خوزستان » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

For people having lived with the palm tree throughout history, this tree has gained symbolic values and meanings. Therefore, the products obtained from this tree have always been considered valuable and practical. This ancient coexistence along with the sanctity attributed to the palm tree is one of the reasons why the Arab basketry weavers based in Khuzestan use low-quality part of the palm tree rather than its "heart" (the high-quality part of the tree as named by local people) in their mat weaves. As a result, the main wicker products of these people are items that are obtained from the poor or discarded part of the palm tree. Such sanctity has been attributed to Eliade theory. This research, accordingly, attempts to discuss how Eliade theory has affected the production and the method of mat weaving by the Arab people of Khuzestan. The purpose of this study is to expand a better understanding of the textures derived from natural materials from different regions of Iran. This research is a descriptive and analytical one, deploying a quantitative-qualitative approach, which includes field studies as well as library investigation. The findings of this article have depicted that due to various reasons, including those of sanctity of the palm tree and proximity to some sanctuaries, Khuzestan’s Arab people have widely used their wicker products and basketries in their lives in the recent past. And the undergarment hat and fan have been among the products derived from that weaving method.

ThoughNajm Al-Mulk is better known for his scientific character and experience in various sciences, his practical actions related to roads and buildings have not received much attention. However, one of his most important civil works, whose essential part is documented and available, was carried out during his two trips to Khuzestan and the renovation of Khorramabad-Dezful road.The ignorance of this important historical road in past studies has doubled the neglect of his role in this path. This matter has encouraged some researchers to attribute many of the important works to his travels to other historical periods. This research seeks to answer the question that What measures, including improving the road and creating the necessary buildings and fortification, were taken to increase the quality of Khorramabad-Dezful road by Najm Al-Mulk? What effect did all these measures have on the quality and transportation of this route?

This research attempts to examine the civil plans and measures of Najm Al-Mulkfor renovating Khorramabad-Dezful road and explain its consequences.

This research is a qualitativesystematic literature review using historical interpretive analysis.Data includes historical documents and maps in travelogues, books, articles, reports, and archives, some of which have been published for the first time.

The results showed that Najm Al-Mulk’s plans and their implementation significantly improved the quality of the roadbed, especially in its critical points. On the other hand, with designing new caravanserais (inns) based on modern spatial needs, he played a significant role in changing the type of these buildings in this region, which are quite different from what existed before, especially in the Safavid period.These measures provided the conditions for a safe and secure passage of this route, which was lost due to the disturbances of the last years of the Qajar period.

Khavunchini is a kind of extruded ornamental brick work, using brick pieces of equal thickness and different sizes and is applied as the facade of the building. These types of ornaments are found in the vernacular architecture of Khuzestan province and have been used extensively, especially in the historical part of Dezful, in entrances and parts of the inner courtyards. The motive for the present study was studying the shading effect of these patterns on the building facade. the shadow produced by Khavunchini, especially in summer, covered a considerable area of the facade.  in addition to their aesthetic role, the resulting shadow patterns can be effective in reducing heat transfer from facade in summer, in very hot climate of Khuzestan. The research objective is to test the effect of these elements on heat transfer from the facade surface. In this study, with an experimental approach, two identical cubicles were constructed with the south face of brick wall, one with a Khavunchini pattern on it and the other with the same but not extruded pattern. Due to the abundance of these ornamental elements in the Dezful historical part, the desired pattern was selected from this region. Abadan was selected, as the representative of very hot and semi-arid climate of Khuzestan, for constructing the models. The reasons for this choice were the feasibility of building the models and conducting experiments in Abadan and the climatic resemblance to Dezful as a treasure trove of Khavunchini art. The variables of ambient temperature and relative humidity, temperature and relative humidity inside the cubicles and average temperature of the cubicles' south face inner surface were recorded in six measurement periods in summer 2019.  the results showed that, at the hottest hours of the day, the average temperature of the south face inner surface and the indoor temperature of the cubicle with Khavunchini compared to the cubicle without it, showed an average decrease by 1 and 0.8 °C respectively. The results confirmed the positive effect of Khavunchini on heat transfer reduction from the south facade in summer in the studied climate.

The Black Chad is a four-season residence, slightly adjusting to the changing seasons and climates of the region, in addition to observing the living conditions, taking into account the cultural and artistic aspects and adopting some form of original indigenous technology and innovation displays. Accordingly, to what extent did the most important research question, the cultural and social differences between the Kurdish nomadic and Bakhtiari tribes, have influenced the black shade of the tent? This study was conducted to identify the factors that make up this residential unit, the commonality and differences in morphology of the Black Tent between the two Kurdish tribes and Bakhtiari in the south of Ilam province and north of Khuzestan province and its impact on housing pattern and architectural structure. The data collection was based on library studies and field studies and the research method was classified and content analysis. The results show that black tents in the study area were influenced by climate factors, hospitality, happiness, protection and security, art and beauty. This difference in black hat shape is more influenced by the culture and geography of the area, although the cultural area is very close among the tribes, but there are differences in interior space divisions and in the size and structure of the black hat and the use of ornamentation and a black tribal view, Bakhtiari is more than Kurdish tribe.

“Historical map of Karun river route toward Shushtar and the source of Zayandeh Rud” is among the historical map series of Khuzestan which was prepared and drawn by Abd Al-Ghaffar in Ramadan 25th, 1299AH. This map illustrates Karun River, Zardkuh Mountains, Dez river in Dezful, Kuhrang Mountain, Zayandeh Rud River as well as coal mines, farms and roads of the region. Najm Al-Mulk, the well-known engineer of Qajar era, has professionally implemented the mapping methods of those years to draw this map. In addition to Najm Al-Mulk’s services to modern engineering and topography of natural areas system of Iran and particularly of Khuzestan, the details of the map are also explained here. The title mentioned in its identity certificate which includes the main Karun River toward Shushtar and the source of Zayandeh Rud, has been chosen as the title of this research. Fortunately, it is known who has drawn this historical map; it is the late Haj Abd Al-Ghaffar Naj Al-Mulk (1839-1908AD), The engineer, historian and astronomer of Naseri era who played a significant role in preparing the geographical maps of Khuzestan. His scientific-engineering records are the indicative of his great activities in this field. Moreover, his “Khuzestan travelogue” is seen as a golden sheet of the history and geography of Khuzestan in Qajar era which can be a valuable heritage for future generations. Based on the data written on the map, it dates back to Ramadan 25th, 1299(1882AD). The name of the drawing location, Tehran, and the drawer’s, Abd Al-Ghaffar, have also been declared on the map. The year 1299AH coincides with 1260SH. Therefore, the map dates back to 136 years ago (based on solar calendar) and 141 years ago (based on lunar calendar). One of the most important traits of this map is illustrating the natural zones, the terrain as well as Karun, Dez and Zayandeh Rud rivers zones which have been shown using particular lines. The lawn and farming surroundings of Karun, Dez and Zayandeh Rud rivers in addition to the longitudinal and transverse shears of Karkonan Mountain are also reported on this map. The sentence “The scale is one part of 20000 parts” shows that the area scale is 1 to 20000 which seems really small in comparison to the river length. The map dimensions are 48×69 cm which seems mediumsized in comparison to the maps existing in the archives of Foreign Affairs Ministry. Among the series of the historical maps remained from Haj Abd Al-Ghaffar Najm Al-Mulk (Najm Al-Doleh), this map has outstanding traits such as showing natural resources including rivers, mountains, the lawn, farms and fertile lands since the ultimate goal has mostly been planning for agriculture and optimal exploitation of rivers as well as getting accurately acquainted with the region to obtain annual taxes. The historical map of “Karun toward Shushtar and the source of Zayandeh Rud” is a clear evidence of such attitude existence. Another noteworthy point is the longitudinal and transverse shears of Karkonan Mountain on such a scale which is a rare one compared to the other maps of Qajar era. This is the indicator of the late Najm Al-Mulk’s precision who was a distinguished cartographer of that era. Keywords: Karun

Over the past century، there have been encounters between the Western and some of the peripheral countries with rich cultural background. This triggers serious debates among these nations. Introduction of modernism in Iran exported by western countries is expanding to Iranian nationality and Islam and affecting the elements of Iranian national identity; which is called crisis of identity by critics. In this way، realization of such encounter to introduce a unified frame of identity is considered as national identity، which has resulted in negligence of interests of some minorities. Moreover، this approach is causing political issues in some peripheral provinces of the country. In fact، each region has its specific climate، culture، and community; some have different experience with modernism. Among many، Khuzestan with rich cultural variety has experienced unique changes hosting invasion of British oil explorers since 1908. Thus the main goal of this article is to present a model of identity that is able to establish the relation between ethnic، regional، cultural and national identity; then uses this model to deal with Khuzestan’s confrontation with the modernism. Indeed the key question of this research is how modern architecture and urbanism influence the identity transformation in Khuzestan’s oil towns. By its unique features، the theory of social identity brings us a strategy to deal with the problem. Talking about social specifications، beliefs، values، behaviors، and distinctive attitudes of every community takes to identification of their social identity. The theory holds that human being tends to attend other groups by its nature leaving aside their probable differences or similarities. Moreover، each person has a chance to study their statue in different social groups. Through a descriptive analytical method and through library studies the present work tries to achieve a model of social identity. Three main constitutive levels including principles of worldview، leadership and community are considered in different definitions of society. Also these levels are divided into subjective and objective components. The final model is supposed to be featured with religion، environment (principles)، tradition، culture، civilization (community)، policy (leadership) and other elements of social identity and to discuss the relation between each element as well. Afterward، with the pattern along the historical documents regarding historical evolution in architecture and urbanism in oilfields، we discuss three stages of social evolutions (encounter، acceptance، stabilization) in oil towns (1908-1933، 1933-1951، 1951 until Iran’s revolution). Throughout three stages and along with introduction of industry، technology and welfare dwelling services from the West، natives have found their interaction with society، environment، and social order significantly changed. The results show that changes in architecture and urbanism in the oil towns had two reactions in people of this region. In spite of some problems in accepting new changes in the cities such as Shushtar and Dezful، tribal communities and rural areas have showed more positive attitudes toward the changes. The result is the evolution of social identity in oil towns and forming a new identity named “sherkati” in these towns. Generalization of the results obtained for a society with 70% of its population composed of rural and tribal populations to the whole country is worth more consideration. This may help studying identity of communities in different regions of the country.

Nowadays, to reinforce their socio-economic infrastructure, to set themselves free from dependence on other nations, to overcome regional imbalances and finally, to move towards sustainable regional development, countries need to first recognize their resources and facilities, and then take initiatives to change their distribution to maximize efficiency. Given that this is a multi-faceted and complex endeavor, it is crucial to first have some idea of the level of development prior to setting up and implementing due developmental policies. The chief objective of this study was to investigate and evaluate the level of development of the cities in Khuzestan province. Adopting both a theoretical and applied orientation, this study combined descriptive and analytic research methods. To this end, for each city, the statistical data needed for selected variables of the study were accessed using published library sources. TOPSIS model was used for data analysis in GIS & Excel packages. Major findings of the study include, first, cities in Khuzestan province enjoy differing degrees of development and of access to resources. Secondly, based on TOPSIS model applied to selected variables the following indexes were obtained for four sets of cities, namely; developed, semi-developed, semi-deprived, and under-developed cities: Ahvaz as the most developed city with an index of .926 in TOPSIS Model comprised the first category of cities. Semi-developed cities included Eizeh, Bandar Mahshar, Shoosh, Shooshtar, Andimeshk, Abadan, Shadegan, Dezfoul and Behbahan with an index of .176 in Topsis Model. The third category of cities, which include Dashte Azadegan, Baghmalek, Ramhormoz, Khoramshar, MasjedSoleyman and Omidieh, had an index of .092 in Topsis Model. Finally, the following cities went into the deprived category of cities with an index of .032 in TOPSIS Model: Lali, Gotvand, Andika, Hovizeh, Hendijan, Ramshir and Haftgel.

This paper is aimed at an identification of a farmer's sustainable activities and factors affecting sustainable behavior of farmers. A survey was conducted using a stratified random sampling method to collect data from 370 corn producers in Khuzestan province. Validity and reliability of the questionnaire was tested and data were analyzed using SPSS software. Based upon the results, it was found out that the majority of farmers use rotation as well as microelements to upkeep their farm fertility. The application of green manure, animal manure, legumes in rotation with corn along with integrated methods in pest management were carried out at small scales. The findings revealed that literacy, access to communication channels, contact with extension centers and crop yield had positive and significant correlation with farmer's sustainable behaviors. The variables age, number of children, level of pesticides used and state of ownership presented negative and significant correlation with a farmer's sustainable behavior. The results of multivariate regression showed that the amount of pesticides used, contact with extension centers, applied manure and crop yield explained 28 percent of variation of sustainable behavior. The paper presents recommendations in how to improve sustainable activities among farmers.

The undesirable negative consequences of conventional farming have lead to the need and emphasis for new sustainable agricultural production techniques. Organic farming has arisen to be considered as one of the sustainable agricultural systems. Agricultural experts play an important role in extension and spread of the system. The research goal is to investigate the effective factors on expert's knowledge toward organic farming. The survey was conducted using cluster random sampling among 114 agricultural experts in Khuzestan province. Questionnaire was employed for gathering data. The results indicated that access to agricultural and environmental information as well as the record of service have positive and direct effect on knowledge toward organic farming. Based on the results, variables of attitude towards health, attitude toward food supply within the framework of total environmental attitude, exert indirect effects on knowledge toward organic farming. The results of the research will be useful in directing the extension programs towards on improvement of knowledge and skill of agricultural experts as regards organic farming.