جستجوی مقالات مرتبط با کلیدواژه « اجتناب » در نشریات گروه « پزشکی »

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of emotional efficacy therapy on fear of negative evaluation and experiential avoidance of mothers of autistic children.

The research method was semi-experimental with a pre-test, post-test, and follow-up design. The statistical population of this research included mothers of autistic children who were referred to Dasthaye Mehrabani School (Darya) in Isfahan in 2022. Thirty mothers were selected by purposive sampling method based on the entry and exit criteria and randomly replaced in two intervention and control groups (15 people in each group). Both groups before and after the intervention and 2 months later, in the follow-up phase, were given research tools including the short version of the Fear of Negative Evaluation Scale by Larry (1983) and the Experiential Avoidance Scale - the second version of Bund et al (2011). The experimental group was treated based on emotion efficacy therapy in 8 sessions of 2 hours, but no intervention was done in the control group.

The findings showed that the treatment based on emotion efficacy therapy was effective on fear of negative evaluation, and experiential avoidance, and the effect of this change remained stable until the follow-up stage (p<0.05).

Emotion efficacy therapy can be used to reduce the fear of negative evaluation and experiential avoidance among mothers with autistic children.

Abstract</span></span></span></span></span></span>
Background &

</span> Anxiety, as an integral part of people's lives, is an unpleasant and widespread feeling and state of concern with an unknown source and is accompanied by physiological and physical symptoms. It becomes a disorder when experienced abstractly and continuously and affects a person's daily functioning. One of the most common anxiety disorders is social anxiety disorder. About 7% of people experience social anxiety disorder during one year, which makes it one of the most common mental disorders. This disorder limits the quality and lifestyle of a person with social anxiety. It affects essential decisions in the person's life and, in most cases, causes the loss of many vital opportunities, especially for students. The purpose of this study was to compare the effectiveness of virtual reality therapy, relaxation, and cognitive–emotional regulation strategies on social anxiety and its symptoms among university students with social anxiety.</span></span>

</span> This quasi–experimental study employed a pretest–posttest design with a control group. The independent variable in this study was treatment with three methods (virtual reality therapy, relaxation, cognitive–emotional regulation), and the dependent variable was the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. The statistical population of the present study included all undergraduate students of Mazandaran University, Iran, in the academic year of 2019–20. Of these students, 48 samples were selected and randomly divided into four groups: virtual reality therapy (12 people), relaxation (12 people), cognitive–emotional regulation strategies (12 people), and control (12 people). The inclusion criteria were as follows: being a student at the undergraduate level of Mazandaran University, having social anxiety based on DSM–5 diagnostic criteria found on a structured diagnostic interview, and providing informed consent to participate in the research. Non–cooperation during the experiment and absence in the treatment sessions were considered the exclusion criteria. We used the Structured Clinical Interview (</span>Mennin et al., 2002</span>) and the Social Anxiety Scale (Liebowitz, 1987) to collect the study data. For data analysis, multivariate analysis of covariance (MANCOVA) and univariate covariance (ANCOVA) were used</span> in SPSS software version 21. The hypotheses were tested at the significance level of 0.05.</span></span>

</span> The findings showed that virtual reality, relaxation, and cognitive strategies of emotional regulation therapies were effective in reducing social anxiety and its symptoms (anxiety and avoidance) in students with social anxiety (p<0.001). Also, virtual reality therapy and emotional regulation cognitive strategies therapy were more effective than relaxation therapy in reducing social anxiety subscales (p<0.05).</span></span>

</span> Virtual reality therapy, relaxation therapy, and emotional regulation cognitive strategies are effective treatments to reduce the symptoms of social anxiety disorder. Among them, virtual reality therapy and cognitive–emotional regulation strategies are more effective and can be used more. </span></span></span></span>

Depression and love trauma syndrome are characterized by changes in mood and emotions and disruptions in performance.

This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of emotion focused therapy on mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness in women with depression, who experienced a romantic relationship breakup.

In the present study, a semi-experimental, pretest-posttest, control group design with a three-month follow-up was employed. The statistical population consisted of all females, aged 18-35 years, who experienced a romantic relationship breakdown in Isfahan, Iran, in 2021. Thirty participants were selected via available sampling and randomly divided into control and experimental groups. The experimental group participated in 10 sessions of emotion focused therapy (90 minutes per session). For data collection, the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-V Axis I Disorders (SCID-I), Love Trauma Syndrome Questionnaire (1999), Beck Depression Inventory (1996), Heartland Forgiveness Scale (2005), Orbach & Mikulincer Mental Pain Scale (2003), and Acceptance and Action Questionnaire (2004) were used. Descriptive and inferential data were analyzed in SPSS Version 24, using repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).

The results indicated significant differences in the mean scores of mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness between the experimental and control groups (P<0.001). Regarding these variables, 73.1%, 39.7%, and 80.1% of the variance between the groups in the post-test, and 76.2%, 41.8%, and 77.1% of the variance between the groups in the follow-up were attributed to the effects of intervention, respectively.

The emotion focused therapy was effective in improving the mental pain, experiential avoidance, and forgiveness of women with depression and who experience relationship breakdown. Therefore, this method can be used to improve the emotional health of these women.

Various studies have shown that women who are overweight and obese, have lower mental health and higher anxiety disorders than normal people. Anxiety disorders that are associated with obese and overweight women are social anxiety disorders. One of the effective treatments in this area is acceptance and commitment therapy. The main purpose of this treatment is to provide psychological flexibility. Women in the community are at risk of developing mental illness, especially in relation to anxiety disorders in association with obesity, successful treatment of these disorders can play an important role in promoting mental health. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of acceptance and commitment therapy on social anxiety and its subscales are fear, avoidance, physiological discomfort and BMI in overweight women.

This study is an applied and quasi–experimental research with the experimental and control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all overweight women with BMI greater than 30 in district 1 of Tehran in the years 2018–2019 who referred to psychotherapy centers for psychological treatment. The sample consisted of 40 individuals who were selected by convenience sampling and were randomly divided into experimental and control groups. Intervention was performed as acceptance and commitment therapy sessions in the experimental group. For measure social anxiety use the Social Anxiety Inventory (Connor et al, 2000) and body mass index (BMI), which was calculated by dividing the weight (in kg) by the square of the height (in meters). Acceptance and commitment therapy sessions were grouped in 8 sessions of 60 minutes and one session per week. For descriptive statistics analysis the mean and standard deviation were used. For Inferential statistics analysis was used to show the natural distribution of data using Shapiro–Wilk test and also to investigate the effect of 8 sessions of acceptance and commitment based intervention on the variables studied using ANCOVA. SPSS software version 25 with significance level 0.05 was performed.

In general, the findings indicated a significant effect of a course of acceptance and commitment based treatment on social anxiety (p<0.001), fear (p<0.001), avoidance (p<0.001), Physiological discomfort (p<0.001) and body mass index (p<0.001) were overweight in women. Also, the effect size was in social anxiety (0.89), in fear (0.75), avoidance (0.77), physiological discomfort (0.59) subscales, and in body mass index (0.70), which indicates the strong effect of group–based and acceptance–based group therapy.

Based on the findings of this study acceptance and commitment therapy, with the help of increased psychological flexibility, reduces empirical avoidance and treats overweight and adolescents by accepting individual thoughts and feelings and social anxiety. And it causes weight loss in these people.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship between theory of mind and attachment styles in terms of anxiety and avoidance in adolescent girls. Methods and Materials: The research method was descriptive correlational. A total of 280 adolescents aged 12-13 and 14-17 years old were randomly selected. Participants responded to two questionnaires on Reading the Mind in the Eyes Test (RMET-R) and the Experiences in Close Relationships–Relationship Structures (ECR-RS). Data were analyzed by Pearson correlation and stepwise regression. SPSS software was used for this purpose. In this study, there was a significant relationship between the accuracy of theory of mind in adolescents (12-13 years old) with attachment style in terms of anxiety with mother, father, friend and anxiety (p<0.001). Stepwise regression analysis showed that anxiety with father, mother and friend was 0.96, 0.003, and 0.001. Predicted the variance of theory of mind (p<0.001, p<0.01). No significant relationship was found in the larger adolescent group. In order to better understand the relationship between adolescent attachment and theory of mind, it is necessary to consider common factors and distinguish between different types of unsecured attachment, especially between anxiety and avoidance.

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of Virtual Reality Exposure Therapy (VRET) on reducing the symptoms of social avoidance and distress in people with Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD). This was semi-experimental study was a pre-test-post-test design with control group. The statistical population of the study consisted of all students of Semnan University in the academic year of 2017-2018. Among them, 20 Students were selected by purposeful sampling and randomly assigned 10 subjects to the experimental group and 10 subjects to the control group. Students were screened for social anxiety disorder and diagnosis of other disorders from Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-4 (SCID-4) and Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN). The experimental group received individual VRET for 12 sessions, 30 minutes each week. Social Avoidance and Distress Scale (SADS) was administered among the selected sample as pretest. VRET was performed in experimental group, and again, the questionnaires were administered among the participants as posttest. The results showed that VRET is effective in reducing social avoidance and distress symptoms in in people with SAD. The results showed the effectiveness of this therapeutic model on reducing the symptoms of social anxiety. This method can be used as a new therapeutic approach for the treatment of SAD and other same disorders.

Recently, emotions and their psychological impact on different variables have attracted a special attention. Therefore, this study was aimed to investigate the role of emotions (positive and negative) in Students’ goals.
In this descriptive-correlation study, based on random cluster sampling, a total of 201 subjects of all 420 students of physical education in 2010-2011 (in Ferdowsi University of Mashhad) were recruited, using Morgan Table. To achieve the objectives of the questionnaires, goal orientation scales and positive and negative affectivity were used. Data were interpreted using descriptive statistics, Pearson correlation, and regression analysis.
A positive and significant relationship exists between mastery-approach (r=0.19, p The results showed that the choice of objectives by students can be involved in their emotional aspects.

Aims: The emotional schema model emphasizes on evaluation and interpretation of emotions and emotion regulation strategies. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Emotional Schema Therapy (EST) on decrease of Post-event rumination and cognitive avoidance in people with clinical symptoms of social anxiety.
This is a semi-experimental study with a pretest-posttest control group. For this purpose, 32 students with clinical symptoms of social anxiety were screened with the cut-off point of the Social Phobia Inventory (SPIN) and clinical interviews and were randomly assigned to experimental and control groups. The Post Event Processing Questionnaire (PEPQ) and Cognitive Avoidance Questionnaire (CAQ) were used to collect data in two conditions (pretest and posttest). Experimental group experienced 10 weeks of emotional schema therapy, while the control group received no treatment. Data were analyzed using SPSS software (ver 23) and Multivariate Analysis Of Covariance (MANCOVA).
Findings: The average of post-event rumination and cognitive avoidance were reduced in the experimental group in posttest. After controlling the effect of pre-test scores, there were significant differences between the test and control groups in terms of all variables (p Emotional Schema Therapy due to the emphasis on the role of the individual beliefs and strategies about emotions can be used as an effective intervention in order to reduce symptoms of social anxiety, for example the Post-event rumination and cognitive avoidance in the people with clinical symptoms of social anxiety.

Regarding to the importance of appropriate treatment for social anxiety, the present study aimed to assess the efficacy of group behavioral activation on social anxiety, avoidance and negative evaluations among individuals whit social anxiety.
In this clinical trial in 2016, 30 cases with symptoms of social anxiety and other inclusion criteria entered to the research through convenient method of sampling and divided into two groups randomly. The experimental group received 8 weekly (ninety minutes) sessions of behavioral activation while control group received no treatment. The research instrument concluded social anxiety scale, cognitive-behavioral avoidance scale and questionnaire of negative social events fulfilled before and after intervention. Data analyzed through descriptive and explanatory statistics.
Behavioral activation can impact significantly on symptoms of social anxiety, cognitive-behavioral avoidance and negative evaluations (P It seems that group behavioral activation is effective in social anxiety and it may be applied in prevention and treatment of social anxiety disorder.

According to known complications associated with cesarean section and rising trend of the section up to before the implementation of health sector evolution plan, the purpose of the study was to examine the effects of the plan on changes of indications and whether the aims of plan leading to reduce cesarean or not.
This descriptive study was conducted by using available information. According to the documentation, indications for cesarean section was set on the basis of Health Deputy’s check list that includes: elective cesarean, fetal distress, previous cesarean section, cephalopelvic disproportion, malpresentation, failure to progress, multiple pregnancies, post term pregnancy, placenta previa, abruption placenta, meconium stains or due to other causes, which are unknown. Pregnant women admitted to hospital only on the basis of the indications for cesarean section and in two time periods, before and after the project implementation of the health system were studied. Information obtained were analyzed by using SPSS-18 software t-test and chi-square.
The results showed that pregnant women in 2014, indications such as previous cesarean section and unknown causes increase with p-value ‍ According to the results of the project and the total overall health system in reducing cesarean indications for cesarean section, it seems that with persistence and good performance of the scientific objectives, bringing the rates closer to international standards.

Aim and The breast cancer is the most significant worrisome factor in the women's health, since it is the most prevalent cancer among women and the second cause of death from the cancer after lung cancer. The present study was conducted in order to investigate the effectiveness of stress management therapy through cognitive-behavioral method in women suffering from breast cancer.Methods and Materials: This study was administered in the form of a group therapy design. It was a semi-experimental research. The statistical population was all the women with breast cancer referring to Saiedo-Shohada hospital in Isfahan among whom 20 women with breast cancer having entrance criteria were put randomly into experimental group and waiting list (control group). The experimental group received therapeutic interventions during 10 sessions while the control group received no intervention. In order to collect data the questionnaires of revised injuries effect scale (IES-R), Beck anxiety, and a month follow up were applied. All participants in the pretest, posttest and follow up filled up the questionnaires. The data were analyzed through repeated measure. the amount of effect coefficient showed a significant decrease in the scores of anxiety, intrusive thoughts, avoidance, hyper-arousal, in the participants. These primary findings from the role of cognitive-behavioral stress management therapy supports the decease of the signs of anxiety, intrusive thoughts, avoidance, hyper-arousal, of the patients suffering from breast cancer in the beginning stages.

Adult attachment theory is a determinant and important theory in marital relationships and marital satisfaction. The main purpose of this research was to study the marital satisfaction in regard to spouses’ anxiety and avoidance attachment. This research is a correlation one. The study population of this research was Isfahanian couples (2011) who were married at least more than one year and had no stressful events in their life up to the time of the study. 242 couples were selected through available method sampling. In this research, the Marital Satisfaction Index (CSI) and the Experiences in Close Relationships-Revised Questionnaire (ECR-R) were used for collecting data. The data was analyzed by SPSS-18 and using cluster analysis, ANOVA, MANOVA, and SEM. With regard to both spouses’ marital satisfaction, four groups were identified: unsatisfied wife, devitalized spouses, satisfied spouses, and vitalized spouses. These groups were different in wife’s and husband’s marital satisfaction significantly (P<0.001). In addition these groups were different in wife’s and husband’s anxiety (P< 0.001) and avoidance (P<0.001) attachment significantly. The self and partner effect on wife’s and husband’s marital satisfaction were studied based on actor-partner interdependence model. The results showed that in both wife and husband, attachment dimensions reduced the marital satisfaction (P<0.05). Also the partner’s avoidance attachment reduced the marital satisfaction (P<0.01). Marital satisfaction could predict based on spouses’ attachment style. Marital satisfaction is affected by self and partner attachment system.

Bachground and Subjective Scales are the tools for investigation of a disorder in view of the person who has the disorder. Subjective stuttering scale (SSS) investigate stuttering in three views such as severity، avoidance and locus of control in a unique protocol that can show the need to assessment of extra aspects of stuttering. The aim of the present research was Investigation of reliability and validity of the Farsi version of Subjective Stuttering Scale Questionaire. Method and Materials: With the implementation of a pilot study and semi-structured interviews with17 adult who has stuttering formal validity and internal consistency of the scale (Subjective stuttering scale: SSS) was investigated. Then 20 adult who has stuttering complete modified questionnaire with (PSI: perception of stuttering inventory)، (locus of control behavior scale: LCB) and calculating the percentage of stuttered speech samples recorded in order to assess the concurrent validity. The findings were analyzed bydescribtive statics، Cronbach''s alpha and pearson correlation. the results based on the Cronbach''s alpha (α=0/92) showed that are valid. There is a significant correlation between SS% and the first question of SSS (α=0. 01، r= 0. 67) and also there is a significant correlation between avoidance sub-test of SSS and avoidance subtest of PSI (α= 0. 05، r=0. 75) but there was not a significant correlation between the locus of control sub-test of SSS and LBC scale (α= 0. 15). This version of SSS has properconstruct validity. The present research showed that the Farsi version of SSS is a reliable and valid tool for assessment of stuttering in severity، avoidance and locus of control in view of the person who have stuttering.

Cognitive-affective factors and demographical characteristics have an important role in prediction of symptoms severity and quality of life in generalized anxiety disorder. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of cognitive-affective system and demographic characteristics in the severity of symptoms for generalized anxiety disorder. In a cross-sectional descriptive study، 128 outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder who attended three psychiatric outpatient''s clinics of Tehran were selected by convenience sampling. Data were collected by The structured clinical interview، The Brief Core Schema Scales، The Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale، the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale، Penn State Worry Questionnaire، Anxiety Sensitivity Index-revised، and demographical questionnaire and then analyzed by multiple regression analysis in stepwise method with PASW software. Feeling worried، anxiety sensitivity and socio-economic status have important predictive role in severity of symptoms for generalized anxiety disorder (F(3،124) =60. 85، p<0. 001). These three variables were predicted 0. 58 variation in symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder (R2=0. 58). Age، gender، literacy، intolerance of uncertainty، emotional schema and cognitive-behavioral avoidance didn’t have significant predictive role in prediction of severity of symptoms in generalized anxiety disorder (P>0. 05). Regarding the important role of feeling worried، anxiety sensitivity، and socio-economic status in prediction of symptoms severity for generalized anxiety disorder، it is necessity to pay attention to tailored interventions in these symptoms for basic quality of life promotion in these patients.

Emotional schema، cognitive-behavioral avoidance and cognitive-affective system have important role in generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder. This study was aimed to compare emotional schema، cognitive-behavioral avoidance and cognitive-affective system among patients with generalized anxiety disorder، obsessive-compulsive disorder and healthy people. In an analytic retrospective study، 38 outpatients with generalized anxiety disorder and 35 outpatients with obsessive-compulsive disorder who attended to psychiatric clinic of Ebne-Sina hospital and four private psychiatric centers of Mashhad city and 58 healthy persons among staffs and students of these centers were selected for convenience sampling. Data were collected by the Brief Core Schema Scales (BCSS)، the Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS)، the Intolerance of Uncertainty Scale (IUS)، Penn State Worry Questionnaire (PSWQ) and Anxiety Sensitivity Index-revised (ASI-R)، and then were statistically judged by appropriate tests. According to self-schema، all kinds of cognitive-behavioral avoidance، intolerance of uncertainty، pathological worry and anxiety sensitivity، there was significantly difference among three groups (P<0. 001). There wasn’t significantly difference among three groups in terms of other-schema and wasn’t significantly difference between obsessive-compulsive group and healthy persons based upon fear of respiratory symptoms (P>0. 05). In regards to higher negative self-schema، cognitive-behavioral avoidance، and deficient cognitive-affective system (intolerance of uncertainty، worry and anxiety sensitivity) in patients with generalized anxiety disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder than healthy group. Therefore، it is necessity to pay attention for tailored interventions in these specific symptoms of such disorders.

This research was designed to assess the relationship between cognitive-behavioral avoidance coping style and eating disorder among university students. In this descriptive- correlation study 200 students were randomly selected from various faculties of Shahid Chamran University in Ahwaz city. Cognitive-behavioral avoidance coping style and eating disorders were assessed by Cognitive-Behavioral Avoidance Scale (CBAS) and The Eating Attitudes Test (EAT)، respectively. Pearson correlation and stepwise multiple regression analysis tests were used to analyze data (P<0. 05). There was a significant correlation between the general mean of cognitive-behavioral avoidance coping style and eating disorders (with 3 subscales dieting (P<0. 05)، bulimia (P<0. 01) and oral control (P<0. 05)). Also، there were significant correlation between behavioral avoidance coping style and bulimia but social-cognitive avoidance coping style were positively correlates with general eating disorders (P<0. 05) and oral control and bulimia (P<0. 01) but there were not significant correlation with dieting subscale. Multiple regression analysis showed that behavioral social avoidance coping style is the best predictor of eating disorders. This coping style can explain 0. 07 percentage of dieting، 13 percentage of oral control and 22 percentage of bulimia. People who suffer from eating disorders، use some kind of avoidance coping strategies to reduce psychological stress and eating disorder may be one kind of coping with life problems. Behavioral-social avoidance coping is a best predictor of eating disorder.

Aim and Pain is a complex experience involving psychological factors which results in functional disorder. This study aimed to analyze the correlation between cognitive and emotional factors with chronic low back pain among women in Isfahan, Iran.Methods and Materials: In this cross-sectional research, the target population included all women with chronic low back pain that referred to clinics and hospitals of Isfahan during summer 2011. A total number of 50 women with chronic low back pain were selected by simple random sampling. Instruments used in this research included a demographic questionnaire, the multidimensional pain inventory, the fearavoidance beliefs inventory, the pain catastrophizing scale, and the hospital anxiety scale. The obtained data was analyzed by stepwise and hierarchical regression analysis and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Pain was positively related with fear-avoidance beliefs, catastrophizing, and anxiety. The results of stepwise regression showed that fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing explained 45.6%of the variance of the pain. In addition, moderated hierarchical regression analysis revealed that job had amoderating effect on the relationship between anxiety and pain. Chronic low back pain can be predicted by fear-avoidance beliefs and catastrophizing.Moreover, decreasing professional stress would reduce the overall anxiety and thus low back pain among women.

Recognition and study of psychological and biological risk factors of coronary heart disease are an important task. The aim of this article is to study the psychological risk factors of coronary heart disease and relation of five personality factors and eight coping styles with this disease. The study subjects were 120 individuals, including (60 patients with confirmed coronary artery disease who were hospitalized in Tabriz Shahid Madani cardiac center hospital. Sixty age and sex match normal people) people age 40-60, were selected randomly. The NEO personality factor test, coping styles test and demographic test, were performed in each individuals and the data were analyzed by multiple regression analysis, Independent t-test and Pearson correlation. Among the five personality factors only neuroticism factor had meaningful difference between two groups (P < 0.05). Among the coping styles had a meaningful difference between T-test analysis revealed that styles avoidance and self-control had significant difference between two groups (P < 0.05). Psychological risk factors that prepare individuals for coronary heart disease include: Neuroticism factor (that is saturation from traits like hostility, grief, pessimism, negative affects), avoidance coping style (that is negative and emotional policy in encounter with stressful events of life) and self-control style that prevent to appear feelings and emotions of individual and to create affective inhibition.

Overweight and eating disorders are among prevalent nutritional problems, especially in adolescent girls. With attention to the scarcity of data on the subject, this study was carried out to determine Body Mass Index (BMI) status and its’ relation to eating attitudes, among adolescent girls in Tabriz. In a systematic random method, 1887 high school girls, aged 14-18 years, were selected. According to the definitions of Center for Disease Control (CDC) and International Obesity Task Force (IOTF) and using the body mass index percentiles, subjects were divided. Eating attitudes were assessed by using Eating Attitude Test-26 (EAT-26) questionnaire. Prevalence of underweight, normal weight, at risk of overweight, and overweight in the studied subjects was 5.6, 77.6, 12.4-16.1, and 3.6-4.4%, respectively. Body mass index was positively correlated with EAT-26 score (r=0.22, P<0.01). At risk of overweight or overweight students, had higher EAT-26 score than normal or underweight individuals (P<0.01). Abnormal BMI is prevalent among high school girls in Tabriz. BMI is an important factor for the development of abnormal eating attitudes. In adolescent girls, abnormal BMI can lead to abnormal eating attitudes.