جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « رشد هوشمند » در نشریات گروه « هنر و معماری »

The urban system of Iran, in addition to the problems and problems related to the rapid growth of the population and the increase in urbanization, with challenges such as the unbalanced and unbalanced spatial structure, the incompatibility of the cities with the natural environment and most importantly with the reduction or depletion of natural resources, crises and numerous pollutions. environment is struggling, at the same time and from another point of view, according to the developments in the field of information and communication technology, the city is passing from a purely physical settlement with visible and traditional functions to a physical settlement with invisible functions. And the new is next to its traditional functions. With these interpretations, the goal of this research is the realization of a smart city based on the physical indicators of smart growth. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and descriptive and analytical. The required sample size was calculated based on Cochran's formula and Morgan's table, and according to the total number of the statistical population of the study, which is 160 people, the sample size of the study was 113 people. The data was collected using a researcher-made questionnaire. The findings show that among the regions of Ardabil city, regions 1 and 4 had the potential of a smart city with 0.33 and 0.26, respectively, and region 3 with a score of 0.20 had half the potential and region 2 as well. With a score of 0.19, they lacked the potential of a smart city. The results show that there is a significant difference between the urban areas of Ardabil in terms of compatibility with smart urban growth indicators, and the extent to which different areas have research indicators is not the same.

The horizontal expansion of the city is a challenge that has happened in most countries of the world in the last half century, several approaches have been proposed to deal with this challenge. One of the most important of them is the smart urban growth approach. This research is one of the applied researches that has been done with analytical method and quantitative approach. The purpose of this research is to analyze and evaluate the relevance and effectiveness of smart urban growth indicators in Babol city. The statistical population of the research includes experts and residents of Babol city. To analyze the data, Pearson's correlation models and quantitative methods, multiple linear regression and Kendall's correlation coefficient were used in SPSS software. Based on the results of the research, the connection and correlation of the general index of the functional elements of the city and its 12 evaluated indicators with the smart growth approach, at the confidence level of 99% and the error level of less than 0.001, were confirmed to be positive and directly significant. According to the evaluation results of the correlation test, the strongest relationship among the investigated indicators is the user mix index (0.681), followed by hierarchy (0.677), accessibility (0.672), compatibility (0.627), variety of users ( 0.621), visual appeal (0.611), favorable outlook (0.597) and compatibility (0.581) respectively with the smart growth approach. The results of the Kendall coordination coefficient with the Delphi method indicate the identification of 52 factors affecting the horizontal growth of Babylon during the two panels. The average data collected was 3.36 and 4.50, respectively. In addition, the standard deviation of the factors in the first round was 0.5074 and in the second round to 0.2037.

The dynamic and rapid growth of urbanization and, as a result, the physical changes in cities have led to many challenges and problems. Physical development is manifested in varied forms, ranging from scattered to dense and intelligent. Each form of development has its advantages and disadvantages. Accordingly, without proper planning and consideration of the existing context, unmanaged city growth can cause direct and indirect harm to the urban environment, with citizens and resources being the primary victims and potential future heritage. Iranian cities have also contributed to this global experience based on many variables, such as demographic, social, and economic movements. In the meantime, the historical city of Yazd, as a precious legacy of its predecessors, has experienced a coherent and sustainable form of development by relying on creativity and initiative. The physical structure has been transformed into different types in the last few decades. Continuing this situation not only disrupts the city’s physical cohesion but also exacerbates the economic, social, and legal issues. Therefore, the present research seeks to answer whether the findings of different models in the analysis of the physical development pattern in Yazd City yield a unified result or deviate from one another.

The current research is an applied research in terms of purpose and adopts a descriptive-analytical approach. The data and information required for analysis in the research have been collected through bibliographic and field studies. Aligned with the research objectives, the study employs quantitative analytical models, namely Shannon entropy, Heldren, Moran’s coefficient, and a comparison of filled and empty urban land. Additionally, multi-time satellite images have been incorporated to analyze the data and investigate the physical development pattern of the city.

In this research, various quantitative analytical models such as Shannon’s entropy (2006-2021), Heldren’s (1996-2016), Moran’s coefficient (2006-2016), comparison of full and empty urban land (1398) and multi-temporal satellite images in the period 1990-2000-2013 and 2021 have been used to study the physical development pattern of the city. The results of the study of the city’s physical development using multi-temporal satellite images in 1990-2000-2013-2021 indicate a 71.46% growth of the city during these 31 years. Contrasting Shannon’s entropy model between 1385 and 1400 reveals the city’s dispersed growth over the 15-year period. In accordance with Heldron’s model, using 1345 as the starting point and 2016 as the endpoint, it is observed that 59% of the overall physical development or city size increase is attributed to population growth, while the remaining 41% is linked to the scattered development of the city. The findings from the comparison of Moran’s coefficient in 2006 and 2016 indicate a shift in the spatial distribution pattern of Yazd city’s population density, transitioning from a random pattern to a scattered one. Additionally, when evaluating the ratio of dense tissue area to the total city size in Yazd (coefficient 0.015), the comparison reveals that the growth rate of the city area corresponds proportionally to the growth rate of the population during the specified period.

The results of all these methods indicate that the city of Yazd experiences scattered and unbalanced physical development. According to the results of the study, Yazd City is located in an area where the town’s per capita services and facilities are high, with a large volume of services that can serve twice its population. Examining the results, it becomes evident that in Yazd City, the speed of inactive urban levels increases in favor of the active groups as one moves from the central area to the surrounding regions. These functional levels not only exhibit significant potential for internal development but also present a viable option to prevent the sprawling expansion of the city.

The automobile which is the most important and vital invention of the 20th century, led to the horizontal expansion of cities and their excessive dispersion, which in addition to creating environmental crises and conflicts with the goals of sustainable development, has brought urban and social isolation with itself. In this regard, among the most important proposals that were welcomed and considered at the end of the 20th century was the development based on Transit-Oriented Development (TOD). In a short definition this approach means that dense development with a very suitable and appropriate dense combination of reasonable arrangement of uses near stations and public transport routes that leads to the formation of a quality of life as well as an acceptable and high level of economic competition becomes sociable and at the same time meets the environmental requirements related to sustainable development. In the past few years, following the recognition of the benefits of the development approach based on public transportation in the development plans of cities and the tendency to use this approach to improve the quality of the urban environment and ensure the welfare of the citizens as much as possible, redefining the railway stations (both suburban and inner city) and accordingly their role in the structure of cities has been highly noticed among experts and professionals. In order to measure and calculate the capacity of development based on public transportation in Karaj city, Golshahr metro station located on Karaj-Tehran metro line 5 was selected as a case study and TOD central station. In this research, using the analytical-descriptive method and detailed field knowledge of the studied area, it is showed that in order to implement TOD, it is necessary to change the principles of urban planning, including land use and development, density patterns, urban rules and regulations in Golshahr metro site and the policies related to the transportation and traffic sector should be redefined based on reducing and decreasing the dominant pattern of using private cars and also promoting pedestrians in the use of public transportation. It can be said that considering the favorable condition of Golshahr metro site to accept and allow the complementary principles of TOD, including the social and economic status of the target area, by implementing effective and efficient policies such as strengthening the physical and environmental attractions in order to increase the station's consumer community, developing social activities complementary to the station and as a result increasing economic activities in the station and its surroundings, it is possible to implement the development approach based on public transportation in the area around Golshahr Karaj metro station to a suitable extent. As a result, the policy-making methods in the field of land use planning in the target areas of development based on public transportation can be one of the key topics of complementary research on the feasibility of developing this approach around the target stations to synergize the results of these researches after providing a possible positive response to the feasibility study.

Urban sprawl generally indicates a kind of urbanization with horizontal and inappropriate growth. This is due to the uncontrolled expansion of urban areas, scattered residential areas, and low-density development. The goal of smart urban growth is to solve problems in the urban development process in order to promote urban development and also turn urban lands into more rational and efficient uses. The main purpose of this study is to investigate and analyze the pattern of physical expansion of Qaemshahr city which is located in Mazandaran, Iran, with the approach of smart urban growth. To achieve this goal, intensive development, condition of the road network and access, shape and morphology of the city, quality of urban transportation, quality and variety of housing, concentration of activities in neighborhoods, and creation Attractive areas are investigated in 20 neighborhoods of the city, from 8 indicators of mixed use. The research method is descriptive-analytical. Holdern's model, GIS data, and data from the Statistics Center of Iran were used to analyze the data. Also, a questionnaire was used to determine the weight of the criteria and the MOORA technique was used to rank twenty neighborhoods based on smart urban growth indicators. The results of the studies showed that according to the Holdern model, during the period 1380 to 1395, about 56% of the growth of the city, was in line with population growth and the remaining 44% had uneven, horizontal, and spiral urban growth. Also, the calculations performed in the MOORA technique show that neighborhoods 6, 12, 14 and 2 are considered as developed neighborhoods and neighborhoods 1, 13, 11, 10, 9, 7 got the lowest ranks among the others. Moreover, neighborhoods 4, 5, 20, 3, 18, 19, 8, 15, 16, 17 ranked fifth to fourteenth and are in the middle of the development

Since Covid-19, as a new and completely complex and anonymous phenomenon, entered the world, cities have not been able to meet the needs of their habitants and people could not change their lifestyle and adapt a new one. In the meantime, the use of new information and communication technologies and the creation of smart urban environments have caused natural and unnatural crises. The aim of this study is, therefore, to evaluate the effect of the Covid-19 outbreak on urban management intelligence, evaluate the impact of corona outbreak on the activities of Mashhad Municipality, and examine the measures taken in the field of intelligence to deal with this crisis. This research is applied in terms of purpose and exploratory-analytical in terms of method. It has adopted a combination of qualitative and quantitative methods (mixed-methods). Data has been collected through library and field studies. The statistical population of the research in the first level included 50 elites and available experts selected through snowball sampling and in the second level, 200 citizens have been selected for field analysis. Mick Mac Software and Scenario Wizard were used to analyze the extracted information. The research indicators included intelligent transportation, smart economy, smart government, smart living, smart citizens and smart environment. The results of the research indicated 8 key factors with several possible situations and scenarios for the future of urban management intelligence in the city of Mashhad.

The rapid growth of cities around the world occurred at a time when cities were unable to provide services to their rapidly growing urban population, leading to the dispersal of land on the edge of cities, the proliferation of illegal and marginal settlements. Considering the physical development of the city is a basic necessity in urban development programs. In Iran, the rapid physical expansion of cities in the form of unplanned and unbalanced growth for various reasons, including involuntary migration, is one of the main problems of cities, as a result of which the phenomenon of urban sprawl occurs. The purpose of this study is to identify and analyze the factors affecting the physical-spatial development of Sari. The present applied research is analytical-descriptive. Theoretical data have been prepared through documentary method and experimental data have been prepared through survey method. In preparing the development drivers, the Delphi method has been used. According to the above criteria, 20 experts and specialists of academic and research centers have been selected to participate in the research. In data processing, structural interaction analysis method has been used in MIC MAC Software. Based on the obtained results, the most important factors affecting the growth of Sari spatial form include factors such as inefficient urban management, high quality agricultural land, land price, weakness and non-observance of communication network hierarchy, land and housing transfer policy, as well as being the center of the province and equipped it with superior regional services.

Pattern of urban expansion in relation to growth of urbanization has led to an excessive horizontal growth of cities. To deal with this phenomenon, theories and movements towards sustainable urban development were developed, such as smart growth. In this theory, physical growth and development of the city serves the community, economy and environment to enhance the quality of life. Gorgan is one of the fertile cities in north of Iran, which, besides being a political center, also is the economic center of the region. Today, the urban sprawl phenomenon in this city is clearly visible, including destruction of fertile and forest lands around the city. In this research, it is tried to use the movement to determine the priorities of endogenous development in Gorgan in order to control the urban sprawl phenomenon of this city. To this end, various urban factors were matched to the ten principles of smart growth; these factors were transformed into a maps and information layers in the GIS environment. These factors were compared and weighed by Analytic Hierarchy Process Analysis (AHP) based on their importance. Finally, areas which are susceptible to development are identified by the principles of smart growth in the city. Research method in this paper is descriptive-analytical and the resources and data of 2007 have been used. The research findings indicate that the most suitable place for development in Gorgan city based on the principles of smart growth is the north and east to the north-east of this city and other places have less priority.

Over time and the cities are spreading problems such as traffic problems, noise and air pollution, dispersion, incompatibility of use etc. It is problematic for managers and planners. Sustainable development is one of the methods that, by relying on a minimal use of resources, tries to improve the current problems of cities. One of the components of this model is intelligent growth that claims to be consistent with the principles of sustainability.This paper tries to discussion the relationships between these indices by examining the main parameters of smart growth and its adaptation to the theory of space syntax in the three urban constructions in Bojnourd. In this way, three main components of smart growth (walkability, mix landuse and public transport) in these texture have been studied using TOPSIS and ANP. The UCL Depthmap software is also used to analyze the space syntax indices. The present research is a developmental type and field methods, a questionnaire, and a library for collecting information have been used. The results show that the indices of pedestrian capability and mix landuse in the three studied textures are considered as an effective integration and passageway connectivity, and with the increase of these indices, there is an increase in walkability and mix landuse in the texture. But in this study, the impact of the public transport access index has not been seen.

There is a meaningful relation between city form and level of stableness. Recognition of morphology and explanation of its growth pattern will be an important stage at certainty of city stableness. So, planning politics, guidelines and also designing should be in a way that formation of a city will be as we wish. Among stableness patterns which discussed at the late 20th century, more focus was on form of compacted city. As the reason, this pattern could be able to attract more partials to itself and placed at the first level in discussions related to the form of city stableness. Thus, we chose this study to reach to our purpose in which we analyzed and evaluated effective factors on sprawl growth of city in Tabriz Zone. After that a suitable model was presented as a basis theory and navigator this study to control stableness. Because of expanding the subject of city intelligent growth, we decided to choose a dimension of this pattern among its different dimensions which we can discuss and analyze. That dimension relates to density indexes and it is supposed as the solution and way to reach to our purpose. To analyze and evaluate effective factors on sprawl growth of city in Tabriz Zone, we used suitable models and methods in this field. As the result of investigations, at first, we found that the first level of city growth was because of situation of relation and natural growth of population. This kind of growth was according to the natural and district specialties. After a while, growth of city was because of different factors such as economics, politics, designs, programs and other factors. At the end, these factors caused Tabriz to be a sprawl city. Some of the important factors are the worth of ground and housing inside part of Tabriz, speculation, buying and selling ground, underdevelopment of Tabriz in legal part on the whole, letting all part of city by at least 10% of housing, legible part in Tabriz in comparative design in some villages such as Gogvar, Ogli, Alvarolia, Kondrod, Khalegan, Anakhatoon and the last factor is demand to have more room for living.

The rapid growth of the population and, consequently, the rapid expansion of cities are one of the most important issues in today’s urban planning .Physical expansion and social inconsistency are two evident phenomena in forming many western cities in Iran. The former can be a result of natural population growth, rural-urban migration, population and activity centralism, and generally housing. However, the latter is a byproduct of urban socio-ecologic conditions or the geographic location. The consequences of the aforesaid phenomena are some issues such as overriding farmland and outskirt gardens, destroying natural urban landscape, and, above all, neglecting inner-city areas and consequently urban deterioration. Many designers and administrators of urban land use optimization impact on the development of interior as a possible solution to the dispersion, by increasing the density and rehabilitation of impoverished and disadvantaged neighborhoods. Inland development or development in the existing urban areas with relatively high population density and construction prevents excessive dispersion, while low development on the margins, creates demand for construction on agricultural and forestry lands. The theory of internal development is one of the three theories of urban development , along with the theory of continuous urban development (creating settlements connected with the city and within the legal boundaries of the city), and the theory of discrete or explicit urban development (creating new cities with distance from the mother city). In this type of development, the old, worn out and inefficient urban texture is restored, refurbished and renovated. Bare and abandoned urban areas are being used and modified, dismantled and disproportionately used by urban areas such as prisons, military barracks, factories and disturbing industries within the city. The level of passages and access networks, the level of green space and ultimately, all elements in the city are closer to urban standards. But what should be considered is that internal development does not focus solely on physical problems and tries to analyze all social, economic, housing, etc. Since this type of development is not carried out outside of the city without any connection with urban texture, the appropriateness and harmony of this type of development with the adjacent texture is achieved, which should be observed in each program and design of this kind. The city of Boroujerd, like many other cities in the country, was a target destination for villagers after the land reform, which resulted in an abnormal and, of course, disastrous development of the city, so that many of the orchards around the city were destroyed and later built. This trend is now continuing to be less intense, which caused itself to disperse over the city over time, as a result of rising city and municipality costs and the poor quality of service. The city of Boroujerd, like many other cities in the country, has been dispersed. Construction developments were used in all spaces which helped the city to be developed internally. One part of the city that has internal development capabilities is the worn out texture of Boroujerd city center. This paper aims to analyze the worn-out texture of downtown Boroujerd, in terms of its potential internal development. Urban socioeconomic context should be analyzed to examine development potentials from inside. This library-field research paper is evaluation-analysis based with quantitative-qualitative data. To assess the spatial capacity, the Analytical Hierarchy Process was used while to assess the environment using the Delphi Method, the environmental, socioeconomic, and physical aspects were evaluated and analyzed. The findings show that the downtown areas are capable of being developed internally given the vacant and disused lots and critical industries on one hand and the availability of environmental and socioeconomic conditions as well as worn-out texture on the other hand. It would be possible to ease housing density and, as a result, the population density internally in neighborhoods which help them to make use of the mentioned spaces. Thus, it is possible to make the best and most efficient use of the urban spaces in Boroujerd using the freed land and the current infrastructure. Therefore, with the design and implementation of internal development, we will be able to abandoned spaces, ruined and abandoned buildings and vacant land. Creation of the necessary uses and moving disturbing industries out of the city, in addition will create the necessary uses and meeting the needs of the people. The section improves access, and avoids social problems and abnormalities, and places while the overall context of the text in good condition

Cities like living beings are always in need of revitalization. They are such as human organisms, need to renew their deteriorated areas and replace old cells with new ones. In process of renovating urban deteriorated areas in metropolitan of the world specially in capitals, not only new buildings are continuously replaced with urban deteriorated structure, but also the cultural, social and economic revitalizing as well as result of physical changes occur in city. On the other hand, the dispersed expansion of the city causes the adverse environmental, social and economic consequences. The dispersed expansion of the city causes the city to get empty from the inside, and with the uneven population deployment, the old city centers tend to wear out more quickly. In the meantime, rural context that have inevitably entered urban areas are also worn-out due to the inability to adapt to the speed of city growth. Because of the increasing amount of worn-out textures in Tehran and various social, economic, technical, legal, managerial and environmental aspects of these contexts, renovation has become one of the major issues in specialized circles, especially in urban design. Moreover, the natural hazards such as earthquakes, accelerate this process. Hence, considering that the revival of worn out textures is
the main accelerating platform for improving the quality of life of its inhabitants and ultimately, reducing the city’s multifaceted distances, so an executive plan can be very valuable. Smart growth is suggested as a solution to these problems, which in addition to the restoration and rehabilitation of neighborhoods and inland areas, also control the growth and development of the city. Renovating urban deteriorated areas can improve quality of residents ‘life, reduce physical, social and economic distance of urban areas and eventually lead to achieve sustainable urban development, and this is the importance of renovating urban deteriorated areas. This study tries to use a comprehensive and new method in urban design and urban planning, considering the environmental, functional,social and economic dimensions in addition to the physical aspects of the context, in renovating urban deteriorated areas. Main goal of this research is improving urban deteriorated areas by using of smart growth principles in renovation. To achieve this goal theoretical foundations of urban deteriorated areas and smart growth is studied and then the desired criteria and indicators are chosen. To select these components and their subindices, the Delphi technique was used and finally, all the measures examined by the field survey and based on its results, the design manuals and guidelines were developed. The findings of this paper show that the items such as “enhancing walkable accessibility”, “conservation of valuable buildings”, “enhancing legibility”, “attention to the economic conditions”, are the most important factors in renovating the Farahzad deteriorated community. By surveying residents, physical, functional and environmental problems were most prominent. Issues such as low passageways, lack of sidewalks in all areas, environmental pollution, fragmentation of parts, lack of efficient urban furniture, lack of adequate public spaces, lack of access to appropriate urban services, poor distribution of services are part of the problems which caused the main residents to leave the area and have no other affiliation to their neighborhood. According to the results of the survey, physical, economic, environmental, functional, social and perceptual components are respectively the most consistent with the quality of the environment, respectively. On the other hand, studies based on rational inference and field studies have also shown that the existing physical condition had a significant impact on decreasing the texture quality. The results also show that considering the components of “strengthening pedestrian access”, “protecting valuable historical boundaries”, “enhancing readability” and “paying attention to the livelihoods of residents” with the highest correlation coefficient will be effective in renovating deteriorated areas of the Farahzad based on principles Smart growth. Thus, some strategies including establishing integrity and coherence of the physical-spatial range, supporting the local economy and strengthening the required infrastructure, cleanliness and maintaining the gardens of the neighborhood, creation of integrity and integrity in the context and the general construction of the physicalspatial range, organizing and improving the condition of the buildings in the context, promoting the perceptual qualities of the arrival of the neighborhood and strengthening the signs along the way, compensation for the lack of localized service use to create lively neighborhoods, organizing public transportation and modification of sewage collection system and garbage collection system and also equipping and strengthening the range of recreational and service areas and increasing social relationships in the neighborhood, are recommended for using smart growth approach in planning new community of Farahzad.

Nowadays increasing growth ofurbanization andUrbanismhas led tomany problemsforurbanites. Along this problems, the idea of urban sustainable development and coordinate with specific approaches emerged as new urbanism and smart growth that with its principle giving new life to the cities. The smart growth is one of the newest approach of urban planning and urban design, that providing strategies and policiesin urban planning and urban design to create optimal space and urban achieve maximum quality.Smart growth can oversee regional planning, urban design, physical design, architecture, environmental design as landscape, which represents its influence on the future of human social. In condition that political, social and economical problems are vitals, this approach concerns on designing, with this belief that design can have an important role in solving problems that government cannot solve them only with the money and plan. The purpose of this paper is recognition the mission of smart growth in urban design and introducing the urban design documents of smart growth and expresses the structure of each of them and their usage in Iran. This research with descriptive- analytical method is in trying to find the main structure of smart growth and defining the urban design documents of smart growth and In addition, Recommends the use of smart growth guidance documents in Iran.The results of this research show that the smart growth guidance are generallyenvisioned to facilitate theplanning and designofanyspace,building,and street, and they are means to achieve proper management of sustainable urban development and compact urban design with maximum quality of urban space. Because the model of smart growth offers principles and strategies in various geographical levels, Can conclude documents guiding of this approach are "location-based" and The use of these documents in urban development plans in Iran Can provide the realize of sustainable urban development vision, in the other hands, According to the form and function of all components of the city wiil be possible.

Coastal areas and specifically coastal cities are among the most dynamic and productive habitats in terms of ecosystem and the great context of human social and economic activities. Major social and economic processes taking place in or having an impact upon, many coastal regions in the world are increasing economic exploitations, intensifying resource exploitations and resource competition from various stakeholders. Consequently, these areas are faced with increased urban population trends and urban sprawl growth in peripheral coastal and agricultural productive lands which simultaneously leads coastal cities to decreasing the quality of coastal ecosystems and environmental degradation and threaten the sustainable development of coastal cities. As a result, new approaches such as urban smart growth developed to propose solutions to adapt the physical processes of human development activities on the unique characteristics of coastal cities, to provide a platform for the sustainable development of coastal cities. Smart growth in coastal cities emphasizes on the fair distribution of land uses and the availability of urban services with the priority of accessibility especially public access to coast line and urban compact form. The main pivotal consideration about this view is the fair distribution of land uses to simplifying the accessibility by walking or biking and compact form with the maintenance of environment which leads to limited use of vehicles for transportations specially integrated coastal and terrestrial transit, various of housing options for permanent and seasonal users with different income class with the emphasis on increasing the residential density to protect peripheral coastal and productive lands to change land use pattern as a result of urban sprawl of coastal cities.Accessing to Sustainable Urban form requires putting the smart growth strategy in disciplining the sustainable form of the city as a dominant strategy. To obtain to such sustainable pattern in coastal city of Babolsar we require designing and land using planning based on side walk and open access of distribution services in the whole city. Increasing in residential density in peripheral neighborhoods, pay more attention to marine transit system and integrating it with urban public transportation in coastal neighborhoods, avoiding use of private vehicle to access to coastline by implementing by providing attractive sidewalks and biking lanes to access to coast in center of the city, improvement of housing quality with making variety in housing options for different classes, improving mixed of land uses in peripheral neighborhoods to reduce the distance of work and residential places cause deceasing use of private vehicles in peripheral neighborhoods and ease the public access to coastline for all the people by make the coastline free from governmental organizations ownership, revitalizing brownfields in downtown of city and protect of agricultural and coastal land to change land use pattern as a result of urban sprawl, all as pivotal approaches are considered to access the smart growth algorithm in different regions of the Babolsar coastal city.

Smart development strategy is from the newest and most important tenets of sustainable urban planning which is one of the main strategies of containment of urban sprawl and creep that its main emphasis is on the land use mixed and buildings intensive, which resulted in a high density with less environmental impact. This research by using descriptive–analytic method and utilizing the newest and reliable resources has paid to explain the concept, principle, techniques and benefits of smart development in 19 district of Tehran and has special emphasis on the combinational utilization and a development based on transit as the most essential principles of that. To evaluate smart growth and sustainable development in the region 72 indicators in 7 major criteria including socioeconomic and cultural-educational, health-medical, physical and land use, urban facilities and equipment, access and environmental were analyzed using TOPSIS model and Coefficient of Variation. The theoretical findings of this study indicates that smart growth strategy with emphasis on the prevention of urban creep and preserve existing neighborhoods, reduce travel time and traffic piles, encourage design based on human scale, community-based and necessity of public participation in urban planning, close to home and work, mixing land uses, urban design in keeping with the nature, development, environmental quality, ecosystem diversity and conservation of green and open spaces to encourage pedestrian activity and encourage dependency on private cars using the package of legal, financial and educational has opened new routes in the urban Planning. The analysis of Smart growth indexes in areas of 19 districts of Tehran suggests that in social indicators–economic 1 area with TOPSIS score of 0.8523 has placed ranked one; 2 area with TOPSIS score of 0.6614 has placed ranked two and 3 area with TOPSIS score of 0.4568 has placed ranked three, in the cultural-educational indexes1 area with TOPSIS score of 0.7865 has placed ranked one; 2 area with TOPSIS score of 0.5698 has placed ranked two and 3 area with TOPSIS score of 0.4866 has placed ranked three. Generally in most of the indexes, 1 area with highest TOPSIS score is ranked first, and only in the index of accessibility 3 area whit TOPSIS score 0.7854 has placed in the first rank. The results of the ranking of three areas in the 19 districts of Tehran indicated that there are differences and variations in access to the indicators among the three areas of 19 districts of Tehran. However, the amount of variation and difference did not more and show some to extent the smart development of the region. In the compound indexes the mean TOPSIS score in the areas of 19 district of Tehran was equal to 0.6561 and standard deviation of these indexes was 0.1689.According to calculations, the variation coefficient index was 0.2575. In the total, 1 area with TOPSIS score of 0.8678 has placed ranked one (developed); 2 area with TOPSIS score of 0.6463 has placed ranked two (Semi- developed); and 3 area with TOPSIS score of 0.4541 has placed ranked three (Underdeveloped).

Sprawl is a form of fast and scattered growth of urban and metropolitan areas that in some cases even connects the city to rural areas. In current times, there are many cities throughout the world that have missed a substantial amount of their natural resources and valuable open spaces due to improper utilization of land and sprawl. Hence, not only the life conditions of their dwellers have been degraded, but rather the opportunity of their future generations for taking advantage of city resources have been diminished. This sort of growth that has many adverse effects on ecological, economical and social aspects of a society could be seen in some cities of Iran as well. One of the cities in Iran that suffers from sprawl is the city of Karaj. Until 1966, this city had a “Garden City-like” appearance. However, because of the growth of immigration and demolition of gardens and green areas from one side and also conveyance of agricultural water to the city of Tehran, collapse of gardens and emergence of new neighborhoods, uncontrolled construction along the Tehran-Ghazvin Connecting Road, and finally joining of several peripheral urban systems of the city of Karaj, it has been transformed to the today city of Karaj. One of the main challenges of this city is its physical growth that has caused its gardens and agricultural lands to demolish and the cost of urban services to increase. Its other problems are scattered construction sites, heavy traffic, loss of identity and social characteristics of neighborhoods, pollution, destruction of natural sceneries, decrease in quality of life and so forth. One way of confronting this unorganized growth is taking Smart Growth principles into consideration while preparing city development plans. Smart Growth is one of the most significant forms of development against sprawl and with its focus on city revitalization and expanding transportation alternatives; it pursues creating social places in a way that people show inclination to live in. This paper has been prepared with the aim of assessing the proposed development plan of the city of Karaj based on Smart Growth indicators, and results in designating of planning priorities for the city of Karaj by applying Smart Growth principles. In order to assess the aforementioned plan, at the phase of determining the Significance Coefficients of criteria and sub criteria, the AHP technique has been used and at the phase of determining the extent to which this plan has brought sub criteria into consideration and as a result of this, determining the planning priorities based on smart growth criteria, a simple Ranking Method (Ranks from 0 to 7) has been utilized. This research reveals that the above-mentioned plan has obtained 52.84 percent of the total score. In other words, the plan relatively conforms to the principles of Smart Growth in terms of the development of the city. However, it is clear that this plan shows more strength in some indicators and sub-indicators, and less in others which demonstrate the planning priorities. The most important weak points of this plan are mainly related to the subjects like: plan monitoring, equal access to information, and social participation in the process of making decisions, and almost all of these have roots in the system of preparing development plans in Iran.

Land is considered as human’s natural capital that social life is formed by using and developing it. This matter elucidates the necessity of purposeful and controlled usage of land and causes the main structure of urban planning to be based on optimal use of the land. A smart growth approach to land management has been created against uncontrolled suburban development whose main framework is optimal use of land, urban development, social justice etc. Regarding the importance of management issues and land’s development control to increase the efficiency of the existent situation in the urban development designs, especially the designs related to the inefficient urban fabric, the necessity of smart growth issue is revealed more than before. The research question is: What strategies can be found against urban sprawl? The research methodology of this article is descriptive-analytical. This research provides a qualitative account of smart growth, the aims and principles of this theory by gathering information through library studies and internet. The purpose of this study is to compare the theoretical principles of smart growth with development process in Isfahan and propose some strategies for the realization of such principles in this city.Observing these principles in the old fabric of this city, Isfahan can be introduced as a pattern in which ancient principles of smart growth have been performed. Also for implementing this theory in present Isfahan some strategies like the division of urban areas into smaller pieces, designing of pedestrian in the streets, mixture of functions, infill development increasing the number of buildings’ floors and decreasing the size of floors are proposed.

Since approving the blueprint of «Baghshahrha» or «Baghestanha» plans by Supreme Council of urbanism in 2010، preparation of these plans had been stood in the agenda of agencies and engineering consultants. Although، garden city plans of some provinces encountered performing challenges; but in planning the garden city plans''s policies of Iran، a special study is essential. Therefore the article is to produce a model for designing and planning of these settlements. In order to achieve this goal the authors، at first، are to reviewing the status of the debate in the urbanism literature of Iran and the world; extract required factors and appropriate criterion to circumstances of Iran. Then، these indicators are converted to a closed questionnaire and professionals، educators and experts will be questioned. It is worth mentioning that the results of the survey through statistical analysis - factor analysis and regression analysis – will provide optimal model. This is an applied research that using quantitative research methods and analytical approach. The population for this study includes about 100 expert professionals. According to the pattern of designing and planning of garden cities of Iran، obtained from the research، at first، by forcasting residential and employment conditions for all social groups in the garden cities and then establishing services، healthcare، educational، administrative and military needs of the villagers in these settlements، should be created some functional attractions in these places. Therefore، part of the urban population could be accommodated in garden cities and also، rural population would be absorbed to live there.