جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه "کووید-19" در نشریات گروه "هنر و معماری"

The COVID-19 pandemic has disrupted traditional patterns, creating significant transformations in urban planning and design fields. This research investigates the impact of this crisis on Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) involved in urban planning in Iran. The primary focus of this study is on the prominent role of these entities in interacting with and adapting to emerging management models and the changes brought about by the post-COVID era. The research was conducted through in-depth and detailed interviews with representatives from 17 active NGOs in urban planning, following which data were evaluated and interpreted using qualitative content analysis. The interview coding results have been categorized into three main themes: the influential contexts affecting activities during the COVID era, responses to the pandemic, and post-COVID strategies. The strategies adopted by these NGOs to address their activities and structural challenges during the pandemic have been meticulously examined. Taking into account factors influencing the performance of NGOs in Iran, which include urban management with low resilience, the presence of citizens who participate less in civic activities, and the existence of suitable platforms for virtual activities, the NGOs have embraced three strategies in response to COVID-19 challenges: temporary cessation, adaptability to circumstances, and complete transformations. Furthermore, emphasizing these organizations' susceptibility to the crisis conditions, they have adopted differing long-term effects ranging from acceptance to resistance. This research sets the groundwork for more detailed and profound investigations into identifying the best strategies and approaches for NGOs to better confront unforeseen crises. Knowledge and experiences gained from the pandemic can act as valuable assets for more effective future responses to similar challenges.

The Covid-19 pandemic has become a health problem due to its high rate of transmission and rapid spread worldwide. Therefore, in recent years, many researchers have investigated and spatially analyzed the covid-19 disease with different factors in order to policy and better manage these conditions. Therefore, in this research, by choosing the city of Gerash in Fars province as an example of the southern cities of the country, the efficiency of the GWR model was measured to determine the high-risk areas of death due to corona disease in different age groups.
In this research, the geographic weighted regression (GWR) model has been used to investigate the relationship between deaths caused by Corona in Gerash city and different age groups and spatial modeling for urban policy .
The results showed that among the 10 age groups, one of them, that is, the age group of 61-70 years old, has a significant relationship with the number of deaths, and the highest degree of correlation can be seen in the west of Gerash city, followed by the highest degree of correlation, respectively. It is 0.97 to the north, 0.92 to the center and 0.88 to the south
The specified places are economically weaker than other parts of the city, and the sections of society that are economically weaker are more vulnerable than other sections. Also, the practical results of the GWR model and its high power for modeling will help managers and planners to identify the critical points of pandemic conditions and use them for policy and better management.

Using the components and indicators of urban resilience as an approach that helps cities to maintain or quickly return to optimal functions in the face of a crisis, can reduce the damage caused by the spread of pandemic diseases in cities and preserve the functions of different aspects of urban life. For this purpose, the aim of this research is to know the dimensions, components and indicators that are effective on urban pandemic resilience based on the approach of systematic review of past researches.

The systematic review method includes the stages of definition, search, selection and analysis. The process of searching for sources related to the research took place in January 2023. The initial search led to the identification of 768 sources. Among these, 89 sources matched the research topic, and finally 51 articles were selected for the final analysis.

The findings of the research indicate that the research in the field of resilience against pandemic crises has started after the emergence of the Covid-19 disease, and most of the articles in this field have been published since 2021 and after that, and more than 80% of the studies are done in Asian countries and the European Union. Meanwhile, the countries of China, Iran and the United States have respectively allocated the highest number of studies. In total, 57 components and 151 effective indicators were identified in the field of urban pandemic resilience. The classification of the components extracted from the sources in nine dimensions of intelligence, infrastructural, physical-structural, socio-cultural, economic, institutional, managerial, environmental and the competence and competence of the communities is proposed.

Based on the results of the content analysis, it was found that the infrastructure and intelligence dimensions are among the most important areas for improving urban pandemic resilience.

From December 2019 to January 12, 2021, people in 223 countries are affected by Covid-19 as a global epidemic. 1935028 people lost their lives and 89416559 people were infected. The pandemic COVID-19 and and subsequent home quarantine has increased stress for many people and using an effective, low cost, low complication method is essential to reducing stress. Stress is the pattern of specific and nonspecific responses that an individual gives to stimulus events that disturb his or her relaxation and impair the ability to tolerate or to deal with. It is believed that stress is one of the most important factors that affect human health. High levels of stress are associated with many physical and emotional problems such as cardiovascular disease, chronic pain, anxiety disorders, depression, burnout and addiction. Music interventions can be regarded as purposeful musical exercises or methods in which music listening, music making, or singing is central. In both literature and practice there is a distinction between music interventions offered by a music therapist and music interventions offered by other healthcare professionals or without any support. First, music interventions can be defined as purposeful music activities if they concern listening to prerecorded music offered by medical or healthcare professionals, if the intervention is self-administered by the patient (‘music as medicine’), or if it concerns music making or singing without the involvement of a music therapist or a therapeutic context. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of group music therapy on stress reduction during Qovid-19 quarantine. On the other hand, listening to music has been associated with a wide range of positive outcomes in the areas of health and well-being . The most extensive study among the studies that conducted on the effects of music is the effect of music on relaxation and stress reduction The research method was quasi experimental, pretest and posttest with control group. The statistical population was the all of clients at Artiman Counseling Center in Mashhad in 1399. Among the clients who referred to the center with stress problems in the first 6 months of the year, 30 people were selected by available sampling method and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. First, ethical considerations, including informed consent, confidentiality, etc., were considered. Prior to the intervention, a pretest was performed by the Perceived Stress Scale Questionnaire (Cohen, 1988) for both groups. The experimental group engaged in group intervention for 8 weeks and 3 sessions per week for 1.5 hours in each session with receptive music therapy. During this period, the control group did not receive any treatment and it was decided that after the completion of the research, treatment sessions will be held for this group. Then, posttest was performed for both groups in the same way and the difference between pretest and posttest scores of each group were statistically examined by SPSS-23 software. The results showed that there was a significant difference between stress scores in the experimental and control groups (F = 31.103 and P-value <0.01). Therefore, the research hypothesis on the effect of music therapy on stress reduction was confirmed and the amount of this effect was equal to 0.535. The present study provides high level of evidence that music interventions can be effective in reducing stress and justifies the use of music interventions to reduce stress. Due to its low cost, lack of side effects, and the calming and modifying effects of music interventions, its use to prevent and treat stress-related problems is very significant. The relationship between the frequency/duration of the music intervention and the effects on stress reduction is unclear. Future research should examine this topic, because apart from the musical characteristics, such as the music style and music tempo, these general characteristics of the music intervention may also moderate the effects on stress reduction. It seems that the influence of the music selection method on the effects of the music intervention is interpreted differently. In new trials, we strongly recommend reporting clearly if the researcher/therapist did choose the music of the intervention, or if the participants had to choose one of the researchers’ or therapists’ pre-selected music playlists, or if the participants brought their own music. Finally, it is recommended to compare the effects of music (therapy) interventions on stress-related outcomes with pharmacological treatment, but also with other experiential interventions, such as yoga or mindfulness.

The emergence and spread of pandemic diseases on a global scale and in the field of health and hygiene has challenged order, balance, adaptability, coordination, flexibility and resilience in various managerial, economic, social, cultural and behavioral dimensions. And it has plunged the cities and countries of the world into crisis. In the current research, five areas of Urmia city have been selected as a study case. The present research tries to compare the status of the components of a healthy city in the face of pandemic diseases by explaining the principles, concepts and perspectives of a healthy city and evaluating the strengths and weaknesses of urban spaces and the facilities and facilities available in it (with emphasis on Covid-19) in each of the five areas of Urmia city. Therefore, it seeks to answer the following questions.Which of the proposed components of the healthy city concept is more important and prioritized in terms of quality? Which of the study areas of the current research is in a favorable situation in terms of the realization of the components of a healthy city and the level of sustainability and desirability in dealing with pandemic diseases?

The statistical population and sample size of the research is based on two groups of experts and urban managers and citizens living in the city, which collected the required data by using the questionnaire tool. The resulting data have been implemented for analysis in the quantitative methods and tests of Swara and Cocoso, in order to determine the importance and priority of each of the proposed components and the ranking of research study options.

The findings indicate that the performance components of the institutions and subordinate bodies in the field of health and health and the degree of desirability of job security of the residents have gained the highest and lowest levels of importance and value, respectively. Also, five regions and two cities of Urmia are located in the most favorable and unfavorable environmental conditions, respectively, in relation to the quality levels of the components of the concept of a healthy city.

In this section, based on the findings, some targeted and effective proposals and policies are presented. Emphasis on holding sports and mass gatherings in green and open public spacesImproving the quality levels of domestic sewage and surface water disposal Emphasis on planning based on pedestrians Emphasis on establishing equality and creating justice and balance between settlements Emphasizing and paying attention to strengthening cooperation and coordination between organizations  Improving the efficiency of the waste collection system.Adopting policies and measures in order to improve the social security situation in the unusual neighborhoods of Region Two by creating coherent changes and developments in different social and physical dimensions. Emphasis on improving the quality of drinking water.  Planning, creating and developing recreational and sports functions. Improving the efficiency of the public transportation system.and - and emphasizing on the safety and legal construction of buildings in order to increase the level of safety against various natural and man-made disasters, as well as improving the environmental condition of the city and urban landscape (visual quality of the city)

The rapid spread of the Covid-19 disease has created a global public health crisis that has been addressed at various local and global scales through social distancing measures and guidelines. This is accompanied by questions about the nature of life and work patterns through the intensive use of information and telecommunication technologies, leading to social and institutional acceptance of these patterns as the "new normal".In terms of methodology, the discussion is based on a transdisciplinary framework that is used for conceptual analysis and operationalized by identifying and discussing the concepts of design and planning.This article emphasizes the following: a) Issues related to urban dynamics are drawn from the perspective of urban and human geography, urban design and planning, and transportation engineering. b) The questions related to socio-spatial concepts and the dialectic of urban space/urban life come from the field of environmental psychology.and c) discussions of new environments that accommodate new lifestyles/work go beyond ethnographic and anthropological perspectives. The article concludes with an outlook that outlines key aspects of the synergy needed between architectural and urban education, research and practice, and public health in a virtual and global post-pandemic world.The rapid spread of the Covid-19 disease has created a global public health crisis that has been addressed at various local and global scales through social distancing measures and guidelines. This is accompanied by questions about the nature of life and work patterns through the intensive use of information and telecommunication technologies, leading to social and institutional acceptance of these patterns as the "new normal".In terms of methodology, the discussion is based on a transdisciplinary framework that is used for conceptual analysis and operationalized by identifying and discussing the concepts of design and planning.This article emphasizes the following: a) Issues related to urban dynamics are drawn from the perspective of urban and human geography, urban design and planning, and transportation engineering. b) The questions related to socio-spatial concepts and the dialectic of urban space/urban life come from the field of environmental psychology.and c) discussions of new environments that accommodate new lifestyles/work go beyond ethnographic and anthropological perspectives. The article concludes with an outlook that outlines key aspects of the synergy needed between architectural and urban education, research and practice, and public health in a virtual and global post-pandemic world.The rapid spread of the Covid-19 disease has created a global public health crisis that has been addressed at various local and global scales through social distancing measures and guidelines. This is accompanied by questions about the nature of life and work patterns through the intensive use of information and telecommunication technologies, leading to social and institutional acceptance of these patterns as the "new normal".In terms of methodology, the discussion is based on a transdisciplinary framework that is used for conceptual analysis and operationalized by identifying and discussing the concepts of design and planning.This article emphasizes the following: a) Issues related to urban dynamics are drawn from the perspective of urban and human geography, urban design and planning, and transportation engineering. b) The questions related to socio-spatial concepts and the dialectic of urban space/urban life come from the field of environmental psychology.

- COVID-19 has revealed gaps in health management along with a high rate of infectious diseases in informal settlements.
- We focused on three components and eight indicators of resilience to evaluate the performance of NGOs in the control of the COVID-19 outbreak.
- The vulnerability of informal settlements in the city of Urmia, Iran to COVID-19 was based mainly on economic-livelihood components.

In recent years, the global crisis of the coronavirus pandemic has placed cities and urban management in difficult conditions. Plenty of evidence and research emphasizes that the pandemic outbreak of COVID-19 was severer in informal settlements due to the low quantitative and qualitative characteristics of these areas. These settlements are always encountered with many problems such as poverty and unemployment, lack of security and various social damages, socio-economic injustice, health-environmental problems, and lack of concern from the municipality. Furthermore, people living in these settlements face greater risks due to the high population density, improper waste management and low-quality drainage systems, and very poor health conditions and high rates of transmission of infectious diseases. In recent years, therefore, it has turned into one of the most important challenges for urban managers in these areas to examine the ways to address and control the spread of this pandemic disease and increase the resilience of informal settlements against it. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the promotion of the resilience of informal settlements in Urmia against the COVID-19 pandemic.

Plenty of research investigates various indicators of resilience. This research is focused mainly on the explanation of the components and indicators of social resilience. Based on the theoretical framework, the three main components of social resilience include the socio-cultural, socio-economic, and environmental-physical components. In the following, the effective indicators for promotion of societal resilience in informal settlements are explained.
Elimination of the panic caused by problems. When a crisis occurs, residents of an informal settlement should not feel that they are alone, and it is necessary for government institutions and NGOs to support them.
Increase in the level of knowledge. Through a rise in the level of knowledge and information of the residents of informal settlements, appropriate conditions can be provided to control crises and increase their resilience.
Provision of education to everyone. In many cases, the conditions required for facing a crisis can be provided with inclusive, targeted education, especially upon social, economic, physical, and health crises.
Enhancement of participation. An important achievement of NGOs is to enhance public participation and increase social capital, which can establish a powerful link between the society and government.
Enhancement of coordination between people and executive institutions. A specific effective role of NGOs is to function as an intermediary between the government and society.
Financial and subsistence aid. The social, economic, physical, and health crises that occur in an informal settlement often lead to severer poverty and deprivation, where many families need direct financial and subsistence aid.
Employment. Assisting administrative bodies, NGOs are considered as appropriate trustees for the implementation of job preparation, vocational training, entrepreneurship, and marketing and creation of a business environment.
Public health. Through improvement of public health in an informal settlement, the quality of the environment can be raised, and the spread of infectious and pandemic diseases can be reduced.
The quality of the environment. The quality of the residential environments in these settlements is often low, and many citizens living in these areas do not have proper access to services, facilities, infrastructures, and public spaces.

This is a descriptive-analytical study with a quantitative approach. The research population includes all NGOs in the city of Urmia, Iran that are active in the field of countering COVID-19. The simple random sampling method was adopted using a lottery. The data were analyzed using descriptive mean statistics and the Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Friedman tests in SPSS.

The results demonstrate that the activity of NGOs to improve the resilience of informal settlements in Urmia against COVID-19 in the socio-cultural component is above average, with a score of 3.66. Moreover, the economic-livelihood component exhibits an average of 2.95, which is equivalent to average and below, and the environmental-physical component shows an average of 3.11, which is evaluated as a moderate score.
Hence, it can be stated that the NGOs in Urmia have failed to provide a balanced, coordinated, fair approach with respect to the socio-cultural, economic-livelihood, and environmental-physical components due to the lack of coherence and integrated management in the face of unexpected crises such as the COVID-19 disease. The similarity of this research to others lies in the unified, integrated, coordinated management of government and local institutions upon crisis. Moreover, most researchers emphasize the management authority and social power of NGOs. Generally, it should be stated that NGOs must be equipped with effective financial, support, and educational tools in order to increase the resilience level of the residents of the settlements against crises. They should be strengthened to facilitate institutions’ provision of financial services, economic empowerment, and job creation.

Overall, we conclude that NGOs have performed appropriate activities to improve the resilience of informal settlements in Urmia against the COVID-19 disease. However, their performance has been different in a comparative analysis of components and indicators. The results of the Friedman test on the indicators demonstrates that the NGOs in the informal settlements of Urmia have exhibited effective activities on most socio-cultural and environmental-physical indicators (such as essential skills against COVID-19, provision of sanitary products, prioritization of disadvantaged people, encouragement of the benefactors to help the poor, disinfection of the environment, and encouragement of residents to help clean their neighborhoods). However, most economic indicators have failed to function effectively. Finally, we suggest that NGOs focus on attraction of financial and economic support from the governmental institutions, because this study shows that this pandemic disease has the most tangible impact on the economy of residents of informal settlements. It is also necessary to pay particular attention to provision of incentives and financial support packages to protect the health and economic and social security of people living in these settlements.

Problem statement:

 The urban functional-spatial structure was developed in a historical process during which it faced numerous jeopardies. It has always played a fundamental role in reacting to crises, both as a damaged center and an emergency relief center. The structure defined for urban crisis management in Iran has been mainly formed based on the management of crises due to natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. The experience of Covid- 19 has shown that in the face of the epidemic crisis, it lacked pre-conceived plans and strategies that offer practical solutions with an emphasis on the functional-spatiality of cities.

The current study aims to find out how existing experiences can be used to improve cities’ functional-spatial capability.

By the use of the content analysis method and analytical review of the experiences of China and other East Asian countries, the current study attempts to adopt the functional-spatial management of these countries. It has been done based on a framework including the introduction of a context for emergence, requirements of creation, continuity, and assessment criteria to investigate their feasibility for conditions of Iran based on the existing managerial structure and the trend of disease spread.

Based on the results, the establishment of an interventional system based on integrated urban management and governance is highly important to be able to help cities first concentrate their workforce and resources strongly and regularly before the epidemic reaches them. In uncontrollable epidemic conditions, it can provide services to homogeneous areas by forming a cluster structure. It can also divide the whole city into relatively independent areas to send medical and service personnel with emphasis on the local community. The most important functional-spatial strategies include spatial management based on the local community, temporal-spatial management, smart control management, and urban resilience and governance.

The spread of the COVID-19 threatens the citizens health, especially the elderly, in community spaces. The purpose of this article is to analyze the impact of the pandemic on the presence of vulnerable groups such as the elderly in community spaces, with the aim of providing lessons in order to be prepared for the post-Corona architecture and healthy environment.

The research method is "meta-analysis" of the documents and scientific reports development regarding the impacts of pandemic on architecture and planning. The research which was carried out with a comprehensive method and a designerly approach. The theoretical framework of the research is a synthesis of the highperformance architecture theory and theory of healthy environment. The methodology analyzes the strengths and weaknesses of urban community spaces in critical paradigm.

Studies show that after the spread of Corona virus and pandemic of COVID-19, the presence of the elderly and other vulnerable groups in urban spaces became less than before. As a result, urban spaces have moved towards polarization, which endangered the value and the quality urban spaces.

The outcomes of the study show that collective open spaces should be planned and designed based on an integrated approach to theories such as "healthy environment" and "healthy city" in order to allow the presence of vulnerable groups, especially the elderly in order to increase the quality of the urban environment. The performance-based design should span from visual-thermal comfort to pollution dispersion and healthy corridor design.

A successful urban space is a space that causes social interactions between citizens. But with the advent of the Covid virus, urban spaces have lost their viability. The spread of Covid 19 has been significant for human disease, and there have been many changes in mobility patterns and all humans lives, especially in cities. However, urban spaces can play an important role in the spread and prevention of this disease. Epidemics have shaped the way cities are planned and configured. Throughout history, cities have evolved to solve health problems and create healthiness while providing space and opportunities for urban residents. Covid 19 will have important implications for how cities are planned. This study aimed to investigate the life experiences of the people of Rasht during the outbreak of Covid 19. The city of Rasht was one of the first areas of Covid 19 outbreak in Iran, and due to the unknown nature of this disease, the initial measures in this city were carried out slowly and without the sympathy and social support of the citizens. Therefore, during this crisis, Rasht has always been one of the cities in the red zone in terms of disease prevalence. By examining the life experience of the people in this period, it is possible to understand the dialectical relationship between the city and epidemics and to prepare cities for the not-too-distant future. The research method of this paper is quantitative and data collection has been done through surveys and documents. 413 questionnaires were published online among the citizens of Rasht and the data was analyzed in SPSS software by Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA). Also, to confirm the accuracy of the questionnaire, its Cronbach's alpha value was checked, which was calculated to be 0.844. This number indicates a very good and reliable internal validity of the questionnaire questions. The results identified 12 important factors, which are: The Degree of Nostalgia, Presence, Impact of the Corona-Social Restriction, Impact of the Corona-Occupational and Economic, Impact of the Corona-Mental and Psychological, Confidence in Governance Performance, Continuity of Electronic Services, Consciousness, Travel Pattern, Attitudes Towards Solutions, Physical Activity, Economics of the City. The obtained factors show the life pattern of the citizens in this period. From the results, it can be inferred that the Corona Virus has had a great impact on the human relationship with urban space and has limited citizens. The results of the research show the desire and interest of citizens to be present in urban places and spaces. The outbreak of coronavirus has prevented people from attending indoor, public gatherings and ceremonies, shopping in person, and engaging in religious activities. It has also limited communication between neighborhoods and neighbors. Citizens have also suffered from psychological problems due to not being in urban spaces and touching the sense of life and interacting with their fellow human beings. This has caused people to miss the urban spaces and places and everyone wants to be in the city and lively urban spaces.

At the beginning of the 21st century, which is known as the era of "Information and Communication Technology", we are witnessing the emergence of new attitudes towards the city. The e-city or digital city is an example of an emerging concept that reflects advances in information technology on the urban environment and the lives of citizens. Although information and digital technologies are gradually entering the urban system, the outbreak of the Covid-19 epidemic in late 2019 has significantly highlighted the need to develop digital (not in person) services in cities. Apart from the advantages and disadvantages that can be enumerated for digital city, this article discusses the position of the digital city and its related components in the face of infectious and epidemic diseases. The aim of this research is to identify the capacities and bottlenecks of the digital city with regards to infectious diseases. As a result, attention to this issue will play a more prominent role in the decisions and policies of the country. The present study has used an interpretive analytical method based on documentary studies and field survey. The target population includes all Iranian citizens who have at least a basic knowledge of the internet and cyberspace. The validity of the questions was checked by receiving the opinion of experts (15 people) and the reliability was confirmed according to the Cronbach's alpha test for 25 experimental questionnaires (0.852). Since in the exploratory factor analysis model, the sample size should be at least three to four times the number of variables, the sample size of 160 people (approximately 6 times the number of variables) was considered. Due to the nature of the questions in the questionnaire, which are mainly related to the services provided on the internet, the samples were selected from people who had experience using the internet, especially during the Covid-19 epidemic. Then, the data obtained from the questionnaires were entered into SPSS software and evaluated by exploratory factor analysis model. According to the findings, the digital city can play a key role in managing the Covid-19 epidemic through the factors of "digital infrastructure services", "internet financial exchanges", "internet amenities", "non-attendance medical services", "electronic administrative services", "virtual education services" and "electronic transportation services".  The findings also show that the status of services related to the digital city during the Covid-19 epidemic in Iran has generally been associated with moderate public satisfaction. More detailed results also indicate that despite the relative availability of digital city infrastructure in Iran, policymakers in this area have not been very successful in the use of infrastructure and actualization of capacity, especially in the two factors of "digital infrastructure services" and "non-attendance medical services". Therefore, strategies in this regard have been proposed at the end of this article.

Throughout the history, the speed of disease outbreak has played an important role in reducing the independence and sustainability of cities around the world. Challenges arising from this important factor have affected the level of authority and sovereignty of cities and by becoming a global crisis, it has been able to have special effects on the strength and resilience of cities, especially the small ones. This research uses a documentary-survey method to analyze the use of scientific and technological tools and methods in empowerment and comprehensive development of small cities in the world and specifically, in Iran. A field study has been done in small cities (e.g., Amlash, Noor, Imamzadeh Abdullah and Jajarm) and the successful experiences of other small towns in developed countries have been reviewed. In addition to interviewing experts from the municipalities of these cities, 15 people (60 samples in total) were interviewed to obtain real information about the quality and socio-economic conditions of these cities, as a reflection of how they are managed. The participants were selected through snowball sampling. In this study, the findings showed that due to various constraints, if small towns wanted to be resilient to crises such as the outbreak of  COVID-19, they would have to build on priorities, e.g., increased bandwidth, virtual training and increased Internet access, and enhance their indigenous social networking activities, self-reliance, collaboration, and capabilities. The results showed that due to various limitations, if small towns want to be resilient and resistant to crises such as the COVID-19 disease, they must increase their self-reliance, assistance and indigenous capabilities through social networks. This important outcome can be achieved through the formulation and implementation of policies that enhance networking and inter-urban interactions (especially between the small cities and medium and large cities).

Urban spaces have always been considered as a milestone of planning and thought to the city. The role of these spaces in the pandemic was doubled in importance. The experience of quarantine and observance of social distancing were among the issues that led to a rethinking of how urban spaces were formed in line with the new conditions that COVID-19 and its new strains imposed on citizens’ life. Therefore, the main purpose of this study was to provide a framework for creating resilient and flexible urban spaces in accordant period after COVID-19 pandemic. This scientific research is reviewed and based on the review of experiences and literature, three basic concepts of “urban spaces, resilience and flexibility as well as the effects and influences of two sides of urban spaces and covid-19 pandemic” have been developed. Therefore, based on the researchers conducted from the beginning of the pandemic, selected resources and studies were carried out. The findings show that increasing resilience in urban spaces is possible by explaining medium,medium and long-term approaches through combined attention to physical and non-physical factors such as social, behavioral, economic, etc. and suggestions are suggested to achieve this according to the underlying conditions of Iran.

The worldwide outbreak of Covid-19 since the end of 2019 can be considered as one of the biggest challenges in recent decades, which has caused the issue of epidemic diseases to assume a prominent position in the atlas of natural and artificial hazards. The high rate of spread, high mortality rates, and severe damage to various economic and social sectors of societies indicates the importance of considering this key issue. According to the World Health Organization, the coronavirus epidemic is a global crisis that is unique in contemporary history in terms of spatial extent, onset rate, and complexity. Therefore, the present study has sought to answer the following question: which urban resilience variables are associated with higher priority in the struggle against epidemic diseases in the city of Kermanshah, Iran?

Theoretical Framework

A community’s resilience to potential contingencies is determined by the degree to which it can access the required resources and its capability of organizing itself both in advance and when needed. Accordingly, a resilient community is one that functions prudently in reduction of risk, preparation for the various effects of risk, and acceleration of recovery from hazardous events.Following the outbreak of Covid-19, it became clear that urban resilience extends beyond climate, landscape, ecology, and natural disasters. To raise the capability of an urban environment, therefore, such shocks need to be absorbed without significant changes in its structure or function. Hence, urban planners must seek to answer such questions as why urban planning has been inactive in control of the coronavirus epidemic crisis, and whether the concentration and distribution of population and activity has made city dwellers more vulnerable to diseases, terrorist attacks, and artificial and natural disasters. The answers to these questions are essential because there is ample evidence about the influence of urban form and design on the prevalence of epidemics.

The present applied research involved interpretive description. The required information was collected in two ways: through library studies and questionnaires. For collection of data and identification of the initial variables through a review of various study sources, nineteen variables were finally selected for evaluation. After the variables were compiled, the studied sample was analyzed by the elite.Since the Micmac software was used to analyze the data, the questionnaire involved a matrix of cross-adjustment effects, and was validated by experts. The data input to Micmac were obtained using the Delphi method and a questionnaire distributed among fifteen experts familiar with the conditions in Kermanshah (ten people with doctorate degrees and five with master’s degrees). In order to increase the validity of the data, prerequisites were considered such as explanation of the conceptual model based on the latest scientific research, the experts’ acquaintance with the case study, reception of the experts’ feedback about the final results, and independency of the experts.

The present study analyzed the influence of urban resilience against epidemics on the basis of nineteen variables. The findings demonstrated that the following variables had the greatest direct and indirect impacts on the other variables involved in resilience in Kermanshah in the face of Covid-19: the infrastructure for remote provision of professional, administrative, academic, and medical services, access to green and open spaces and recreation-and-sports land uses, access to services and neighborhood scale uses, capacity of urban facilities and equipment such as the electricity network and Internet, and unified, integrated management in crisis conditions. Moreover, the two variables capacity of neighborhoods for walking and cycling and enhancement of local communities’ public participation and social capital exhibited a two-dimensional nature in the issue of resilience in Kermanshah. This means that these variables are affected by others while greatly influencing them.

Based on the factors identified as drivers, suggestions should be made for their promotion. Therefore, four macro approaches were mentioned as priority plans through adaption of the driving factors to what had been proposed in previous studies, including integrated urban management, the digital city, orientation toward the neighborhood, and social capital. In fact, one can implicitly achieve urban resilience against epidemic diseases by placing such approaches at the forefront of the urban planning system.The four proposed approaches are important because the synergy of measures taken in the public and private sectors is expected to improve and prevent waste of time and financial and human resources, aided by integrated urban management. Enhancement of the role of the digital city is important not only for provision of tools for identification and control of carriers of disease but also for better reduction of physical contact through telecommuting capacity, e-learning, online shopping, etc. Orientation toward the neighborhood is also considered significant as it reduces  long inter-neighborhood commute by meeting citizens’ daily and weekly needs on a neighborhood scale. In addition, if urban neighborhoods are properly designed, achievements such as pedestrianization and access to green and open spaces will be realized, which will play a key role in residents’ mental and physical health during quarantine. The impact of social capital is also important because epidemics can be managed only through the people’s empathy and collective will. In fact, as the disease spreads among the people, their support and participation can undeniably help to control it.

The world today is engaged in the fight against the Covid-19 epidemic and is concerned about its possible consequences and the search for ways out of it. Urban areas due to high population density are more vulnerable than other areas. Local governments play a key role in combating the Covid-19 epidemic due to their comprehensive knowledge of local conditions and their ability to act in the shortest possible time, which is one of the main areas of this struggle in the field of urban health. This study, in the form of a descriptive analytical research using content analysis method, examines the measures taken in the field of urban health by local governments to deal with the epidemic and explains the importance of the role of local governments in the face of the Covid-19 epidemic. Review of local government actions in areas related to urban health to deal with the Quayd-19 epidemic in 9 areas of service, water supply, waste collection and waste management, nutrition, health, awareness, general disinfection and cleaning, homeless people And measures and restrictions implemented in different cities, show that despite some economic and political differences and restrictions in some countries, including Iran, which has limited the role of local governments, local governments in all parts of the world within the scope of law. And their assigned tasks play a key role in fighting the epidemic.

With the appearance of Covid-19 pandemic, many jobs have encountered fundamental transformations. Termination and various limitations, has forced a majority of social professions to suspend. Theaters and performing arts are also among these professions. Due to the increasing prevalence of this disease, all theater halls have been shut down and artists have forced to stay in lock down. Meanwhile, many of theatrical institutions and artists, for the purpose of the continuity of their activities as well as the subsistence of theater, intended to hold various theater festivals under the title of “Online Theater”. The kind of festivals that are active and still running. The neglected matter in between, is the usage of “Online Theater” phrase. Whereas the whole kind of this presentation is based on smartphone platforms, there is an imbalance between the form and the content. All performing pieces have been presenting in a horizontal frame and they are still proceeding to be so; However, the commonly used format in smartphones and tablets is a vertical style. Thus, there is an incongruity of the frame presentation and its content. This article attempts to present a new method in production and presentation of online and smartphone-based performances. A method which is based on IGTV 9:16 and capable of removing the nonessential aspects of a piece such as captions, black borders, small size of the image and etc. as a result. Evidently, there is a need for changing the performance production methods to achieve this purpose according to smartphone features. In this regard, there are suggestions in this article to assist the smartphone-based performance artists and motivate them to produce unique and more attractive creations for the audience. This article is prepared, based on scientific applied research and reliable resources including books, articles and international creditable news agencies were used as its writing sources.

Nowdays, since the outbreak of COVID-19, which is the reason for the disease and death of many, the lifestyle of the people in the cities has been affected by this factor. To this end, to control the spread of infectious diseases and decline economic losses, web applications as intelligent tool supported by urban management and crisis management headquarters in the world are introduced. One of the web applications in this field is the University of York (Canada) web application (ADERSIM), which provides citizens with spatial data on the severity of the spread of COVID-19 disease as per urban information, thus has caused reducing traffic and the level of activity in the metropolitan areas. The sample studied in Iran is the web application of the Tehran mobile map (Raya), which has supplied citizens with faster access to spatial information. In this study, by comparing the global web application available in this discipline, to improve the Raya web application, It is urged to upgrade the application by combining Geographic Information System-based maps, utilizing data from the self-assessment system, and registering COVID-19 patients, traffic camera data, mobile data, Global Positioning System, Mask application, with the addition of layers such as change of land use and streets, high-risk zones, and shelter to reduce the outbreak of the COVID-19 virus.

In addition to diagnostic measures in the early stages of the widespread disease of COVID-19, prevention of the presence of individuals in high-risk environments, along with the proper distribution of population and services, is also effective in controlling the spread of the disease. The epidemic model, is based on population and movement. The aim is to introduce hazardous maps at the outbreak of corona disease and to explain the framework for their preparation and application based on issues related to resident behaviors. This research has been done by the method of logical reasoning and by analytical study of the existing samples, the components that are effective in preparing these maps and updating them. To this end, after the typology of the maps, the results evaluation criteria were validated from the perspective of the outputs. According to the research results, the dynamics of human movement data are key to estimating spatial interactions in these maps; Because of the social distance, staying home, and closing down jobs, fundamental changes occur in individual and group movements. Using different sources of information can be provided, the platform for participation of different groups of users using mapping maps is provided with an active and inactive demographic approach and increased efficiency. The development of such maps is a collaboration between the fields of epidemiology, health, environmental psychology, and public planning and design, especially urban design, to ensure that integrated studies based on the dynamics of location-based behaviors greatly enhance the validity of the maps.